Machshavaמחשבה

Jewish Ethics on Divorce and Marital Dissolution

Jewish sources explore the tension between the legal permissibility of divorce and the ethical and spiritual gravity of ending a marriage. These teachings examine grounds for divorce, the moral cost of separation, and the ideal of marital unity and peace as foundational to Jewish family life.

כׇּל הַמְגָרֵשׁ אִשְׁתּוֹ רִאשׁוֹנָה – אֲפִילּוּ מִזְבֵּחַ מוֹרִיד עָלָיו דְּמָעוֹת

13 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The foundational tension in these sources is between divorce as a permitted last resort and the profound moral weight against it: Malachi 2:14-16 states explicitly that God "detests divorce" and frames the marriage bond as a covenantal partnership, while Gittin 90b teaches that one who divorces his first wife causes the altar itself to shed tears.

The classical dispute over legitimate grounds is recorded in Mishnah Gittin 9:10 and elaborated in Gittin 90a, where Beit Shammai permit divorce only for sexual misconduct, Beit Hillel allow it even for something as minor as burning a dish, and Rabbi Akiva goes further still, permitting it if one finds another woman more appealing — each position deriving from the same pasuk in Devarim 24:1-4.

The Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Divorce 10:19-21) Mishneh Torah, Divorce 10:19-21 rules that one should not rush to divorce a first wife and restricts it to cases of discovered misconduct, while Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzer 119:3 codifies the same norm and adds that a wife who is flagrantly immodest is a case where divorce becomes a positive obligation.

Conversely, the sources recognize that a deeply dysfunctional marriage may itself compel dissolution: Yevamot 63b rules that it is a mitzva to divorce a genuinely bad wife, and Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzer 154:3 establishes that courts compel divorce when a husband withholds food, refuses conjugal relations, or habitually expels his wife from the home.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Genesis 2:24

בראשית ב׳:כ״ד

Genesis 2:24

Marriage is framed as a leaving-and-cleaving bond: a man leaves his father and mother and clings to his wife, becoming one flesh. Later Jewish thought often uses this verse to describe the ideal of marital unity and the gravity of separating it.

עַל־כֵּן֙ יַֽעֲזׇב־אִ֔ישׁ אֶת־אָבִ֖יו וְאֶת־אִמּ֑וֹ וְדָבַ֣ק בְּאִשְׁתּ֔וֹ וְהָי֖וּ לְבָשָׂ֥ר אֶחָֽד׃

Hence a man leaves his father and mother and clings to his wife, so that they become one flesh.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Malachi 2:14-16

מלאכי ב׳:י״ד-ט״ז

Malachi 2:14-16

The prophet condemns treachery in marriage and describes the wife of one's youth as a covenant partner. The passage is central in discussions of marital faithfulness and the moral seriousness of divorce.

וַאֲמַרְתֶּ֖ם עַל־מָ֑ה עַ֡ל כִּֽי־יְהֹוָה֩ הֵעִ֨יד בֵּינְךָ֜ וּבֵ֣ין ׀ אֵ֣שֶׁת נְעוּרֶ֗יךָ אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתָּה֙ בָּגַ֣דְתָּה בָּ֔הּ וְהִ֥יא חֲבֶרְתְּךָ֖ וְאֵ֥שֶׁת בְּרִיתֶֽךָ׃ וְלֹא־אֶחָ֣ד עָשָׂ֗ה וּשְׁאָ֥ר ר֙וּחַ֙ ל֔וֹ וּמָה֙ הָאֶחָ֔ד מְבַקֵּ֖שׁ זֶ֣רַע אֱלֹהִ֑ים וְנִשְׁמַרְתֶּם֙ בְּר֣וּחֲכֶ֔ם וּבְאֵ֥שֶׁת נְעוּרֶ֖יךָ אַל־יִבְגֹּֽד׃ כִּֽי־שָׂנֵ֣א שַׁלַּ֗ח אָמַ֤ר יְהֹוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְכִסָּ֤ה חָמָס֙ עַל־לְבוּשׁ֔וֹ אָמַ֖ר יְהֹוָ֣ה צְבָא֑וֹת וְנִשְׁמַרְתֶּ֥ם בְּרוּחֲכֶ֖ם וְלֹ֥א תִבְגֹּֽדוּ׃ {פ}

But you ask, “Because of what?” Because GOD is a witness between you and the wife of your youth with whom you have broken faith, though she is your partner and covenanted spouse. Did not the One make [all,] so that all remaining life-breath is that One’s? And what does that One seek but godly folk? So be careful of your life-breath, and let no one break faith with the wife of his youth. For I detest divorce—said the ETERNAL, the God of Israel—and covering oneself with lawlessness as with a garment—said GOD of Hosts. So be careful of your life-breath and do not act treacherously.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 24:1-4

דברים כ״ד:א׳-ד׳

Deuteronomy 24:1-4

The Torah regulates divorce by describing a bill of divorce and the legal process if a man finds 'something indecent' in his wife. This is the foundational biblical text for the permissibility and structure of divorce.

כִּֽי־יִקַּ֥ח אִ֛ישׁ אִשָּׁ֖ה וּבְעָלָ֑הּ וְהָיָ֞ה אִם־לֹ֧א תִמְצָא־חֵ֣ן בְּעֵינָ֗יו כִּי־מָ֤צָא בָהּ֙ עֶרְוַ֣ת דָּבָ֔ר וְכָ֨תַב לָ֜הּ סֵ֤פֶר כְּרִיתֻת֙ וְנָתַ֣ן בְּיָדָ֔הּ וְשִׁלְּחָ֖הּ מִבֵּיתֽוֹ׃

A man takes a woman [into his household] and becomes her husband. She fails to please him because he finds something obnoxious about her, and he writes her a bill of divorcement, hands it to her, and sends her away from his house;

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Gittin 90a

גיטין צ׳ א — ד"ה מַתְנִי׳ בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים

Gittin 90a:2

The Gemara expands the marital-divorce discussion, including the disagreement over divorce for minor reasons and the concern about repeatedly casting away wives. It shows how Chazal balance legal permission with disapproval of capricious divorce.

מַתְנִי׳ בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים: לֹא יְגָרֵשׁ אָדָם אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן מָצָא בָּהּ דְּבַר עֶרְוָה – שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי מָצָא בָהּ עֶרְוַת דָּבָר״. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים: אֲפִילּוּ הִקְדִּיחָה תַּבְשִׁילוֹ – שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי מָצָא בָהּ עֶרְוַת דָּבָר״. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: אֲפִילּוּ מָצָא אַחֶרֶת נָאָה הֵימֶנָּה – שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְהָיָה אִם לֹא תִמְצָא חֵן בְּעֵינָיו״. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב מְשַׁרְשְׁיָא לְרָבָא: אִם לִבּוֹ לְגָרְשָׁהּ, וְהִיא יוֹשֶׁבֶת תַּחְתָּיו וּמְשַׁמַּשְׁתּוֹ, מַהוּ? קָרֵי עֲלֵיהּ: ״אַל תַּחֲרֹשׁ עַל רֵעֲךָ רָעָה וְהוּא יוֹשֵׁב לָבֶטַח אִתָּךְ״. תַּנְיָא, הָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַדֵּעוֹת בְּמַאֲכָל, כָּךְ דֵּעוֹת בְּנָשִׁים. יֵשׁ לְךָ אָדָם שֶׁזְּבוּב נוֹפֵל לְתוֹךְ כּוֹסוֹ – וְזוֹרְקוֹ, וְאֵינוֹ שׁוֹתֵהוּ; וְזוֹ הִיא מִדַּת פַּפּוּס בֶּן יְהוּדָה, שֶׁהָיָה נוֹעֵל בִּפְנֵי אִשְׁתּוֹ וְיוֹצֵא.

MISHNA: Beit Shammai say: A man may not divorce his wife unless he finds out about her having engaged in a matter of forbidden sexual intercourse [devar erva], i.e., she committed adultery or is suspected of doing so, as it is stated: “Because he has found some unseemly matter [ervat davar] in her, and he writes her a scroll of severance” (Deuteronomy 24:1). And Beit Hillel say: He may divorce her even due to a minor issue, e.g., because she burned or over-salted his dish, as it is stated: “Because he has found some unseemly matter in her,” meaning that he found any type of shortcoming in her. Rabbi Akiva says: He may divorce her even if he found another woman who is better looking than her and wishes to marry her, as it is stated in that verse: “And it comes to pass, if she finds no favor in his eyes” (Deuteronomy 24:1). Rav Mesharshiyya said to Rava: If he intends to divorce her and she is living with him and serving him, what is the halakha? Rava read the following verse about such a person: “Devise not evil against your neighbor, seeing he dwells securely by you” (Proverbs 3:29). § It is taught in a baraita (Tosefta, Sota 5:9) that Rabbi Meir would say: Just as there are different attitudes with regard to food, so too, there are different attitudes with regard to women. With regard to food, you have a person who, when a fly falls into his cup, he throws out the wine with the fly and does not drink it. And this is comparable to the demeanor of Pappos ben Yehuda with regard to his wife, as he would lock the door before his wife and leave so that she would not see any other man.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Mishnah Gittin 9:10

משנה גיטין ט׳:י׳

Mishnah Gittin 9:10

The Mishnah records the dispute of Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel over what grounds justify divorce, with Beit Hillel allowing even trivial causes. It gives a classic Chazal starting point for the tension between legal permission and ethical restraint.

בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, לֹא יְגָרֵשׁ אָדָם אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן מָצָא בָהּ דְּבַר עֶרְוָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כד), כִּי מָצָא בָהּ עֶרְוַת דָּבָר. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, אֲפִלּוּ הִקְדִּיחָה תַבְשִׁילוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שם), כִּי מָצָא בָהּ עֶרְוַת דָּבָר. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, אֲפִלּוּ מָצָא אַחֶרֶת נָאָה הֵימֶנָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שם), וְהָיָה אִם לֹא תִמְצָא חֵן בְּעֵינָיו:

Beit Shammai say: A man may not divorce his wife unless he finds out about her having engaged in a matter of forbidden sexual intercourse [devar erva], i.e., she committed adultery or is suspected of doing so, as it is stated: “Because he has found some unseemly matter [ervat davar] in her, and he writes her a scroll of severance” (Deuteronomy 24:1). And Beit Hillel say: He may divorce her even due to a minor issue, e.g., because she burned or over-salted his dish, as it is stated: “Because he has found some unseemly matter in her,” meaning that he found any type of shortcoming in her. Rabbi Akiva says: He may divorce her even if he found another woman who is better looking than her and wishes to marry her, as it is stated in that verse: “And it comes to pass, if she finds no favor in his eyes” (Deuteronomy 24:1).

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Gittin 90b

גיטין צ׳ ב

Gittin 90b

The sugya contains strong statements about the altar shedding tears over a man who divorces his first wife, highlighting the tragedy and moral cost of divorce even when legally possible.

כׇּל הַמְגָרֵשׁ אִשְׁתּוֹ רִאשׁוֹנָה – אֲפִילּוּ מִזְבֵּחַ מוֹרִיד עָלָיו דְּמָעוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְזֹאת שֵׁנִית תַּעֲשׂוּ, כַּסּוֹת דִּמְעָה אֶת מִזְבַּח ה׳, בְּכִי וַאֲנָקָה מֵאֵין עוֹד פְּנוֹת אֶל הַמִּנְחָה, וְלָקַחַת רָצוֹן מִיֶּדְכֶם.

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

Yevamot 63b

יבמות ס״ג ב — ד"ה אָמַר רָבָא

Yevamot 63b:5

Rava teaches that divorcing a bad wife is a mitzva, comparing her to a day of heavy rain and to bitterness worse than death, while a good wife is compared to finding good itself or to Torah, and when a bad wife's ketuba is too large for her husband to afford, taking a second wife is the remedy.

אָמַר רָבָא: אִשָּׁה רָעָה מִצְוָה לְגָרְשָׁהּ, דִּכְתִיב: ״גָּרֵשׁ לֵץ וְיֵצֵא מָדוֹן וְיִשְׁבּוֹת דִּין וְקָלוֹן״, וְאָמַר רָבָא: אִשָּׁה רָעָה וּכְתוּבָּתָהּ מְרוּבָּה — צָרָתָהּ בְּצִדָּהּ. דְּאָמְרִי אִינָשֵׁי: בַּחֲבִרְתַּהּ, וְלָא בְּסִילְתָּא. וְאָמַר רָבָא: קָשָׁה אִשָּׁה רָעָה כְּיוֹם סַגְרִיר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״דֶּלֶף טוֹרֵד בְּיוֹם סַגְרִיר וְאֵשֶׁת מִדְיָנִים נִשְׁתָּוָה״. וְאָמַר רָבָא: בֹּא וּרְאֵה כַּמָּה טוֹבָה אִשָּׁה טוֹבָה, וְכַמָּה רָעָה אִשָּׁה רָעָה. כַּמָּה טוֹבָה אִשָּׁה טוֹבָה, דִּכְתִיב: ״מָצָא אִשָּׁה מָצָא טוֹב״, אִי בְּגַוַּהּ מִשְׁתַּעֵי קְרָא — כַּמָּה טוֹבָה אִשָּׁה טוֹבָה, שֶׁהַכָּתוּב מְשַׁבְּחָהּ. אִי בַּתּוֹרָה מִשְׁתַּעֵי קְרָא — כַּמָּה טוֹבָה אִשָּׁה טוֹבָה, שֶׁהַתּוֹרָה נִמְשְׁלָה בָּהּ. כַּמָּה רָעָה אִשָּׁה רָעָה, דִּכְתִיב: ״וּמוֹצֶא אֲנִי מַר מִמָּוֶת אֶת הָאִשָּׁה״. אִי בְּגַוַּהּ מִשְׁתַּעֵי קָרָא — כַּמָּה רָעָה אִשָּׁה רָעָה, שֶׁהַכָּתוּב מְגַנֶּהָ. אִי בְּגֵיהִנָּם מִשְׁתַּעֵי קְרָא — כַּמָּה רָעָה אִשָּׁה רָעָה, שֶׁגֵּיהִנָּם נִמְשְׁלָה בָּהּ.

Rava said: It is a mitzva to divorce a bad wife, as it is written: “Cast out the scorner and contention will depart; strife and shame will cease” (Proverbs 22:10). And Rava said: A bad wife whose marriage contract settlement is too large for her husband to pay in the event of a divorce, her rival wife is at her side. In other words, the only way for him to improve matters is to take another wife. As people say in the well-known adage: The way to trouble a woman is with her peer and not with a thorn. And Rava said: A bad wife is as troublesome as a day of heavy rain, as it is stated: “A continual dropping on a very rainy day and a contentious woman are alike” (Proverbs 27:15). And Rava said: Come and see how good a good wife is and how bad a bad wife is. How good is a good wife? As it is written: Whoever finds a wife finds good. If the verse speaks of her, a wife, this demonstrates how good a good wife is, as the Bible praises her. If the verse speaks metaphorically of the Torah, it nevertheless indicates how good a good wife is, as the Torah is compared to her. Conversely, how bad is a bad wife? As it is written: “And I find more bitter than death the woman.” If the verse speaks of her, this demonstrates how bad a bad wife is, as the Bible condemns her. If the verse speaks metaphorically of Gehenna, it still demonstrates how bad a bad wife is, as Gehenna is compared to her.

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on Deuteronomy 24:4

רמב"ן על דברים כ״ד:ד׳

Ramban on Deuteronomy 24:4

The prohibition against exchanging wives with one another exists so that a man does not write a bill of divorcement in the evening and have the woman return to him by morning; this protects the land from sin, as such exchanges lead to grave transgressions.

וְטַעַם הַלָּאו הַזֶּה כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יַחְלִיפוּ נְשׁוֹתֵיהֶן זֶה לָזֶה, יִכְתֹּב לָהּ גֵּט בָּעֶרֶב וּבַבֹּקֶר הִיא שָׁבָה אֵלָיו, וְזֶה טַעַם וְלֹא תַחֲטִיא אֶת הָאָרֶץ, כִּי זֶה סִבָּה לַחֲטָאִים גְּדוֹלִים.

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 5:7

משנה תורה, הלכות דעות ה׳:ז׳

Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 5:7

Rambam writes that one should distance oneself from a quarrelsome home and stresses the importance of peace and proper conduct in family life. This is relevant to the ethical question of whether a marriage has become destructive and lacks peace.

וּמַקְדִּים שָׁלוֹם לְכָל הָאָדָם כְּדֵי שֶׁתְּהֵא רוּחָן נוֹחָה הֵימֶנּוּ. אוֹהֵב שָׁלוֹם וְרוֹדֵף שָׁלוֹם.

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Divorce 10:19-21

משנה תורה, הלכות גירושין י׳:י״ט-כ״א

Mishneh Torah, Divorce 10:19-21

Rambam codifies the rabbinic ideal that a person should not divorce his first wife unnecessarily and should treat divorce with seriousness. The passage also reflects the ideal of avoiding needless marital rupture.

