Halachaהלכה

Rambam on the Red Heifer Laws

The Rambam's comprehensive treatment of the parah adumah covers its preparation, the requirements for the animal, the gathering and division of its ashes, the creation of purification waters, and the paradoxical nature of the ritual—in which those who prepare it become impure while those sprinkled with it become pure. Sources emphasize the detailed halakhic procedures and cite this as a classic example of a divine decree whose underlying reason remains hidden.

הַנּוֹגֵעַ בְּמֵי חַטָּאת טָמֵא

11 sources · 9 verified

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What the sources say

The Rambam rules that the parah adumah must be in its third or fourth year of life, purchased with Temple treasury funds, and that the Torah's requirement of 'perfection' refers exclusively to the completeness of its redness rather than to physical stature — so even a dwarf-sized animal is acceptable. (Mishneh Torah, Red Heifer 1:1-2:1)

Extra stringencies beyond ordinary purity law were applied to the entire process of offering the parah adumah — including isolating the officiating priest in a specially prepared stone chamber — because the Sages were concerned that, since the offering is valid even when performed by one who immersed that day, people might treat it with disdain. (Mishneh Torah, Red Heifer 2:1-4:1)

The Rambam further rules that two red heifers may not be slaughtered simultaneously, deriving this from the singular form of the pasuk 'and you shall slaughter it.' (Mishneh Torah – Red Heifer: Gathering and Dividing the Ashes)

The Rambam identifies the sanctified waters of the parah adumah as a primary source of impurity under Scriptural law — one who touches or carries them for any purpose other than sprinkling contracts impurity, and if there is sufficient water to sprinkle, the carrier also renders his garments impure. (Mishneh Torah – Red Heifer: The Paradox of Impurity and Purity)

In his Sefer HaMitzvot, the Rambam counts the laws of the purifying waters of the parah adumah as a single positive commandment, and situates it within a broader enumeration of thirteen categories of ritual impurity whose purification procedures are all rooted in the Torah. (Sefer HaMitzvot – Positive Commandment 108: The Red Heifer)

Source 1 · Chazal
Verified

Vayikra Rabbah 26:3

Vayikra Rabbah 26:3

וְאֵיזוֹ זוֹ פָּרָה אֲדֻמָּה וּפָרָשַׁת הַמֵּת.

They are the red heifer and the portion of the corpse.

Source 3 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Red Heifer

Mishneh Torah, Red Heifer 1:1-2:1

The Rambam begins by outlining the laws of the parah adumah, describing its preparation, the requirements for its color and form, and the ritual impurities it purifies. This section serves as the foundation for understanding the ritual's significance and detailed procedures.

מִצְוַת פָּרָה אֲדֻמָּה שֶׁתִּהְיֶה בַּת שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים אוֹ בַּת אַרְבַּע. וְאִם הָיְתָה זְקֵנָה כְּשֵׁרָה אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵין מַמְתִּינִין לָהּ שֶׁמָּא תַּשְׁחִיר וְתִפָּסֵל. וְאֵין לוֹקְחִין עֶגְלָה וּמְגַדְּלִין אוֹתָהּ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יט ב) "וְיִקְחוּ אֵלֶיךָ פָרָה" וְלֹא עֶגְלָה. לֹא מָצְאוּ אֶלָּא עֶגְלָה פּוֹסְקִין עָלֶיהָ דָּמִים וְתִהְיֶה אֵצֶל בְּעָלֶיהָ עַד שֶׁתַּגְדִּיל וְתֵעָשֶׂה פָּרָה. וְלוֹקְחִין אוֹתָהּ מִתְּרוּמַת הַלִּשְׁכָּה: זֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בַּתּוֹרָה (במדבר יט ב) "תְּמִימָה" תְּמִימַת אַדְמִימוּת לֹא תְּמִימַת קוֹמָה אֶלָּא אִם הָיְתָה נַנָּסָה כְּשֵׁרָה כִּשְׁאָר הַקָּדָשִׁים. הָיוּ בָּהּ שְׁתֵּי שְׂעָרוֹת לְבָנוֹת אוֹ שְׁחוֹרוֹת בְּתוֹךְ גֻּמָּא אַחַת אוֹ בְּתוֹךְ שְׁנֵי כּוֹסוֹת וְהֵן מֻנָּחוֹת זוֹ עַל זוֹ פְּסוּלָה:

