Tanakhתנ״ך

The Breaking of the Tablets at Sinai

Sources explore the significance of Moses breaking the first tablets upon witnessing Israel's sin with the golden calf, examining both the justification for this act and the enduring sanctity of the broken pieces. The sources present varied perspectives on how this breaking relates to divine will, human agency, and the ultimate repair through the second tablets.

יִישַׁר כֹּחֲךָ שֶׁשִּׁבַּרְתָּ

10 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The shattering of the luchos is presented in the Torah as a direct response to the sin of the Golden Calf: Shemot 32:15–19 records that when Moshe descended carrying the two inscribed tablets and saw the calf and the dancing, he threw them from his hands and shattered them at the foot of the mountain.

The Gemara in Shabbat 87a explains Moshe's reasoning through a kal va-chomer: just as the Torah excludes an apostate from the Paschal offering — a single commandment — how much more so could the entire Torah, represented by the luchos, not be handed to a nation that had become apostates through idol worship.

God's own endorsement of the breaking is derived, as both Shabbat 87a and Menachot 99b teach, from the phrase in Shemot 34:1 — 'the tablets which you shattered' — which Reish Lakish reads as divine affirmation: 'Your strength is true in that you broke them,' so that the destruction of the first luchos became the very foundation for the giving of the second.

the Or HaChaim (Shemot 32:19) adds a further dimension: Moshe saw the calf even before entering the camp precisely so that the inscribed luchos would not have to share the same domain as the ultimate impurity of idolatry, suggesting that the sanctity of the tablets themselves demanded they be withheld rather than brought into a defiled space.

The broken fragments were not discarded but preserved, as Bava Batra 14b teaches that the shards of the first tablets were placed in the Ark alongside the second — giving the shattered luchos an enduring, honored presence at the heart of Israel's sacred life.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Exodus 34:1-4

Exodus 34:1-4:1

After the broken tablets, God commands Moshe to hew new tablets, showing the repair that follows the breach of the first Luchos. The contrast between the first and second tablets is central to understanding the aftermath of the calf.

וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהֹוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה פְּסׇל־לְךָ֛ שְׁנֵֽי־לֻחֹ֥ת אֲבָנִ֖ים כָּרִאשֹׁנִ֑ים וְכָתַבְתִּי֙ עַל־הַלֻּחֹ֔ת אֶ֨ת־הַדְּבָרִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָי֛וּ עַל־הַלֻּחֹ֥ת הָרִאשֹׁנִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר שִׁבַּֽרְתָּ׃ וַיִּפְסֹ֡ל שְׁנֵֽי־לֻחֹ֨ת אֲבָנִ֜ים כָּרִאשֹׁנִ֗ים וַיַּשְׁכֵּ֨ם מֹשֶׁ֤ה בַבֹּ֙קֶר֙ וַיַּ֙עַל֙ אֶל־הַ֣ר סִינַ֔י כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר צִוָּ֥ה יְהֹוָ֖ה אֹת֑וֹ וַיִּקַּ֣ח בְּיָד֔וֹ שְׁנֵ֖י לֻחֹ֥ת אֲבָנִֽים׃

GOD said to Moses: “Carve two tablets of stone like the first, and I will inscribe upon the tablets the words that were on the first tablets, which you shattered. So Moses carved two tablets of stone, like the first, and early in the morning he went up on Mount Sinai, as GOD had commanded him, taking the two stone tablets with him.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Exodus 32:15-19

Exodus 32:15-19:1

Moshe descends from Sinai carrying the Luchos, sees the calf and the dancing, and shatters the tablets at the foot of the mountain. The passage sets the foundational biblical moment for the relationship between the sin of the calf and the breaking of the tablets.

