Machshavaמחשבה

Divine Being and Existence in Jewish Thought

These sources explore the nature of God's existence as the foundation of all reality, from biblical revelation through medieval philosophy and Hasidic teaching. They examine how divine being sustains creation and how understanding God's necessary existence forms the cornerstone of Jewish metaphysics and spirituality.

יְסוֹד הַיְסוֹדוֹת וְעַמּוּד הַחָכְמוֹת לֵידַע שֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁם מָצוּי רִאשׁוֹן

7 sources · all verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Devarim – There is Nothing Else

Deuteronomy 4:35

'You have been shown to know that the Lord is God; there is nothing else besides Him' (אין עוד מלבדו) — the Torah's declaration of absolute divine oneness and the sole ultimate existence.

אַתָּה֙ הׇרְאֵ֣תָ לָדַ֔עַת כִּ֥י יְהֹוָ֖ה ה֣וּא הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ין ע֖וֹד מִלְּבַדּֽוֹ׃

It has been clearly demonstrated to you that the ETERNAL alone is God; there is none else.

Why it matters — The verse is the classical proof-text for the idea that only God has true, self-sufficient being — all other existence is derivative.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Shemot – Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh

Exodus 3:14

God reveals Himself to Moshe with the name 'Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh' — 'I am that I am' or 'I will be what I will be' — the most direct biblical articulation of divine being as pure existence (וז, existence/being).

וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה וַיֹּ֗אמֶר כֹּ֤ה תֹאמַר֙ לִבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה שְׁלָחַ֥נִי אֲלֵיכֶֽם׃

And God said to Moses, “Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh,” continuing, “Thus shall you say to the Israelites, ‘Ehyeh sent me to you.’”

Why it matters — The divine name points to absolute, self-sufficient existence — the root of the concept of וז (being/existence) in Jewish thought.

Source 3 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam, Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah – The Basis of All Existence

Mishneh Torah, Foundations of the Torah 1:1-3

Rambam opens his legal code by stating that the first foundational knowledge is that God exists (יש שם מצוי ראשון), that all existence depends on Him, and that if He were to cease — which is impossible — nothing else would exist.

יְסוֹד הַיְסוֹדוֹת וְעַמּוּד הַחָכְמוֹת לֵידַע שֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁם מָצוּי רִאשׁוֹן. וְהוּא מַמְצִיא כָּל נִמְצָא. וְכָל הַנִּמְצָאִים מִשָּׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ וּמַה שֶּׁבֵּינֵיהֶם לֹא נִמְצְאוּ אֶלָּא מֵאֲמִתַּת הִמָּצְאוֹ: וְאִם יַעֲלֶה עַל הַדַּעַת שֶׁהוּא אֵינוֹ מָצוּי אֵין דָּבָר אַחֵר יָכוֹל לְהִמָּצְאוֹת: וְאִם יַעֲלֶה עַל הַדַּעַת שֶׁאֵין כָּל הַנִּמְצָאִים מִלְּבַדּוֹ מְצוּיִים הוּא לְבַדּוֹ יִהְיֶה מָצוּי. וְלֹא יִבָּטֵל הוּא לְבִטּוּלָם. שֶׁכָּל הַנִּמְצָאִים צְרִיכִין לוֹ וְהוּא בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לָהֶם וְלֹא לְאֶחָד מֵהֶם. לְפִיכָךְ אֵין אֲמִתָּתוֹ כַּאֲמִתַּת אֶחָד מֵהֶם:

The foundation of all foundations and the pillar of wisdom is to know that there is a Primary Being who brought into being all existence. All the beings of the heavens, the earth, and what is between them came into existence only from the truth of His being. If one would imagine that He does not exist, no other being could possibly exist. If one would imagine that none of the entities aside from Him exist, He alone would continue to exist, and the nullification of their [existence] would not nullify His existence, because all the [other] entities require Him and He, blessed be He, does not require them nor any one of them. Therefore, the truth of His [being] does not resemble the truth of any of their [beings].

Why it matters — The most concise and authoritative halakhic-philosophical statement of the concept of existence (וז/מציאות) in Jewish thought.

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Kuzari I:1 – The God Who Acts in History

Kuzari 1:1

The divine speaks to the Khazar king not as 'the God who created heaven and earth' but as 'the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob' — pointing to a lived, relational existence rather than an abstract metaphysical one.