לֹא יִשָּׂא אָדָם אִשָּׁה וְדַעְתּוֹ לְגָרְשָׁהּ. וְלֹא תִּהְיֶה יוֹשֶׁבֶת תַּחְתָּיו וּמְשַׁמַּשְׁתּוֹ וְדַעְתּוֹ לְגָרְשָׁהּ. וְלֹא יְגָרֵשׁ אָדָם אִשְׁתּוֹ רִאשׁוֹנָה אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן מָצָא בָּהּ עֶרְוַת דָּבָר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כד א) ״‎כִּי מָצָא בָהּ עֶרְוַת דָּבָר״‎ וְגוֹ'. וְאֵין רָאוּי לוֹ לְמַהֵר לְשַׁלֵּחַ אִשְׁתּוֹ רִאשׁוֹנָה. אֲבָל שְׁנִיָּה אִם שְׂנֵאָהּ יְשַׁלְּחֶנָּה:

[A man] should not marry a woman if he intends to divorce her. Nor should he maintain her as a wife and live with her, if he intends to divorce her. A man should not divorce his first wife unless he discovers an incident of sexual misconduct,, as [Deuteronomy 24:1] states: "When he finds evidence of sexual misconduct...." One should not hurry to divorce one's first wife. With regard to a second wife, by contrast, if one hates her, one may send her away.

Source 11 · Acharonim
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Malbim on Deuteronomy 24:1

מלבי"ם על דברים כ״ד:א׳

Malbim on Deuteronomy 24:1

The passage explains that while a husband might find another woman more attractive or his wife's cooking displeasing, the Torah's laws are true and God desires that Jewish couples live together willingly rather than by compulsion; if divorce were impossible, a man would lament being forced to live with a woman who displeases him, but since divorce is permitted, the awareness that any other wife might also be inadequate should restrain him from divorcing, and so long as he does not divorce, their life together remains one of willing consent.

ולהסביר הדבר מה שיתכן שבנות ישראל יהיו קלות הערך אשר אם יראה אחרת נאה הימנה או שהקדיחה תבשילו שתתיר התורה לגרשה, אבל משפטי ה' אמת כנ"ל ורצה השי"ת שבני ישראל יחיו יחד עם נשותיהם חיי רצון ולא חיי הכרח. ואם לא היה יכולת בידו לגרשה היה כ"א מתאונן על חייו שבהכרח יחיה עם אשה אשר לא תמצא חן בעיניו, אבל כשי"ל יכולת לגרשה כ"ז שלא תאבד כל החן שהיה לה תספיק למנעו מזה, בחשבו שאם ישא אחרת גם היא לא תהיה טובה הימנה, וכ"ז שלא גרשה בהכרח הוא חיי רצון.

Source 12 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzer 154

שולחן ערוך, אבן העזר קנ״ד — ד"ה האומר איני זן ואיני מפרנס כופין

Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzer 154:3

This siman governs the laws of giving and receiving a get, the formal legal process of divorce. For a practical question of ending a marriage, it supplies the halakhic framework for how separation is effected once a decision is made.