The commandment involving the red heifer is to offer such an animal in its third or fourth year of life. If it is older, it is acceptable, but we do not wait for it to age longer, lest its hairs become black. The Jewish community does not purchase a calf and raise it, for Numbers 19:2 states: "And you shall take unto yourselves a heifer," i.e., a heifer, not a calf. If only a calf was found, a price is established for it and it should remain in its owner's possession until it matures and becomes a cow. It should be purchased with money from the Temple treasury. The Torah's description of this heifer as "perfect" means "perfectly red," not perfect in stature. Even if it is dwarfsize, it is acceptable, as is the law regarding other sacrifices. If it had two white hairs or black hairs growing from one follicle or from two cavities and they are lying on top of each other, it is unacceptable.

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Red Heifer

Mishneh Torah, Red Heifer 2:1-4:1

Rambam further elaborates on additional laws regarding the preparation and use of the parah adumah, emphasizing the specific steps required to ensure its ritual purity and the consequences of errors in the process.

מַעֲלוֹת יְתֵרוֹת עָשׂוּ בְּטָהֳרַת פָּרָה אֲדֻמָּה וְהַרְחָקוֹת גְּדוֹלוֹת הִרְחִיקוּ מִטֻּמְאַת הַמֵּת בְּכָל מַעֲשֶׂיהָ. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִיא כְּשֵׁרָה בִּטְבוּלֵי יוֹם חָשׁוּ שֶׁמָּא יָבוֹאוּ לְזַלְזֵל בָּהּ. וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה כְּשֶׁמַּפְרִישִׁין הַכֹּהֵן הַשּׂוֹרֵף אוֹתָהּ מַפְרִישִׁין אוֹתוֹ לְלִשְׁכָּה מוּכֶנֶת בָּעֲזָרָה. וּבֵית אֶבֶן הָיְתָה נִקְרֵאת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכָּל כֵּלֶיהָ כְּלֵי אֲבָנִים שֶׁאֵין מְקַבְּלִין טֻמְאָה. וּבִכְלֵי הָאֶבֶן הָיָה מִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ כָּל שִׁבְעַת יְמֵי הַהַפְרָשָׁה. וְלֹא הָיוּ נוֹגְעִין בּוֹ אֶחָיו הַכֹּהֲנִים כְּדֵי לְהַרְבּוֹת בְּטָהֳרָתוֹ: שִׁבְעַת יָמִים קדֶם שְׂרֵפַת הַפָּרָה מַפְרִישִׁין כֹּהֵן הַשּׂוֹרֵף אוֹתָהּ מִבֵּיתוֹ. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמַּפְרִישִׁין כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל לַעֲבוֹדַת יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים. וְדָבָר זֶה קַבָּלָה מִמּשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ. וְכֵן מַפְרִישִׁין אוֹתוֹ מֵאִשְׁתּוֹ שֶׁמָּא תִּמָּצֵא נִדָּה וְיִהְיֶה טָמֵא שִׁבְעַת יָמִים: הַלִּשְׁכָּה שֶׁהָיָה יוֹשֵׁב בָּהּ כָּל שִׁבְעָה צְפוֹנִית מִזְרָחִית הָיְתָה. כְּדֵי לְהַזְכִּירוֹ שֶׁהִיא כְּחַטָּאת הַנִּשְׁחֶטֶת בַּצָּפוֹן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא נִשְׁחֶטֶת בַּחוּץ: כָּל יוֹם וְיוֹם מִשִּׁבְעַת יְמֵי הַהַפְרָשָׁה מַזִּין עָלָיו מֵי חַטָּאת. שֶׁמָּא נִטְמָא לְמֵת וְהוּא לֹא יָדַע. חוּץ מִיּוֹם רְבִיעִי לְהַפְרָשָׁה שֶׁאֵין צָרִיךְ הַזָּאָה לְפִי שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה לֹא שְׁלִישִׁי לְטֻמְאָתוֹ וְלֹא שְׁבִיעִי. שֶׁאֵין הַזָּאָה בַּשְּׁבִיעִי עוֹלָה מִשּׁוּם הַזָּאַת שְׁבִיעִי עַד שֶׁיַּזֶּה בַּשְּׁלִישִׁי מִלְּפָנֶיהָ. וּמִן הַדִּין הָיָה שֶׁאֵין צָרִיךְ הַזָּאָה אֶלָּא בִּשְׁלִישִׁי וּשְׁבִיעִי לְהַפְרָשָׁה בִּלְבַד וְזֶה שֶׁמַּזִּין יוֹם אַחַר יוֹם מַעֲלָה יְתֵרָה עָשׂוּ בְּפָרָה:

Extra stringencies were employed with regard to the purity observed in preparation for offering the red heifer and great extremes were taken to keep a distance from the ritual impurity associated with a human corpse in all the activities associated with its offering. The rationale is that since it is acceptable for a person who immersed that day to bring it, our Sages were concerned that people would treat this offering with disdain. For this reason, when the priest who burns it is isolated, he is isolated to a prepared chamber in the Temple Courtyard. It was called the House of Stone, because all of the utensils in it were stone utensils that do not contract impurity. He would use the stone utensils throughout the seven days that he is isolated. His priestly brethren would not touch him in order to increase his purity. For seven days before the burning of the red heifer, the priest who would burn it is isolated from his home, just like the High Priest is isolated for the sake of the service of Yom Kippur. This was received as part of the Oral Tradition from Moses. Similarly, he is isolated from his wife, lest it be discovered that she was a nidah and he be impure for seven days. The chamber in which this priest would abide for all these seven days was in the northeast portion of the Temple Courtyard. It was positioned there to remind the priest that the red heifer is like a sin-offering that is slaughtered in the northern portion of the Temple Courtyard, even though the red heifer is slaughtered outside the Temple. On every one of the seven days of his isolation, water with the ashes of the red heifer should be sprinkled upon him lest he unknowingly have contracted impurity due to contact with a corpse with the exception of the fourth day of his isolation. That day does not require sprinkling. The rationale is that it is impossible for it to be the third day of his impurity or the seventh day of his impurity. For the sprinkling of the ashes on the seventh day is not considered as the sprinkling of the seventh day unless the ashes were sprinkled on the third day before it. According to law, there is no need to sprinkle the ashes upon him on any days other than the third and the seventh days of isolation. The sprinkling day after day is an extra stringency enacted with regard to the red heifer.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah – Red Heifer: Gathering and Dividing the Ashes

Mishneh Torah, Red Heifer 4:1

The Rambam explains how the ashes of the red heifer were gathered after the burning, divided into three portions — one kept on the Mount of Olives, one distributed to all the priestly divisions throughout Israel, and one preserved in the Temple — and how each was used for purification.

אֵין שׁוֹחֲטִין שְׁתֵּי פָּרוֹת אֲדֻמּוֹת כְּאַחַת שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יט ג) "וְשָׁחַט אֹתָהּ":

Two red heifers should not be slaughtered at the same time, as Numbers 19:3 states: "And you shall slaughter it."

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah – Red Heifer: The Waters of Lustration (Mei Niddah)

Mishneh Torah, Red Heifer 10:1

The Rambam describes the preparation of the purification waters: the ashes of the Parah Adumah are mixed with fresh spring water in a vessel, and a ritually clean person uses a hyssop branch to sprinkle it on the impure individual on the third and seventh day of purification.

הַמְמַלֵא מַיִם לְקִדּוּשׁ אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הוּא עַצְמוֹ הַמְקַדֵּשׁ וְהַמַּזֶּה אֶלָּא מְקַדֵּשׁ אֶחָד וּמַזֶּה אֶחָד. וְכֵן מְמַלֵּא אָדָם בִּכְלִי וּמְעָרֶה מִכְּלִי לִכְלִי וּמְקַדֵּשׁ בִּכְלִי אַחֵר וּמְעָרֶה הַמַּיִם הַמְקֻדָּשִׁין מִכְּלִי לִכְלִי וּמַזֶּה מִכְּלִי אַחֵר:

Instead, another person may sanctify it and another may sprinkle it. Similarly, a person may draw water with one container and pour it from container to container. And he may sanctify it in a different container, pour the sanctified water from one container to another, and sprinkle it from a different container.

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah – Red Heifer: The Paradox of Impurity and Purity

Mishneh Torah, Red Heifer 15:1

The Rambam addresses the famous paradox of the Parah Adumah: those who prepare it become impure while those who are sprinkled with it become pure. He cites this as a classic case of a chok — a divine decree whose reason is hidden — and does not attempt to rationalize it.

הַנּוֹגֵעַ בְּמֵי חַטָּאת שֶׁלֹּא לְצֹרֶךְ הַזָּאָה בֵּין אָדָם בֵּין כֵּלִים טָמֵא וְאֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא בְּגָדִים בִּשְׁעַת מַגָּעוֹ. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יט כא) "וְהַנֹּגֵעַ בְּמֵי הַנִּדָּה יִטְמָא עַד הָעָרֶב". הִנֵּה לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁמֵּי הַנִּדָּה אָב מֵאֲבוֹת הַטֻּמְאוֹת שֶׁל תּוֹרָה. וְטֻמְאַת מַגָּעָן בְּכָל שֶׁהוּא. וְאִם הָיָה בָּהֶן כְּדֵי הַזָּאָה מְטַמְּאִין בְּמַגָּע וּבְמַשָּׂא. וְהַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּהֶן אוֹ שֶׁנּוֹשְׂאָן שֶׁלֹּא לְצֹרֶךְ מְטַמֵּא בְּגָדִים בִּשְׁעַת מַגָּעוֹ אוֹ בִּשְׁעַת מַשָּׂאוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּפְרשׁ מִמְּטַמְּאָיו שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יט כא) "וּמַזֵּה מֵי הַנִּדָּה יְכַבֵּס בְּגָדָיו".

Any person or article which touches sanctified water for a purpose other than sprinkling contracts impurity. The person does not impart impurity to his clothes, however, even when touching the water, as Numbers 19:21 states: "One who touches the sprinkling water will become impure until the evening." Thus it is derived that the sprinkling water is a primary source of impurity according to Scriptural Law and even the slightest amount of it imparts ritual impurity. If there is enough water to sprinkle, it imparts impurity when touched and when carried and one who touches it or carries it for a purpose other than sprinkling imparts impurity to his clothes when touching it or carrying it until he separates himself from the source of his impurity as implied by ibid. which states: "One who sprinkles the water shall launder his garments." Now this is not speaking about someone who sprinkles water on an impure person, for if he purifies an impure person, one can certainly infer that he himself remains pure. According to the Oral Tradition, it was taught that the Torah's statement "One who sprinkles the water shall launder his garments" was stated only to teach the measure that imparts impurity; i.e., that if one touches or carries a measure of sanctified water that could be sprinkled for an intent other than sprinkling, he is impure and he imparts impurity to his garments according to Scriptural Law.

Source 8 · Rishonim
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Guide for the Perplexed

Guide for the Perplexed 3:47

In this section, Rambam discusses the philosophical and symbolic aspects of the parah adumah, exploring why this specific commandment may seem enigmatic and its role in Jewish thought related to purity and impurity.

Source 9 · Rishonim
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Sefer HaMitzvot – Positive Commandment 108: The Red Heifer

Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandments 108

The Rambam enumerates the preparation of the Parah Adumah as a positive biblical commandment, citing Numbers 19 as its source and explaining that the fundamental obligation is the preparation of the purification waters for those defiled by a corpse.

היא שצונו והורונו במשפטי מי נדה שאמרו שיטהרו בענין אחד ויטמאו בענין אחר כמו שיתבאר בדקדוק מצוה זו ודע כי אלו שלשה עשר מינין מהטמאות שקדם מנינם והם טומאת נבלה ושרצים ואוכלין ומשקין וטומאת נדה ויולדת וצרעת אדם [וצרעת בגדים] וצרעת בתים וטומאת זב וזבה ושכבת זרע וטומאת מת ומי נדה וטהרת כל אחד מהם הוא כתוב בתורה בכתובים רבים ודינים ותנאים כמו שכתוב בפרשת ויהי ביום השמיני ובפרשת תזריע וזאת תהיה ופרשת פרה אדומה.

And you should know that these thirteen types of impurities the counting of which preceded this - being the impurities of a carcass; of creeping animals; of foods and drinks; of a menstruant woman; of a woman after childbirth; of tsaraat of a person; [of tsaraat of garments;] of tsaraat of houses; of a zav; of a zavah; of semen; of a corpse; and of purifying waters - and the purification of each one of them is written in the Torah in many verses and with many laws and stipulations, as are written in Parashat Shemini, Parashat Tazria and Metzora and in Parashat Parah. And these four sections completely include all of these impurities.

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

Rashi on Leviticus 8:34

Rashi on Leviticus 8:34

וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ דָרְשׁוּ, לעשת — זֶה מַעֲשֵׂה פָרָה, לכפר — זֶה מַעֲשֵׂה יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים, וּלְלַמֵּד שֶׁכֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל טָעוּן פְּרִישָׁה קֹדֶם יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים שִׁבְעַת יָמִים, וְכֵן הַכֹּהֵן הַשּׂוֹרֵף אֶת הַפָּרָה (ספרא):

And thus these words, they say, are intended to intimate that the High Priest requires separating from his family during seven days before Yom-Kippur, and similarly the priest who burns the Red Heifer (Sifra, Tzav, Mechilta d'Miluim 1 37; Yoma 2a; Yoma 3b).

Source 11 · Rishonim
Verified

Eight Chapters – Chapter 6: Chukim and the Parah Adumah

Eight Chapters 6:3

The Rambam distinguishes between rational commandments (mishpatim) and supra-rational divine decrees (chukim), placing the Parah Adumah firmly in the category of chukim — laws the intellect cannot independently derive. He argues that performing chukim without personal inclination toward them actually reflects higher obedience to God.