וְהוּא הָיָה מִשְׁתַּדֵּל מְאֹד בְּתוֹרַת הַכּוּזָר עַד שֶׁהָיָה מְשַׁמֵּש בַּעֲבוֹדַת הַהֵיכָל וְהַקָּרְבָּנוֹת בְּעַצְמוֹ בְּלֵב שָׁלֵם, וְכָל אֲשֶׁר הָיָה מִשְׁתַּדֵּל בַּמַּעֲשִׂים הָהֵם, הָיָה הַמַּלְאָךְ בָּא אֵלָיו בַּלַּיְלָה וְאוֹמֵר לוֹ: "כַּוָּנָתְךָ רְצוּיָה וּמַעַשְׂךָ אֵינֶנּוּ רָצוּי", וְגָרַם לוֹ זֶה לַחֲקֹר עַל הָאֱמוּנוֹת וְהַדָּתוֹת וְהִתְיַהֵד בַּסּוֹף הוּא וְעַם רָב מֵהַכּוּזָרִים, וְהָיוּ מִטַּעֲנוֹת הֶחָבֵר מַה שֶּׁנִּתְיַשְּׁבָה נַפְשִׁי עֲלֵיהֶם וְהִסְכִּימוּ לְדַעְתִּי.

To him came a dream, and it appeared as if an angel addressed him, saying: 'Thy way of thinking is indeed pleasing to the Creator, but not thy way of acting.' Yet he was so zealous in the performance of the Khazar religion, that he devoted himself with a perfect heart to the service of the temple and sacrifices. Notwithstanding this devotion, the angel came again at night and repeated: 'Thy way of thinking is pleasing to God, but not thy way of acting.' This caused him to ponder over the different beliefs and religions, and finally become a convert to Judaism together with many other Khazars.

Why it matters — Halevi's contrast between the God of Aristotle (abstract necessary being) and the God of Israel (living presence) opens a different dimension of what it means to exist — being in relationship.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Moreh Nevuchim I:57 – God as Necessary Existence

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1

Rambam explains that God's existence is necessary (מחויב המציאות) — He cannot not exist — while all other beings are possible existents whose being is contingent on God. God's essence and existence are one.

ויהיה המכוון בדבריו "נַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם בְּצַלְמֵנוּ" צורת המין, שהיא ההשגה השכלית, לא התבנית והמתאר. הרי ביארנו לך את ההבדל בין "צלם" לבין "תואר", וביארנו את משמעות "צלם". משמעות המונח דמות 7 ואילו "דמות" הוא מונח הגזור מ"דמה", וגם הוא דוֹמוּת בעניין. כי דבריו "דָּמִיתִי לִקְאַת מִדְבָּר" (תהילים קב,ז) לא באו לומר שהוא דומה לה בכנפיה ובראשה, אלא שיְגונו דומה ליגונהּ.

The term ẓelem, on the other hand, signifies the specific form, viz., that which constitutes the essence of a thing, whereby the thing is what it is; the reality of a thing in so far as it is that particular being. In man the “form” is that constituent which gives him human perception: and on account of this intellectual perception the term ẓelem is employed in the sentences “In the ẓelem of God he created him” (Gen. 1:27).

Why it matters — This is the foundational Rishonic philosophical analysis of the nature of divine existence versus creaturely existence — the ontology of וז.

Source 6 · Hasidic
Verified

Tanya – Shaar HaYichud VeHaEmunah, Ch. 3

Tanya, Part II; Shaar HaYichud VehaEmunah 3

The Alter Rebbe explains that creation is not a one-time past event but a continuous divine speech-act: God's word constantly animates and sustains every creature, and without it, each thing would revert to absolute nothingness (ayin gamur).

