רמב"ן על במדבר א׳ — ד"ה וְהַלְוִיִּם לְמַטֵּה אֲבוֹתָם לֹא הָתְפָּקְדוּ בְּתוֹכָם
Ramban comments on the census exclusion of Levi from the fighting count and explains Levi’s separate religious task in the camp. His discussion helps support a distinct role for Levi, but does not prove they never fought in any later situation.
וְהַלְוִיִּם לְמַטֵּה אֲבוֹתָם לֹא הָתְפָּקְדוּ בְּתוֹכָם – הִנֵּה מִתְּחִלָּה רָאָה מֹשֶׁה מִדַּעְתּוֹ שֶׁלֹּא לִמְנוֹת הַלְוִיִּם, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לוֹ (במדבר א׳:ד׳) ״וְאִתְּכֶם יִהְיוּ אִישׁ אִישׁ לַמַּטֶּה״ וְגוֹ', כִּי לְכָל הַמַּטּוֹת הַנִּמְנִים יִהְיוּ נְשִׂיאֵיהֶם. וּבַעֲבוּר שֶׁלֹּא מִנָּה מִבְּנֵי לֵוִי נָשִׂיא, לֹא מָנָה אוֹתָם. וְהִנֵּה מֹשֶׁה מְסֻפָּק בְּעִנְיַן הַלְוִיִּם וְלֹא יָדַע מַה יַעֲשֶׂה לָהֶם, וְכַאֲשֶׁר הִשְׁלִים כָּל הַפְּקוּדִים בָּעָם וְנִשְׁאֲרוּ הַלְוִיִּם לְבַדָּם, פֵּרֵשׁ לוֹ הקב״ה שֶׁלֹּא יִמְנֶה אוֹתָם בְּתוֹךְ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְיִמְנֶה אוֹתָם לְבַדָּם כִּי יַפְקִידֵם עַל מִשְׁכַּן הָעֵדוּת. וְאָמַר (במדבר ג׳:י״ד) ״פְּקֹד אֶת בְּנֵי לֵוִי״ - שֶׁיִּפְקְדֵם הוּא לְבַדּוֹ בְּלֹא הַנְּשִׂיאִים, וְהוּא קָרָא אַהֲרֹן שֶׁיִּהְיֶה עִמּוֹ כִּי הוּא נְשִׂיא הַשֵּׁבֶט הַהוּא, וְכַאֲשֶׁר הָיוּ נְשִׂיאֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּשִׁבְטֵיהֶם כֵּן יִהְיֶה נְשִׂיא הַלְוִיִּם בָּם. וְאוּלַי זֶה טַעַם הַנִּקּוּד עַל ״וְאַהֲרֹן״ (שם פסוק לט), כִּי לֹא הָיָה הוּא עַל פִּי ה' בְּפֵרוּשׁ. וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן בִּפְקֻדַּת הַלְוִיִּם עַל עֲבוֹדָתָם וְעַל מַשָּׂאָם קָרָא מֹשֶׁה לִנְשִׂיאֵי הָעֵדָה שֶׁיִּהְיוּ עִמּוֹ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר ד׳:מ״ו) ״אֲשֶׁר פָּקַד מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן וּנְשִׂיאֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת הַלְוִיִּם״, כִּי נָכוֹן הוּא שֶׁיַּסְכִּימוּ כֻלָּם וְיִרְאוּ בְּתִקּוּן הַמִּשְׁמָרוֹת. וְגַם שָׁם חָזַר וְאָמַר בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר (להלן ד לז מה) ״אֲשֶׁר פָּקַד מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן עַל פִּי ה' בְּיַד מֹשֶׁה״, שֶׁכְּבָר רָמַז בַּנִּקּוּד כִּי אַהֲרֹן הָיָה עִמּוֹ חוֹבָה שֶׁרָאָה מֹשֶׁה לַעֲשׂוֹת כֵּן, וּנְשִׂיאֵי הָעֵדָה רְשׁוּת שֶׁקְּרָאָם מֹשֶׁה לִנְהֹג בָּהֶם כָּבוֹד. וּבְמַסֶּכֶת בְּכוֹרוֹת (בכורות ד׳) אָמְרוּ כִּי הַנְּקֻדָּה עַל אַהֲרֹן לִרְמֹז שֶׁלֹּא נִמְנָה הוּא בְּמִנְיַן הַלְוִיִּם כְּלָל: וְהַלְוִיִּם יַחֲנוּ סָבִיב לְמִשְׁכַּן הָעֵדוּת וְלֹא יִהְיֶה קֶצֶף – אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר זֶה בַּמִּשְׁכָּן בִּהְיוֹתוֹ בֵּין הַדְּגָלִים בַּמִּדְבָּר, הוּא מִצְוָה לְדוֹרוֹת גַּם בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ, כִּי מִכָּאן תִּקְּנוּ הַמִּשְׁמָרוֹת. וְטַעַם ״וְשָׁמְרוּ הַלְוִיִּם אֶת מִשְׁמֶרֶת מִשְׁכַּן הָעֵדוּת״ - שֶׁיִּשְׁמְרוּ אוֹתוֹ בַּלַּיְלָה וְיֵלְכוּ סָבִיב הַמִּשְׁכָּן, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמְרוּ (ספרי קרח קט״ז): הַכֹּהֲנִים שׁוֹמְרִים מִבִּפְנִים וְהַלְוִיִּם מִבַּחוּץ, וְהֵם כֻּלָּם כְּשׁוֹמְרִים לְרֹאשׁ הַמֶּלֶךְ. כָּךְ שָׁנִינוּ בַּבָּרַיְתָא שֶׁל שְׁלֹשִׁים וּשְׁתַּיִם מִדּוֹת: מִדָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְפָּרֵשׁ בִּמְקוֹמוֹ וּמִתְפָּרֵשׁ בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר כֵּיצַד וְכוּ'. כַּיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ: ״מִשְׁפְּחוֹת בְּנֵי קְהָת יַחֲנוּ" וְגוֹ' (במדבר ג':כ״ט), ״מִשְׁפְּחוֹת בְּנֵי הַגֵּרְשֻׁנִּי יַחֲנוּ עַל יֶרֶךְ הַמִּשְׁכָּן יָמָּה״ (שם פסוק כג), ״וּנְשִׂיא בֵית אָב לְמִשְׁפְּחוֹת מְרָרִי וְגוֹ' עַל יֶרֶךְ הַמִּשְׁכָּן יַחֲנוּ צָפֹנָה״ (שם פסוק לה). אֲבָל לֹא שָׁמַעְנוּ שֶׁצִּוָּהוּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה אֶת בָּנָיו כ״ד מִשְׁמָרוֹת. וְהֵיכָן שָׁמַעְנוּ? ״אֵלֶּה פְקֻדָּתָם לַעֲבוֹדָתָם לָבֹא לְבֵית ה' כְּמִשְׁפָּטָם בְּיַד אַהֲרֹן אֲבִיהֶם כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּהוּ ה' אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל״ (דהי״א כד יט). לָמַדְנוּ שֶׁהָיְתָה מִצְוָה זוֹ בְּיַד מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן. וְשָׁנִינוּ עוֹד בְּמַסֶּכֶת תָּמִיד (פ״א מ״א): בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה מְקוֹמוֹת הַכֹּהֲנִים שׁוֹמְרִים בְּבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. וְאָמְרוּ בַּגְּמָרָא שֶׁלָּהּ (כו): מְנָא הָנֵי מִלֵּי? אָמַר אַבַּיֵּי, דְּאָמַר קְרָא (במדבר ג':ל״ח): ״וְהַחוֹנִים לִפְנֵי הַמִּשְׁכָּן קֵדְמָה לִפְנֵי אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד מִזְרָחָה מֹשֶׁה״, וַהֲדַר ״אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו שֹׁמְרִים מִשְׁמֶרֶת הַמִּקְדָּשׁ״ - אַהֲרֹן בְּחַד מָקוֹם וּבָנָיו בִּשְׁנֵי מְקוֹמוֹת וְכוּ', כִּדְאִיתָא הָתָם. לָמַדְנוּ שֶׁהֵן מִצְווֹת לְדוֹרוֹת וְאֵינָן בַּמִּשְׁכָּן בִּלְבַד, וְהַפְּסוּקִים בְּדִבְרֵי הַיָּמִים (א כג-כו) מְפֹרָשִׁים בְּעִנְיַן הַמִּשְׁמָרוֹת וְכָל הַתִּקּוּן:
BUT THE LEVITES AFTER THE TRIBE OF THEIR FATHERS WERE NOT NUMBERED AMONG THEM. Moses had understood at the beginning of his own accord that he should not count the Levites [with the other tribes], because he had been told, And with you there shall be a man of every tribe etc., meaning that each of the tribes that were to be counted should have their prince present, and since G-d had not appointed a prince for the tribe of Levi, hence he [Moses] did not count them. Therefore he was in doubt about the Levites and did not know what to do with them. And when he had finished all those who were counted of the people, and the Levites remained alone [uncounted], the Holy One, blessed be He, explained to him that he was not to count them among the children of Israel but that he should take their sum separately, for he was to appoint them over the Tabernacle of the Testimony. He stated ‘p’kod’ [‘number’ — in the singular] the children of Levi meaning that he [Moses] was to count them by himself without [the assistance of] the princes, and it was he [Moses] who called upon Aaron to be with him, since he [Aaron] was the prince of that tribe, and just as the princes of Israel were [present] at [the counting of] their tribes, so was the prince of the Levites to be present when they were counted. Perhaps that is the reason for the dots [in the Torah] on the word ‘v’Aharon’ [and Aaron, in the phrase: All that were numbered of the Levites, whom Moses ‘and Aaron’ numbered] since his [assistance in the counting] was not by the express commandment of G-d. Afterwards, [however], when the Levites were appointed to their individual services and burdens, Moses called upon the princes of the congregation to be with him, as it is said, All those that were numbered of the Levites, whom Moses and Aaron and the princes of Israel numbered, since it was fitting that they should all give their assent to and supervise the establishment of the mishmaroth. And Scripture repeats in another place, These are they that were numbered of the families of the Kohathites … whom Moses and Aaron numbered ‘according to the commandment of the Eternal’ by the hand of Moses Because He had already hinted through the dots [on the word v’Aharon] that Aaron had to be there, from which Moses understood that he was to do so, [hence it says according to the commandment of the Eternal]. But the [presence of the] princes of the congregation [at the numbering of the Levites] was not obligatory, and Moses called them in order to show them respect, [therefore Scripture does not state that their presence was “according to the commandment of the Eternal”]. In Tractate Bechoroth the Rabbis have said that the dots on the word Aharon are to hint that Aaron himself was not counted at all in the census of the Levites. AND THE LEVITES SHALL PITCH ROUND ABOUT THE TABERNACLE OF THE TESTIMONY, THAT THERE BE NO WRATH UPON THE CONGREGATION OF THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL, AND THE LEVITES SHALL KEEP THE CHARGE OF THE TABERNACLE OF THE TESTIMONY. Although this [verse] was said [specifically] about the Tabernacle set up between the standards in the desert, it constitutes a commandment for all times, [and thus applies] also to the Sanctuary [in Jerusalem], and it is on the basis of this [verse] that [David and Samuel] instituted the mishmaroth. And the meaning of [the verse before us], and the Levites shall keep the charge at the Tabernacle of the Testimony is that they should keep guard of and patrol the Tabernacle at night, just as the Rabbis have said: “The priests are to keep watch within [the enclosures or the walls], and the Levites outside,” all of them constituting a kind of “guard of the king’s head.” Similarly we have been taught in the Beraitha of Thirty-two Rules: “What is [an example of] a subject not explained in its [proper] place but explained elsewhere? It is written etc. Similarly, it is stated: The families of the sons of Kohath were to pitch on the side of the Tabernacle southward; The families of the Gershonites were to pitch behind the Tabernacle westward; And the prince of the father’s house of the families of Merari being Zuriel the son of Abichail, they were to pitch on the side of the Tabernacle northward. We have not yet heard, however, that the Holy One, blessed be He, commanded [Aaron] that he should divide his sons into twenty-four Divisions. Where, then, have we heard it? [In the verse in I Chronicles 24: 19, following the division of the priests by David and Zadok into twenty-four Divisions, where it is stated]: These were the orderings of them in their service, to come into the House of the Eternal according to the ordinance given unto them by the hand of Aaron their father, as the Eternal, the G-d of Israel, had commanded him. We thus learn that this commandment [of dividing the priests into mishmaroth] was already given to Moses and Aaron.” We have also been taught in Tractate Tamid: “The priests kept watch at three places in the Sanctuary.” And in the Gemara there the Rabbis said: “Whence do we know this? Said Abaye: Scripture states, And those that were to pitch before the Tabernacle eastward were Moses, and after him Aaron and his [two] sons, keeping the charge of the Sanctuary. [This teaches us that] Aaron was [to guard] in one place and his [two] sons in two [other] places etc.,” as is explained there. Thus we learn that these commandments apply for all times and not only at the Tabernacle, and the verses in the Book of Chronicles explain the subject of the mishmaroth and the [details of the] whole institutions.