האומר איני זן ואיני מפרנס כופין אותו לזון ואם אין ב"ד יכולים לכופו לזון כגון שאין לו במה לפרנס ואינו רוצה להשתכר להרויח ולזון אם תרצה היא כופין אותו להוציא מיד וליתן כתובה וכן הדין למי שאינו רוצה לשמש: הגה וכן איש שרגיל לכעוס ולהוציא אשתו מביתו תמיד כופין אותו להוציא כי ע"י זה אינו זנה לפעמים ופורש ממנה בתשמיש יותר מעונתה והוי כמורד ממזונות ותשמיש (תשו' הרשב"א סי' תרצ"ג) וע"ל סי' ע' וסי' ע"ז איש המכה אשתו עבירה היא בידו כמכה חברו ואם רגיל הוא בכך יש ביד ב"ד ליסרו ולהחרימו ולהלקותו בכל מיני רידוי וכפייה ולהשביעו שלא יעשה עוד ואם אינו ציית לדברי הב"ד י"א שכופין אותו להוציא ובלבד שמתרין בו תחילה פעם אחת או שתים כי אינו מדרך בני ישראל להכות נשותיהם ומעשה כותים הוא וכל זה כשהוא מתחיל אבל אם מקללתו בחנם או מזלזלת אביו ואמו והוכיחה בדברים ואינה משגחת עליו י"א דמותר להכותה וי"א דאפילו אשה רעה אסור להכותה והסברא ראשונה היא עיקר ואם אינו ידוע מי הגורם אין הבעל נאמן לומר שהיא המתחלת שכל הנשים בחזקת כשרות ומושיבין ביניהן אחרות לראות בשל מי הרעה הזאת ואם היא מקללתו חנם יוצאת בלא כתובה ונראה לי דוקא ברגילה בכך ואחר ההתראה וכמו שנתבאר לעיל סי' קט"ו ואם הלכה מביתו ולוותה ואכלה אם יצאתה מכח שהכה אותה תמיד חייב לשלם (כל דברי הג"ה זו תמצא במרדכי פרק נערה בשם מוהר"ם וב"ז סי' פ"ח) וכמו שנתבאר לעיל סי' ע': איש המשתטה מידי יום יום ואומרת אשתו אבי מחמת דחקו השיאני לו וסבורה הייתי לקבל ואי איפשי כי הוא מטורף וירא אני פן יהרגני בכעסו אין כופין אותו לגרש שאין כופין אלא באותם שאמרו חכמים: הגה מי שהוא נכפה י"א שאינו מום ואין כופין ע"ז לגרש ומ"מ אין כופין אותה שתהיה עמו הואיל ובאתה מחמת טענה (מרדכי פרק המדיר בשם ראבי"ה) וי"א דהוי מום באיש וכופין לגרש (הרא"ש כלל מ"ב): אם טוענת אין לו גבורת אנשים לבא עליה ושואלת גט והוא מכחישה י"א שהיא נאמנת (ואפי' לא שהתה י' שנים) (טור) וכופין אותו להוציא מיד ולא יתן לה כתובה ואם מגרשה מעצמו בלא כפייה יתן לה כתובה (וי"א דאע"פ שיכול לבעול אחרת צריך ליתן לזאת הכתובה הואיל ולא יכול לבא עליה יכולה לומר מסרתי עצמי לך ומה אעשה לך יותר) (ב"י בשם א"ח) בד"א כשאינה תובעת כתובתה אבל אם תובעת כתובתה אינה נאמנת ואף להוציא אין כופין: הגה וי"א דבזמן הזה שיש נשים חצופות אינה נאמנת (מרדכי פרק עשרה יוחסין) ומ"מ במקום שיש אמתלאות ואומדנות שאומרת אמת נאמנת (מהרי"ק שורש ע"ב) ואם יש לתלות שלא יוכל לבא עליה משום שרחמה צר והיא בתולה שלא יוכל לבא עליה מכח רכות שניו וחולשתו תולין בזה ואין כופין להוציא (תשובת הריצב"א סוף אישות) וי"א דאפי' במקום שאין כופין אותו מ"מ אין כופין אותה להתפייס עמו ואין דנין אותה כדין מורדת אלא מאריכין הדבר עד שיתפשרו או עד שישהה י' שנים ולא תלד (מהרי"ק שורש קל"ה בב"י בשם הרשב"א) וה"ה אם קידש אשה ואסורה להנשא לו ולאחר כופין אותו להוציא (תשו' הרא"ש כלל מ"ג) אם טוענת שבעלה אינו שוכב עמה ואינו בא עליה דינה כדין טוענת שאין לו גבורת אנשים:

If someones says, "I will not give food nor provide for [my wife]," we force him to give food. And if the court cannot force him to give food, such as one who doesn't have anything to provide and doesn't want to make money to become profitable and provide food [that way], if she wants, we force him to divorce her immediately and giver her her ketubah. The law is such to someone who does not want have sex. Rem"a: Similarly, a man who gets angry often and consistently kicks out his wife from his house, we force him to divorce her, for because of this he will not provide food for her sometimes, and he will separate from her from sexual relations more times than her rights to conjugal relations, and that is like refusal to provide food and sex [which are grounds for divorce] (Teshuvat HaRashba Siman 693). And see earlier Siman 70 and Siman 77. A man who hits his wife, has a transgression in his hand as much as striking his fellow. If he does this often, the court had the right to cause him pain and to excommunicate him, to whip him, to use all types of force, and to make him swear he will not do it again. And if he does not obey the court, some say we force him to divorce her, as long as he is warned one or twice, for it is not the way of Jews to hit their wives, that is the actions of the gentiles. This only applies when he starts it, but if she curses him for no reason, or mocks his father and mother, and she contradicts what he says and he has no authority over her, some say it is permitted to hit her. And some say that a bad wife is [also] prohibited to strike. The first opinion is the essential one. If it is not known who started it, the husband is not believed to say that she started it, for all women are assumed kosher, and they place others among them to see who is the bad one. And if she curses him for no reason, she is divorced without her ketubah. And it seems to me that this is only when this happens often, and after warning, as was explained earlier siman 115. If she left his house and borrowed [money] and ate [food], if she left because of him hitting her so often, he must pay her back (all of this note can be found in the Mordechai Perek Naara in the name of the Mohar"am and the B"Z Siman 88), and as is explained earlier Siman 70. A man who behaves in an uncontrolled fashion (lit. as a "shoteh" - see note) on a daily basis, and his wife says, "My father, because of his downtrodden financial circumstances, married me to him, and I thought i could tolerate it, but it is impossible to me because he is crazy and I fear he will kill me in his anger," we do not force him to divorce, for we only force divorce in those cases listed by our sages. Rama: An epileptic, some say that it is not a blemish, and we do not force him to divorce. On the other hand, we do not force her to be with him, since she has a [reasonable] claim (Mordechai, chapter haMadir, in the name of Ra'aviya). Some say that it is a blemish in a man, and we force him to divorce (Rosh, rule 42). If she says that he has erectile dysfunction and cannot have intercourse with her, and she requests a divorce, and he contradicts her, some authorities say that she is believed (Rem"a: even if they have not been married for ten years), and we force him to divorce her immediately, though he does not hive her the Ketubah. If he divorced her without being coerced, he must give her the Ketubah. Rem"a: Some sauthorities say that even though he can have intercourse with another woman he still mist give this woman her Ketubah; since he cannot have intercourse with her she can say, "I have given myslef to you, what more can I do for you?" When is this the case? When she does not demand the Ketubah. If, however, she demands the Ketubah, she is not believed, and we do not even force him to divorce. Rem"a: Some authorities say that these days when some woman are impudent, she is not believed. Nevertheless, if there are reasons to suspect (or circumstantial evidence) that she is telling the truth, she is believed. If we suspect that he cannot have intercourse with her because she has a narrow womb and she is a virgin, or that he cannot have intercourse with her because he is aged or weak, we rely on this we do not force him to divorce her. Some authorities say that even in cases where we do not force him to divorce, we still do not force her to make peace with him, and we do not consider her to be a rebellious wife. Instead, we allow time to pass such that they either make peace or wait ten years without children. The same applies if he betrothed a woman and she may not marry him or another, he must divorce her. If she claims that he husband refuses to lie with her or have intercourse with her, it is judges as if she said he had erectile dysfunction.

Source 13 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzer 119

שולחן ערוך, אבן העזר קי״ט — ד"ה לא יגרש אדם אשתו ראשונה אא"כ

Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzer 119:3

This siman discusses grounds and procedures connected to divorce, including cases of marital breakdown and the husband-wife relationship. It is part of the core practical literature on when divorce enters the picture.

לא יגרש אדם אשתו ראשונה אא"כ מצא בה ערות דבר: הגה אבל בלא"ה אמרינן כל המגרש אשתו ראשונה מזבח מוריד עליו דמעות (טור) ודוקא בימיהם שהיו מגרשין בע"כ אבל אם מגרשה מדעתה מותר (אגודה פ' המגרש וכ"כ הר"ן) ואין ראוי לו למהר לשלח אשתו ראשונה אבל שניה אם שנאה ישלחנה: אשה רעה בדעותיה ושאינה צנועה כבנות ישראל הכשרות מצוה לגרשה:

One should not divorce his first wife unless he found something unseemly about her. hagah: Aside from this, the rabbis said: "if someone divorces his first wife, the alter cries tears upon him". This is specifically talking in their days (time of the talmud), when they frequently divorced a woman even against her will (this is when the alter cries). but if she consents it is permitted. You should try to not rush into divorcing your first wife, but the second wife, if you dislike her, you can divorce her. A woman who is evil in her opinions (i.e immodest and promiscuous) and is not modest like Jewish daughters are supposed to be, it is a positive commandment to divorce her.