Halachaהלכה

Drinking Water Alone at Night

Talmudic sources address the halakhic prohibition against drinking water alone at night, particularly on certain days, and the dangers associated with this practice. The sources discuss the reasoning behind the prohibition and its practical application.

לֹא יִשְׁתֶּה אָדָם מַיִם בַּלַּיְלָה

6 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The Gemara in Avodah Zarah 12b lays down the core prohibition: a person should not drink water at night, and if he did, "his blood is upon his own head" — the danger being the shavrirei, an evil spirit that rules over water.

Avodah Zarah 12b then prescribes two remedies for one who is thirsty at night: if another person is present, wake him and announce "I thirst for water"; if alone, knock on the jug and recite an incantation that names oneself and trails off the word shavrirei in diminishing syllables.

The Tosafot (Tosafot on Avodah Zarah 12b) note a textual dispute about the scope of this prohibition — Rashi reads it as applying to vessels as well, while R. Yitzchak holds the version in Pesachim 112a restricts the danger to rivers and pools at night, specifically on Wednesday and Shabbat nights, without the incantation remedy.

This concern sits within a broader Chazalic pattern: Niddah 17a lists several overnight foods and drinks — peeled garlic, onion, egg, and diluted beverages left overnight — as actions for which "one is liable for his own life," underscoring that nighttime exposure of consumables to harmful spirits was a consistently recognized category of danger.

Source 1 · Chazal
Verified

Avodah Zarah 12b

עבודה זרה י״ב ב — ד"ה תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן

Avodah Zarah 12b:5

The sugya discusses dangers and practices associated with certain social situations, including drinking water at night and related concerns raised by the rabbis. It is a foundational Talmudic source for the topic of nighttime drinking and precautions taken when alone.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: לֹא יִשְׁתֶּה אָדָם מַיִם בַּלַּיְלָה, וְאִם שָׁתָה — דָּמוֹ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ, מִפְּנֵי הַסַּכָּנָה. מַאי סַכָּנָה? סַכָּנַת שַׁבְרִירֵי. וְאִם צָחֵי, מַאי תַּקַּנְתֵּיהּ? אִי אִיכָּא אַחֲרִינָא בַּהֲדֵיהּ — לִיתְרְיֵיהּ וְלֵימָא לֵיהּ: ״צָחֵינָא מַיָּא״, וְאִי לָא — נְקַרְקֵשׁ בְּנִכְתְּמָא אַחַצְבָּא, וְנֵימָא אִיהוּ לְנַפְשֵׁיהּ: ״פְּלָנְיָא בַּר פְּלָנִיתָא, אָמְרָה לָךְ אִימָּךְ אִזְדְּהַר מִשַּׁבְרִירֵי בְּרִירֵי רִירֵי יְרֵי רֵי בְּכָסֵי חִיוָּרֵי״.

The Sages taught: A person should not drink water at night. And if he drank, his blood is upon his own head, due to the danger. The Gemara asks: What is this danger? The Gemara answers: The danger of the shavrirei, an evil spirit that rules over water. And if he is thirsty, what is his remedy? If there is another person with him, he should wake him and say to him: I thirst for water, and then he may drink. And if there is no other person with him, he should knock with the lid on the jug and say to himself: So-and-so, son of so-and-so, your mother said to you to beware of the shavrirei verirei rirei yirei rei, found in white cups. This is an incantation against the evil spirit.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Pesachim 112a:2

Pesachim 112a:2

One should not drink water alone on the nights of Wednesday or Saturday, and if one does drink, the blood is on his own head due to danger; the danger referred to is evil spirits.

לֹא יִשְׁתֶּה אָדָם מַיִם לֹא בְּלֵילֵי רְבִיעִיּוֹת וְלֹא בְּלֵילֵי שַׁבָּתוֹת, וְאִם שָׁתָה — דָּמוֹ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ מִפְּנֵי סַכָּנָה. מַאי סַכָּנָה? רוּחַ רָעָה.

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Niddah 17a

נדה י״ז א — ד"ה אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַי

Niddah 17a:4

The sugya discusses dangers associated with certain behaviors and places, including advice meant to prevent harm. It can serve as a parallel Chazal source for nighttime precautions.

אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַי: חֲמִישָּׁה דְּבָרִים הֵן שֶׁהָעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָן מִתְחַיֵּיב בְּנַפְשׁוֹ וְדָמוֹ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ — הָאוֹכֵל שׁוּם קָלוּף, וּבָצָל קָלוּף, וּבֵיצָה קְלוּפָה, וְהַשּׁוֹתֶה מַשְׁקִין מְזוּגִין שֶׁעָבַר עֲלֵיהֶן הַלַּיְלָה, וְהַלָּן בְּבֵית הַקְּבָרוֹת, וְהַנּוֹטֵל צִפׇּרְנָיו וְזוֹרְקָן לִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, וְהַמַּקִּיז דָּם וּמְשַׁמֵּשׁ מִטָּתוֹ. וְהַשּׁוֹתֶה מַשְׁקִין מְזוּגִין שֶׁעָבַר עֲלֵיהֶן הַלַּיְלָה. אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: וְהוּא שֶׁלָּנוּ בִּכְלֵי מַתָּכוֹת. אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא: וּכְלֵי נֶתֶר כִּכְלֵי מַתָּכוֹת דָּמוּ. וְכֵן אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: וְהוּא שֶׁלָּנוּ בִּכְלֵי מַתָּכוֹת, וּכְלֵי נֶתֶר כִּכְלֵי מַתָּכוֹת דָּמוּ.

Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai further says: There are five actions with regard to which one who performs them is held liable for his own life, and his blood is upon his own head, i.e., he bears responsibility for his own demise. They are as follows: One who eats peeled garlic or a peeled onion or a peeled egg, and one who drinks diluted drinks; all these are referring to items only when they were left overnight. And one who sleeps at night in a cemetery, and one who removes his nails and throws them into a public area, and one who lets blood and immediately afterward engages in intercourse. Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai further mentions one who drinks diluted drinks that were left overnight. Rav Yehuda says that Shmuel says: And that is dangerous only when they were left overnight in metal vessels. Rav Pappa says: And natron vessels are considered like metal vessels in this regard. And Rabbi Yoḥanan likewise says: And that is dangerous only when they were left overnight in metal vessels, and natron vessels are considered like metal vessels in this regard.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Avodah Zarah 12a

עבודה זרה י״ב א — ד"ה מַעְיָין הַמּוֹשֵׁךְ לִפְנֵי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה —

Avodah Zarah 12a:9

A spring flowing before an idol may not be drunk from while bending down because it appears like bowing to the idol, though if one is not seen as bowing—by turning one's side or back to the idol—it is permitted; similarly, one may not drink by placing his mouth on water-spraying figures in cities (as it appears like kissing idolatry) or on a pipe (due to danger), and the Gemara clarifies that "not seen" means not appearing to bow to the idol, since prohibitions based on appearance apply even in private.

מַעְיָין הַמּוֹשֵׁךְ לִפְנֵי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה — לֹא יִשְׁחֶה וְיִשְׁתֶּה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּרְאֶה כְּמִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, וְאִם אֵינוֹ נִרְאֶה — מוּתָּר. פַּרְצוּפוֹת הַמְקַלְּחִין מַיִם לִכְרַכִּין — לֹא יַנִּיחַ פִּיו עַל פִּיהֶם וְיִשְׁתֶּה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּרְאֶה כִּמְנַשֵּׁק לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. כַּיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ — לֹא יַנִּיחַ פִּיו עַל סִילוֹן וְיִשְׁתֶּה, מִפְּנֵי הַסַּכָּנָה. מַאי ״אֵינוֹ נִרְאֶה״? אִילֵּימָא דְּלָא מִתְחֲזֵי, וְהָאָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: כׇּל מָקוֹם שֶׁאָסְרוּ חֲכָמִים מִפְּנֵי מַרְאִית הָעַיִן, אֲפִילּוּ בְּחַדְרֵי חֲדָרִים אָסוּר! אֶלָּא אֵימָא: אִם אֵינוֹ נִרְאֶה כְּמִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה — מוּתָּר.

Likewise, if there is a spring that runs before an object of idol worship, one may not bend down and drink from it, because he appears to be bowing down to the object of idol worship; but if he is not seen, it is permitted. With regard to figures of human faces [partzufot] that spray water in the cities, i.e., fountains, one may not place his mouth on the mouths of the figures and drink, because he appears to be kissing the object of idol worship. Similarly, one may not place his mouth on a pipe [sillon] and drink, here due to the danger that this practice poses. The Gemara asks: What does the baraita mean when it states: If he is not seen? If we say it means that he is not seen by others, doesn’t Rav Yehuda say that Rav says: Wherever the Sages prohibited an action due to the appearance of prohibition, it is prohibited even in the innermost chambers where no one will see it, as the Sages did not distinguish between different circumstances in such cases. Accordingly, the fact that he is not seen by anyone should make no difference with regard to whether or not the action is prohibited. Rather, say: If he is not seen as one who bows down to an object of idol worship, i.e., he turns his side or back to the idol, then it is permitted.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Tosafot on Avodah Zarah 12b

תוספות על עבודה זרה י״ב ב — ד"ה לא ישתה אדם - פרש"י דל"ג

Tosafot on Avodah Zarah 12b:5

Tosafot analyze the sugya and compare it with other passages about mazikim and danger, framing how to understand the nighttime drinking concern in relation to broader Talmudic rules.

לא ישתה אדם - פרש"י דל"ג מן הנהרות ולא מן האגמים דה"ה מן הכלים ופי' כן לספרים דגרסי אחרי כן נקרקיש אנכתמא ור"י פירש דבערבי פסחים (פסחים קיב.) גרסינן בהך דשברירי מן הנהרות ומן האגמים בלילה ול"ג נקרקיש אנכתמא ולא גרסינן נמי אי איכא איניש אחרינא בהדיה לימא ליה פלניא וכו' אבל יש שם ברייתא אחרת לעיל מהך דגריס בלילי רביעית ובלילי שבתות וגריס נקרקיש אנכתמא:

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Rashi on Avodah Zarah 12b

רש"י על עבודה זרה י״ב ב — ד"ה פרצופות ל"ל - הא תנא מעיין

Rashi on Avodah Zarah 12b:1

Rashi explains the Gemara's language and clarifies the practical concern involved in the nighttime water-drinking discussion, helping identify what precisely the sages were warning against.

משום דבעי למיתני כיוצא בו לא יניח פיו על גבי סילון - דגבי מעיין תנא שחייה ולא תנא הנחת פה הלכך לא שייך למיתני כיוצא בו גביה אבל בפרצופות תנא הנחת פה ושייך למיתני גבייהו כיוצא בו דאסור נמי הנחת פה דאילו לשחות ולשתות בידו ליכא סכנתא דבדיק להו בידיה: בידו אחת - ממהר וזורק בפיו ואינו בודק אבל בשתי ידיו יכול לעכבו בידו ויעיין: