Machshavaמחשבה

Philosophical Disputes Between Rambam and Ramban

Sources exploring foundational disagreements between Rambam and Ramban on divine providence, anthropomorphism, prophecy, and the nature of divine intervention. The Rambam advocates philosophical and naturalistic approaches to understanding God and miracles, while the Ramban maintains more literal and mystical interpretations of Torah.

אין לו יתעלה שום מורכבות

18 sources · all verified

Opens as a working sheet — explore, annotate, and export.

What the sources say

One of the most prominent disagreements concerns the reasons for the commandments: on the laws of sending away the mother bird and not slaughtering a mother and its offspring on the same day, the Ramban (Devarim 22:6) directly contests the Rambam's position in the Moreh Nevuchim that these laws aim to prevent the animal's distress, arguing instead that the Rambam's rationale actually misidentifies the subject of the prohibition.

A parallel dispute runs through the sacrificial laws, where the Ramban (Vayikra 17:11) rejects the Rambam's explanation — that the Torah prohibited consuming blood in order to counter Chaldean practices of eating it to commune with demons — and offers an entirely different metaphysical account of blood's atoning function.

On the messianic era, the Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Melachim and Wars 12:1-5:1) insists that the natural order will remain entirely unchanged and that prophetic images such as 'the wolf dwelling with the lamb' (Yeshayahu 11:6) are pure metaphor — a rationalist reading that stands in sharp contrast to the Ramban's embrace of hidden miracles as a foundation of Torah, articulated in the Ramban (Bereishit 46:15), where he states that such hidden miracles are "a foundation of the Torah."

On the nature of angelic appearances, the Ramban (Bereishit 18:1) treats the three men who visited Avraham as real angels who appeared in physical form and truly ate — departing from the Rambam's view, cited there, that such events occurred only in prophetic vision.

Underlying many of these specific disputes is a broader methodological divide: the Rambam (Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1 50:2) insists that attributing any essential attributes to God undermines true unity, while the Ramban (Vayikra 17:11) and the Ramban (Vayikra 18:6) repeatedly invoke kabbalistic "secrets of creation" and the soul as explanatory frameworks that the Rambam's philosophical system does not admit.

Source 1 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on Deuteronomy

Ramban on Deuteronomy 6:16:1

The passage explains that one must not test God or His Torah and prophets through demanding miracles or signs after they have already been authenticated, but rather should observe the commandments and statutes that commemorate past miracles, trust in God's law and prophets, and accept both difficulty and reward with faith that ultimately one will prosper in the land.

לֹא תְנַסּוּ אֶת ה' אֱלֹהֵיכֶם, פֵּרוּשׁ כַּאֲשֶׁר נִסִּיתֶם בַּמַּסָּה, שֶׁלֹּא תֹּאמַר אִם יֵשׁ ה' בְּקִרְבֵּנוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת לָנוּ נִסִּים אוֹ שֶׁנַּצְלִיחַ בִּהְיוֹתֵנוּ עוֹבְדִים לְפָנָיו וְנִשְׁבַּע לֶחֶם וְנִהְיֶה טוֹבִים, נִשְׁמֹר תּוֹרָתוֹ, כִּי הַכַּוָּנָה שָׁם כָּךְ הָיְתָה, שֶׁאִם יִרְאוּ שֶׁהַשֵּׁם יִתֵּן לָהֶם מַיִם בְּנֵס מֵאִתּוֹ יֵלְכוּ אַחֲרָיו בַּמִּדְבָּר, וְאִם לֹא, יַעַזְבוּהוּ. וְנֶחְשַׁב לָהֶם לְעָוֹן גָּדוֹל, כִּי אַחֲרֵי שֶׁנִּתְאַמֵּת אֶצְלָם בְּאוֹתוֹת וּבְמוֹפְתִים כִּי מֹשֶׁה נְבִיא הַשֵּׁם וּדְבַר ה' בְּפִיהוּ אֱמֶת, אֵין רָאוּי לַעֲשׂוֹת עוֹד שׁוּם דָּבָר לְנִסָּיוֹן, וְהָעוֹשֶׂה כֵן אֵינֶנּוּ מְנַסֶּה הַנָּבִיא רַק הַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ הוּא מְנַסֶּה, לָדַעַת הֲיַד ה' תִּקְצָר. וּלְכָךְ אָסַר לְדוֹרוֹת לְנַסּוֹת הַתּוֹרָה אוֹ הַנְּבִיאִים, כִּי אֵין רָאוּי לַעֲבֹד הַשֵּׁם עַל דֶּרֶךְ הִסְתַּפֵּק אוֹ שְׁאֵלַת מוֹפֵת וְנִסָּיוֹן, כִּי אֵין רְצוֹן הַשֵּׁם לַעֲשׂוֹת נִסִּים לְכָל אָדָם וּבְכָל עֵת, וְאֵין רָאוּי לְעָבְדוֹ עַל מְנָת לְקַבֵּל פְּרָס אֶלָּא אוּלַי יִמְצָא בַּעֲבוֹדָתוֹ וְלֶכְתּוֹ בְּדַרְכֵי הַתּוֹרָה צַעַר וְאָסוֹן

Source 2 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on Leviticus

Ramban on Leviticus 19:2

The passage presents an alternative interpretation of "holiness" beyond Rashi's view that it refers specifically to abstinence from sexual immorality, arguing instead that the Torah commands general self-restraint and restraint even from permitted acts (like sexual relations with one's wife, eating meat, and drinking wine) so that one does not become debased through indulgence within the permissible realm.

קְדוֹשִׁים תִּהְיוּ הֱווּ פְּרוּשִׁים מִן הָעֲרָיוֹת וּמִן הָעֲבֵרָה, שֶׁכָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁאַתָּה מוֹצֵא גֶּדֶר עֶרְוָה אַתָּה מוֹצֵא קְדֻשָּׁה, לְשׁוֹן רַשִׁ"י (רש"י על ויקרא י"ט:ב'). אֲבָל בְּתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים (פרשה א ב) רָאִיתִי סְתָם, פְּרוּשִׁים תִּהְיוּ. וְכֵן שָׁנוּ שָׁם (שמיני פרק יב ג), "וְהִתְקַדִּשְׁתֶּם וִהְיִיתֶם קְדֹשִׁים כִּי קָדוֹשׁ אָנִי", כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאֲנִי קָדוֹשׁ כָּךְ אַתֶּם תִּהְיוּ קְדוֹשִׁים, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאֲנִי פָּרוּשׁ כָּךְ אַתֶּם תִּהְיוּ פְּרוּשִׁים. וּלְפִי דַּעְתִּי אֵין הַפְּרִישׁוּת הַזּוֹ לִפְרֹשׁ מִן הָעֲרָיוֹת כְּדִבְרֵי הָרַב, אֲבָל הַפְּרִישׁוּת הִיא הַמֻּזְכֶּרֶת בְּכָל מָקוֹם בַּתַּלְמוּד שֶׁבְּעָלֶיהָ נִקְרָאִים "פְּרוּשִׁים". וְהָעִנְיָן כִּי הַתּוֹרָה הִזְהִירָה בָּעֲרָיוֹת וּבַמַּאֲכָלִים הָאֲסוּרִים, וְהִתִּירָה הַבִּיאָה אִישׁ בְּאִשְׁתּוֹ וַאֲכִילַת הַבָּשָׂר וְהַיַּיִן. א"כ יִמְצָא בַּעַל הַתַּאֲוָה מָקוֹם לִהְיוֹת שָׁטוּף בְּזִמַּת אִשְׁתּוֹ אוֹ נָשָׁיו הָרַבּוֹת, וְלִהְיוֹת בְּסֹבְאֵי יָיִן בְּזֹלֲלֵי בָשָׂר לָמוֹ, וִידַבֵּר כִּרְצוֹנוֹ בְּכָל הַנְּבָלוֹת, שֶׁלֹּא הֻזְכַּר אִסּוּר זֶה בַּתּוֹרָה, וְהִנֵּה יִהְיֶה נָבָל בִּרְשׁוּת הַתּוֹרָה. לְפִיכָךְ בָּא הַכָּתוּב אַחֲרֵי שֶׁפֵּרֵט הָאִסּוּרִים שֶׁאָסַר אוֹתָם לְגַמְרֵי, וְצִוָּה בְּדָבָר כְּלָלִי - שֶׁנִּהְיֶה פְּרוּשִׁים מִן הַמֻּתָּרוֹת: יְמַעֵט בַּמִּשְׁגָּל, כְּעִנְיָן שֶׁאָמְרוּ (ברכות כב) שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיוּ תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים מְצוּיִין אֵצֶל נְשׁוֹתֵיהֶן כַּתַּרְנְגֹלִין, וְלֹא יְשַׁמֵּשׁ אֶלָּא כְּפִי הַצָּרִיךְ בְּקִיּוּם הַמִּצְוָה מִמֶּנּוּ; וִיקַדֵּשׁ עַצְמוֹ מִן הַיַּיִן בְּמִעוּטוֹ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁקָּרָא הַכָּתוּב (במדבר