וַיִּ֜פֶן וַיֵּ֤רֶד מֹשֶׁה֙ מִן־הָהָ֔ר וּשְׁנֵ֛י לֻחֹ֥ת הָעֵדֻ֖ת בְּיָד֑וֹ לֻחֹ֗ת כְּתֻבִים֙ מִשְּׁנֵ֣י עֶבְרֵיהֶ֔ם מִזֶּ֥ה וּמִזֶּ֖ה הֵ֥ם כְּתֻבִֽים׃ וַֽיְהִ֗י כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר קָרַב֙ אֶל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֔ה וַיַּ֥רְא אֶת־הָעֵ֖גֶל וּמְחֹלֹ֑ת וַיִּֽחַר־אַ֣ף מֹשֶׁ֗ה וַיַּשְׁלֵ֤ךְ מִיָּדָו֙ אֶת־הַלֻּחֹ֔ת וַיְשַׁבֵּ֥ר אֹתָ֖ם תַּ֥חַת הָהָֽר׃

Thereupon Moses turned and went down from the mountain bearing the two tablets of the Pact, tablets inscribed on both their surfaces: they were inscribed on the one side and on the other. As soon as Moses came near the camp and saw the calf and the dancing, he became enraged; and he hurled the tablets from his hands and shattered them at the foot of the mountain.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 9:8-21

Deuteronomy 9:8-21:10

Moshe later recounts the episode, explicitly linking the sin of the golden calf with his breaking of the Luchos, his anger, and his intercession for Israel. This is the key retelling of the event and its spiritual meaning in Moshe's own words.

וָאֶתְפֹּשׂ֙ בִּשְׁנֵ֣י הַלֻּחֹ֔ת וָֽאַשְׁלִכֵ֔ם מֵעַ֖ל שְׁתֵּ֣י יָדָ֑י וָאֲשַׁבְּרֵ֖ם לְעֵינֵיכֶֽם׃

Thereupon I gripped the two tablets and flung them away with both my hands, smashing them before your eyes.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Menachot 99b

Menachot 99b:1

The sages derive that the broken tablets were placed in the Ark together with the second tablets, teaching that the shivrei Luchos still retain sanctity. This is a classic source for the lasting value of what was broken at Sinai.

שֶׁבִּיטּוּלָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה זֶהוּ יִסּוּדָהּ, דִּכְתִיב: ״אֲשֶׁר שִׁבַּרְתָּ״, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמֹשֶׁה: יִישַׁר כֹּחֲךָ שֶׁשִּׁבַּרְתָּ.

the apparent dereliction of the study of Torah is its foundation, e.g., if one breaks off his studies in order to participate in a funeral or a wedding procession. This is derived from a verse, as it is written: “And the Lord said to Moses: Hew for yourself two tablets of stone like the first, and I will write upon the tablets the words that were on the first tablets, which [asher] you broke” (Exodus 34:1). The word “asher” is an allusion to the fact that that the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Moses: Your strength is true [yishar koḥakha] in that you broke the tablets, as the breaking of the first tablets led to the foundation of the Torah through the giving of the second tablets.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Shabbat 87a

Shabbat 87a:5

The Gemara states that Moshe himself approved of the breaking of the tablets, with God saying 'yishar kochacha' to Moshe. This frames the breaking of the Luchos not as a failure, but as a justified act in response to Israel's sin.

שָׁבַר אֶת הַלּוּחוֹת, מַאי דְּרַשׁ? אָמַר: וּמָה פֶּסַח שֶׁהוּא אֶחָד מִתַּרְיָ״ג מִצְוֹת, אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה: ״וְכׇל בֶּן נֵכָר לֹא יֹאכַל בּוֹ״. הַתּוֹרָה כּוּלָּהּ [כָּאן] וְיִשְׂרָאֵל מְשׁוּמָּדִים — עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. וּמְנָלַן דְּהִסְכִּים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל יָדוֹ? — שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אֲשֶׁר שִׁבַּרְתָּ״, וְאָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: יִישַׁר כֹּחֲךָ שֶׁשִּׁבַּרְתָּ.

And he broke the tablets following the sin of the Golden Calf. What source did he interpret that led him to do so? Moses said: With regard to the Paschal lamb, which is only one of six hundred and thirteen mitzvot, the Torah stated: “And the Lord said unto Moses and Aaron: This is the ordinance of the Paschal offering; no alien shall eat of it” (Exodus 12:43), referring not only to gentiles, but to apostate Jews as well. Regarding the tablets, which represented the entire Torah, and Israel at that moment were apostates, as they were worshipping the calf, all the more so are they not worthy of receiving the Torah. And from where do we derive that the Holy One, Blessed be He, agreed with his reasoning? As it is stated: “The first tablets which you broke [asher shibarta]” (Exodus 34:1), and Reish Lakish said: The word asher is an allusion to the phrase: May your strength be true [yishar koḥakha] due to the fact that you broke the tablets.