ולפי המובן מפשוטי שני המאמרים בתחילת המחשבה הם סותרים זה את זה - ואין הענין כן; אבל שניהם אמת ואין מחלוקת ביניהם כלל. והוא: שהרעות אשר הן אצל הפילוסופים רעות, אשר אמרו: שמי שלא יתאוה אליהן יותר חשוב מן המתאוה אליהן ויכבוש את יצרו מהן - הם הענינים המפורסמים אצל כל בני האדם שהם "רעות": כשפיכות דמים, וגנבה, וגזלה, ואונאה, ולהזיק למי שלא הרע לו, ולגמול רע למיטיב לו, ולבזות אב ואם וכיוצא באלו. והן המצוות שאמרו עליהן החכמים, ז"ל: 'שאילו לא נכתבו ראויות הן לכתב' (יומא סז, ב). ויקראו אותן קצת מחכמינו האחרונים אשר חלו חולי המדברים: "מצוות שכליות", ואין ספק שהנפש אשר תכסוף לדבר מהם ותשתוקק אליו - שהיא חסרה; ושהנפש החשובה לא תתאוה לאחד מאללו הרעות כלל, ולא תצטער בהמנעה מהם. אבל הדברים שאמרו עליהם החכמים, שהכובש את יצרו מהם הוא יותר חשוב וגמולו יותר גדול - הם: "התורות השמעיות", וזה אמת: שאלמלא התורה לא היו רעות כלל. ומפני זה אמרו: שצריך האדם שיניח נפשו אוהבת אותן ולא יהיה לו מונע מהן רק התורה. ובחן חכמתם, ע"ה, ובמה שהמשילו. שהם לא אמרו: "אל יאמר אדם: אי אפשי להרוג הנפש; אי אפשי לגנוב; אי אפשי לכזב, אלא: אפשי, ומה אעשה אבי שבשמים גזר עלי"' אבל הביאו דברים "שמעיים" כולם: בשר בחלב, ולבישת שעטנז, ועריות. ואלו המצוות וכיוצא בהן, הן אשר קראן השם יתברך: "חוקות". ואמרו רבותינו, ז"ל: "חוקים שחקקתי לך - אין לך רשות להרהר בהם; ועובדי כוכבים משיבים עליהם, והשטן מקטרג בהם, כגון: פרה אדומה ושעיר המשתלח" וכו'. ואשר קראו אותן האחרונים: שכליות, יקראו: מצוות, כפי מה שבארו החכמים. הנה התבאר לך מכל מה שאמרנו איזו מן העברות יהיה מי שלא ישתוקק אליהן יותר חשוב מן המשתוקק אליהן וכובש יצרו מהן, ואיזו מהן יהיה הענין בהפך. וזה חידוש נפלא בהעמיד שני המאמרים; ולשונם מורה על אמיתת מה שבארנו. וכבר נשלמה כונת זה הפרק.

At first blush, by a superficial comparison of the sayings of the philosophers and the Rabbis, one might be inclined to say that they contradict one another. Such, however, is not the case. Both are correct and, moreover, are not in disagreement in the least, as the evils which the philosophers term such—and of which they say that he who has no longing for them is more to be praised than he who desires them but conquers his passion—are things which all people commonly agree are evils, such as the shedding of blood, theft, robbery, fraud, injury to one who has done no harm, ingratitude, contempt for parents, and the like. The prescriptions against these are called commandments (מצות), about which the Rabbis said, “If they had not already been written in the Law, it would be proper to add them”. Some of our later sages, who were infected with the unsound principles of the Mutakallimun, called these rational laws. There is no doubt that a soul which has the desire for, and lusts after, the above-mentioned misdeeds, is imperfect, that a noble soul has absolutely no desire for any such crimes, and experiences no struggle in refraining from them. When, however, the Rabbis maintain that he who overcomes his desire has more merit and a greater reward (than he who has no temptation), they say so only in reference to laws that are ceremonial prohibitions. This is quite true, since, were it not for the Law, they would not at all be considered transgressions. Therefore, the Rabbis say that man should permit his soul to entertain the natural inclination for these things, but that the Law alone should restrain him from them. Ponder over the wisdom of these men of blessed memory manifest in the examples they adduce. They do not declare, “Man should not say, ‘I have no desire to kill, to steal and to lie, but I have a desire for these things, yet what can I do, since my Father in heaven forbids it!’” The instances they cite are all from the ceremonial law, such as partaking of meat and milk together, wearing clothes made of wool and linen, and entering into consanguinuous marriages. These, and similar enactments are what God called “my statutes” (חקותי), which, as the Rabbis say are “statutes which I (God) have enacted for thee, which thou hast no right to subject to criticism, which the nations of the world attack and which Satan denounces, as for instance, the statutes concerning the red heifer, the scapegoat, and so forth”. Those transgressions, however, which the later sages called rational laws are termed commandments (מצות), as the Rabbis explained. It is now evident from all that we have said, what the transgressions are for which, if a man have no desire at all, he is on a higher plane than he who has a longing, but controls his passion for them; and it is also evident what the transgressions are of which the opposite is true. It is an astonishing fact that these two classes of expressions should be shown to be compatible with one another, but their content points to the truth of our explanation. This ends the discussion of the subject-matter of this chapter.