וְהִנֵּה, אַחֲרֵי הַדְּבָרִים וְהָאֱמֶת הָאֵלֶּה, כָּל מַשְׂכִּיל עַל דָּבָר יָבִין לַאֲשׁוּרוֹ, אֵיךְ שֶׁכָּל נִבְרָא וָיֵשׁ הוּא בֶּאֱמֶת נֶחְשָׁב לְאַיִן וָאֶפֶס מַמָּשׁ לְגַבֵּי כֹּחַ הַפּוֹעֵל וְרוּחַ פִּיו שֶׁבַּנִּפְעָל, הַמְהַוֶּה אוֹתוֹ תָּמִיד וּמוֹצִיאוֹ מֵאַיִן מַמָּשׁ לְיֵשׁ. וּמַה שֶּׁכָּל נִבְרָא וְנִפְעָל נִרְאֶה לָנוּ לְיֵשׁ וּמַמָּשׁוּת, זֶהוּ, מֵחֲמַת שֶׁאֵין אָנוּ מַשִּׂיגִים וְרוֹאִים בְּעֵינֵי בָשָׂר אֶת כֹּחַ ה׳ וְרוּחַ פִּיו שֶׁבַּנִּבְרָא, אֲבָל אִילּוּ נִיתְּנָה רְשׁוּת לָעַיִן לִרְאוֹת וּלְהַשִּׂיג אֶת הַחַיּוּת וְרוּחָנִיּוּת שֶׁבְּכָל נִבְרָא, הַשּׁוֹפֵעַ בּוֹ מִ״מּוֹצָא פִי ה׳״ וְרוּחַ פִּיו – לֹא הָיָה גַּשְׁמִיּוּת הַנִּבְרָא וְחוּמְרוֹ וּמַמָּשׁוֹ נִרְאֶה כְּלָל לְעֵינֵינוּ, כִּי הוּא בָּטֵל בִּמְצִיאוּת מַמָּשׁ לְגַבֵּי הַחַיּוּת וְהָרוּחָנִיּוּת שֶׁבּוֹ, מֵאַחַר שֶׁמִּבַּלְעֲדֵי הָרוּחָנִיּוּת, הָיָה אַיִן וָאֶפֶס מַמָּשׁ, כְּמוֹ קוֹדֶם שֵׁשֶׁת יְמֵי בְרֵאשִׁית מַמָּשׁ, וְהָרוּחָנִיּוּת הַשּׁוֹפֵעַ עָלָיו מִ״מּוֹצָא פִי ה׳״ וְרוּחַ פִּיו, הוּא לְבַדּוֹ הַמּוֹצִיאוֹ תָּמִיד מֵאֶפֶס וָאַיִן לְיֵשׁ, וּמְהַוֶּה אוֹתוֹ, אִם כֵּן, אֶפֶס בִּלְעָדוֹ בֶּאֱמֶת.

Now, following these words and the truth [concerning the nature of the Creation], every intelligent person will understand clearly that each creature and being is actually considered naught and absolute nothingness in relation to the Activating Force and the “breath of His mouth” which is in the created thing, continuously calling it into existence and bringing it from absolute nonbeing into being. The reason that all things created and activated appear to us as existing and tangible is that we do not comprehend nor see with our physical eyes the power of G–d and the “breath of His mouth” which is in the created thing. If, however, the eye were permitted to see and to comprehend the life-force and spirituality which is in every created thing, flowing into it from “that which proceeds out of the mouth of G–d” and “His breath,” then the materiality, grossness, and tangibility of the creature would not be seen by our eyes at all, for it is completely nullified in relation to the life-force and the spirituality which is within it, since without the spirituality it would be naught and absolute nothingness, exactly as before the Six Days of Creation. The spirituality which flows into it from “that which proceeds out of the mouth of G–d” and “His breath”—that alone continuously brings it forth from naught and nullity into being and gives it existence. Hence, there is truly nothing besides Him.

Why it matters — The most developed Hasidic metaphysics of existence: all being is a perpetual divine emanation — nothing truly 'exists' on its own, it is always being spoken into being.

Source 7 · Modern
Verified

Nefesh HaChayim III:3 – Torah Sustains All Existence

Nefesh HaChayim, Gate I 3:3

Rav Chaim of Volozhin teaches that the study of Torah is not merely a religious duty but the spiritual force that sustains the very existence of all worlds — without it, reality would collapse back into nothingness.

כמ"ש (שם מ"ט) מהרסיך ומחריביך וגו'. או מחשיך או מקטין אורם וקדושתם ח"ו. ומוסיף כח לעומת זה במדורות הטומאה ר"ל:

And the opposite (heaven forefend) [is also true, that] via his negative actions, speech or thoughts he destroys (may the Merciful save us) a number of powers, and the supernal, holy worlds without number and measure, as is written (Yeshayahu 49:17): “your destroyers and those who lay waste to you shall go forth from you,” or darken or lessen their light and holiness and add power to their opposites in the realms of impurity (may the Merciful save us).

Why it matters — Reframes the concept of existence (וז) in terms of Torah: human action through Torah-study actively participates in maintaining the being of creation.