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Bava Batra 14b

Bava Batra 14b:1

The Gemara discusses the tablets and the Ark, including the storage of the broken Luchos alongside the whole ones. It provides an important rabbinic basis for the idea that the shattered tablets were not discarded but honored.

שִׁבְרֵי לוּחוֹת שֶׁמּוּנָּחִים בָּאָרוֹן. וְאִי סָלְקָא דַעְתָּךְ סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה הֶקֵּיפוֹ שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים; מִכְּדֵי כֹּל שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּהֶקֵּיפוֹ שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים – יֵשׁ בּוֹ רוֹחַב טֶפַח, וְכֵיוָן דִּלְאֶמְצָעִיתוֹ נִגְלָל – נְפִישׁ לֵיהּ מִתְּרֵי טִפְחָא רַוְוחָא דְּבֵינֵי בֵּינֵי; בִּתְרֵי פּוּשְׁכֵי הֵיכִי יָתֵיב?

the broken pieces of the first set of tablets, which were placed in the Ark. Having cited the baraita, the Gemara now presents its objection to what was taught earlier with regard to the dimensions of a Torah scroll: And if it should enter your mind to say, as Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi held, that the circumference of a Torah scroll is six handbreadths, now since any cylindrical object having a circumference of three handbreadths has a diameter of one handbreadth, a Torah scroll with a circumference of six handbreadths has a diameter of two handbreadths. And since a Torah scroll is wound to the middle, since it is rolled from both sides, it must take up more than two handbreadths due to the space between the sheets of parchment and the double rolling. According to Rabbi Meir, who says that the Torah scroll was placed inside the ark, how did the scroll fit in the remaining two handbreadths [pushkei] of space in the Ark?

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Or HaChaim on Exodus

Or HaChaim on Exodus 32:19

The passage explains that the breaking of the first Tablets caused affliction and death to enter the world, and describes how Moses saw the golden calf and the dances before entering the camp, interpreting this as preventing the written Tablets from entering a place of idolatry.

כַּאֲשֶׁר קָרַב וְגוֹ׳. אוּלַי שֶׁיַּשְׁמִיעֵנוּ הַכָּתוּב שֶׁנִּזְדַּמֵּן רְאוֹת הָעֵגֶל לִפְנֵי מֹשֶׁה קוֹדֶם שֶׁיִּכָּנֵס לַמַּחֲנֶה, וְהַטַּעַם כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנְסוּ הַלּוּחוֹת כְּתוּבִים לַמַּחֲנֶה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, וְזֶה הוּא שִׁעוּר הַכָּתוּב וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר קָרַב וְגוֹ׳ תֵּכֶף וּמִיָּד וַיַּרְא אֶת הָעֵגֶל מְזוּמָּן לְפָנָיו. וַיִּחַר אַף מֹשֶׁה וַיַּשְׁלֵךְ. צָרִיךְ לָדַעַת טַעַם שֶׁל מֹשֶׁה בִּשְׁבִירַת הַלּוּחוֹת, וְלֹא חָשׁ לְהֶפְסֵד מֻפְלָג, וּפְשִׁיטָא שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲשֶׂה דְּבַר קִלְקוּל אִם לֹא בְּאוֹמֶד גָּדוֹל וּבְצִדְדֵי הַמּוֹעִיל אֲשֶׁר צִדֵּד עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם. וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה אָמְרוּ (אבות דרבי נתן ב,ג) לֹא שָׁבַר עַד שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לוֹ מִפִּי הַגְּבוּרָה, וְכֵן אָמַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר ״וַיִּהְיוּ שָׁם כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוַּנִי״ (דברים י:ה) שֶׁנִּצְטַוָּה וְשָׁבַר הַלּוּחוֹת עַד כָּאן. וְצָרִיךְ לָתֵת טַעַם לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן לָמָּה מָנַע הַטּוֹב.

כאשר קרב אל המחנה, as he approached the camp. Perhaps the Torah wished to tell us that Moses espied the calf even before he actually entered the camp. This had to be so in order for the sacred Tablets not to have to share the same domain with the epitome of impurity, the golden calf. When the Torah writes: "and it was as he approached the camp he saw the calf and the dances (or the musical instruments used during dances)," our attention is drawn to the immediacy of Moses seeing the calf and the activities surrounding it. ויחר אף משה וישלך מידיו את הלוחות, Moses became very angry and he threw the Tablets from his hands, etc. We need to understand why Moses took it upon himself to smash the Tablets ignoring the immeasurable damage this would cause to the Jewish people. Clearly he would not have destroyed something unless he was convinced that by the destruction of whatever it was he would perform something infinitely more useful than that which he destroyed. We are told in Avot de Rabbi Natan chapter 2 that Moses did not shatter the Tablets until told to do so by G'd. This view is confirmed by Rabbi Meir who cites Deut. 10,5 as support for this view. He derives this from Moses saying "they remained therein as G'd had commanded me." If so, we must understand why G'd withheld the good contained in the Tablets from His people. [the question is appropriate in view of the Torah having told us that G'd decided not to carry out His plan to destroy the people. Ed.]

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Rashi on Exodus 32:19

Rashi on Exodus 32:19

Rashi explains Moshe's deliberate shattering of the tablets and connects it to Israel's unworthiness after the calf. His comment is a key classical peshat-drash source on why the Luchos were broken.

וישלך מידו וגו'. אָמַר: מַה פֶּסַח שֶׁהוּא אֶחָד מִן הַמִּצְווֹת, אָמְרָה תוֹרָה כָּל בֶּן נֵכָר לֹא יֹאכַל בּוֹ (שמות י"ב), הַתּוֹרָה כֻּלָּהּ כָּאן וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל מְשֻׁמָּדִים וְאֶתְּנֶנָּה לָהֶם? (שבת פ"ז):

וישלך מידו AND HE CAST [THE TABLETS] OUT OF HIS HAND — He said: “What is the law regarding the Paschal lamb which is only one of the commandments? The Torah states: (Exodus 12:43) “No stranger shall eat thereof”! (cf. Rashi on that verse: a stranger means one who has enstranged himself by his doings from his Father in heaven — an apostate). “But the whole Torah is here (written on the tablets) and all the Israelites are apostates, can I possibly give it (the Torah) to them?!” (Shabbat 87a).

Source 9 · Modern
Verified

Ein Aya, Shabbat 9:43

Ein Aya, Shabbat 9:43

The breaking of the Luchos is interpreted as necessary so that the transcendent supernal light flowing through the channels of holiness may be diminished and concealed, allowing created beings to receive it—and from the shattering itself, a teaching emerges about how the highest hidden light will eventually be revealed in the end of days.

שבר את הלוחות מאי דרש. כ"א בהתפלש האור העליון שלהם דרך אותם צינורות הקודש שמפי יוצר כל כוננו להזיל חיים נערכים לכל יצורי עולמים, והם הם הליכות של התורה המתהלכות בכל אותיותיה וקמטי דרשותיה לכל אורחותיהן, כי אם גם משבר המוכרח לבא, החשכה והסתרה של האור, מפני שלא יוכלו הבריות בהשפלתן לקלוט אותו בבהירותו, למען יתן מקום לאור ממועט, שרק הוא יכשיר את החיים באחרונה לאור הגנוז היותר עליון ומגמתי, גם סתירה זו של צורך בנין בנין יקרא לה, וממאור התורה וארחות דרושיה מוכרח להתנוצץ אור זה, המורה דרך, איך להאפיל את האורה העליונה, למטרת הגלותה באחרית הימים, ותאות שאלת מאי דרש לשבר את הלוחות._

Source 10 · Modern
Verified

Ein Aya, Shabbat 9:73

Ein Aya, Shabbat 9:73

Rav Chama bar Chanina states that at Chorev the Israelites were elevated and at Chorev they fell—they were raised to the highest level of humanity where natural society was no longer fitting and God declared "I said, you are gods and all of you are children of the Most High," but this very elevation itself became the cause of their descent into emptiness and loss of the supreme holiness.

אמר רב חמא בר חנינא בחורב טענו בחורב פרקו, בחורב טענו כדאמרינן, בחורב פרקו דכתיב ויתנצלו בני ישראל את עדים מהר חורב. בחורב טענו, בחורב העמדו על מרום הפסגה של אנושיות עליונה, שחברה אנושית טבעית כבר לא היתה ראויה לסמנה, "אני אמרתי אלהים אתם ובני עליון כולכם", ובחורב פרקו, זה היתרון - המרומם בעצמו - הוא הוא הגורם את הפריקה, את ריקניות חיי האור, התום והקודש העליון.