ו ה) הַנָּזִיר - "קָדוֹשׁ", וְיִזְכֹּר הָרָעוֹת הַנִּזְכָּרוֹת מִמֶּנּוּ בַּתּוֹרָה (בראשית ט כא) בְּנֹחַ וּבְלוֹט; וְכֵן יַפְרִישׁ עַצְמוֹ מִן הַטֻּמְאָה, אע"פ שֶׁלֹּא הֻזְהַרְנוּ מִמֶּנָּה בַּתּוֹרָה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁהִזְכִּירוּ (חגיגה יח), בִּגְדֵי עַם הָאָרֶץ מִדְרָס לַפְּרוּשִׁים, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁנִּקְרָא הַנָּזִיר "קָדוֹשׁ" (במדבר ו ח) בְּשָׁמְרוֹ מִטֻּמְאַת הַמֵּת גַּם כֵּן; וְגַם יִשְׁמֹר פִּיו וּלְשׁוֹנוֹ מֵהִתְגָּאֵל בְּרִבּוּי הָאֲכִילָה הַגַּסָּה וּמִן הַדִּבּוּר הַנִּמְאָס, כְּעִנְיָן שֶׁהִזְכִּיר הַכָּתוּב (ישעיהו ט טז) "וְכָל פֶּה דֹּבֵר נְבָלָה", וִיקַדֵּשׁ עַצְמוֹ בָּזֶה עַד שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לַפְּרִישׁוּת, כְּמָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ עַל רַבִּי חִיָּא שֶׁלֹּא שָׂח שִׂיחָה בְּטֵלָה מִיָּמָיו. בְּאֵלּוּ וּבְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן בָּאָה הַמִּצְוָה הַזֹּאת הַכְּלָלִית, אַחֲרֵי שֶׁפֵּרֵט כָּל הָעֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁהֵן אֲסוּרוֹת לְגַמְרֵי, עַד שֶׁיִּכָּנֵס בִּכְלַל זֹאת הַצַּוָּאָה הַנְּקִיּוּת בְּיָדָיו וְגוּפוֹ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמְרוּ (ברכות נג) "וְהִתְקַדִּשְׁתֶּם" אֵלּוּ מַיִם רִאשׁוֹנִים, "וִהְיִיתֶם קְדֹשִׁים" אֵלּוּ מַיִם אַחֲרוֹנִים, "כִּי קָדוֹשׁ" זֶה שֶׁמֶן עָרֵב. כִּי אע"פ שֶׁאֵלּוּ מִצְוֹת מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם, עִקַּר הַכָּתוּב בְּכַיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה יַזְהִיר שֶׁנִּהְיֶה נְקִיִּים וּטְהוֹרִים וּפְרוּשִׁים מֵהֲמוֹן בְּנֵי אָדָם, שֶׁהֵם מְלַכְלְכִים עַצְמָם בַּמֻּתָּרוֹת וּבַכִּעוּרִים. וְזֶה דֶּרֶךְ הַתּוֹרָה לִפְרֹט וְלִכְלֹל בְּכַיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה, כִּי אַחֲרֵי אַזְהָרַת פְּרָטֵי הַדִּינִין בְּכָל מַשָּׂא וּמַתָּן שֶׁבֵּין בְּנֵי אָדָם, לֹא תִּגְנֹב וְלֹא תִּגְזֹל וְלֹא תּוֹנוּ וּשְׁאָר הָאַזְהָרוֹת, אָמַר בִּכְלָל "וְעָשִׂיתָ הַיָּשָׁר וְהַטּוֹב" (דברים ו יח), שֶׁיַּכְנִיס בַּעֲשֵׂה הַיֹּשֶׁר וְהַהַשְׁוָיָה וְכָל לִפְנִים מִשּׁוּרַת הַדִּין לִרְצוֹן חֲבֵרָיו, כַּאֲשֶׁר אֲפָרֵשׁ (שם) בְּהַגִּיעִי לִמְקוֹמוֹ בִּרְצוֹן הקב"ה. וְכֵן בְּעִנְיַן הַשַּׁבָּת, אָסַר הַמְּלָאכוֹת בְּלָאו וְהַטְּרָחִים בַּעֲשֵׂה כְּלָלִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "תִּשְׁבֹּת", וְעוֹד אֲפָרֵשׁ זֶה (רמב"ן על ויקרא כ"ג:כ"ד) בע"ה:

YE SHALL BE HOLY. “Abstain from the forbidden sexual relationships [mentioned in the preceding section] and from [other] sin, because wherever you find [in the Torah] a warning to guard against immorality, you find the mention of ‘holiness.’” This is Rashi’s language. But in the Torath Kohanim I have seen it mentioned without any qualification [i.e., without any particular reference to immorality, as Rashi expressed it], saying: “Be self-restraining.” Similarly, the Rabbis taught there: “And ye shall sanctify yourselves, and be ye holy, for I am Holy. Just as I am Holy, so be you holy. Just as I am Pure, so be you pure.” And in my opinion, this abstinence does not refer only to restraint from acts of immorality, as the Rabbi [Rashi] wrote, but it is rather the self-control mentioned throughout the Talmud, which confers upon those who practice it the name of P’rushim (Pharisees), [literally: “those who are separated” from self-indulgence, as will be explained, or those who practice self-restraint]. The meaning thereof is as follows: The Torah has admonished us against immorality and forbidden foods, but permitted sexual intercourse between man and his wife, and the eating of [certain] meat and wine. If so, a man of desire could consider this to be a permission to be passionately addicted to sexual intercourse with his wife or many wives, and be among winebibbers, among gluttonous eaters of flesh, and speak freely all profanities, since this prohibition has not been [expressly] mentioned in the Torah, and thus he will become a sordid person within the permissible realm of the Torah! Therefore, after having listed the matters which He prohibited altogether, Scripture followed them up by a general command that we practice moderation even in matters which are permitted, [such as in the following]: One should minimize sexual intercourse, similar to that which the Rabbis have said, “So that the disciples of the Sages should not be found together with their wives as often as the hens,” and he should not engage in it except as required in fulfillment of the commandment thereof. He should also sanctify himself [to self-restraint] by using wine in small amounts, just as Scripture calls a Nazirite “holy” [for abstaining from wine and strong drink], and he should remember the evils which the Torah mentioned as following from [drinking wine] in the cases of Noah and Lot. Similarly, he should keep himself away from impurity [in his ordinary daily activity], even though we have not been admonished against it in the Torah, similar to that which the Rabbis have said: “For the P’rushim (Pharisees), the clothes of the unlearned are considered as if trodden upon by a zav” [or zavah — a man or woman having suffered a flux], and just as the Nazirite is called “holy” because of guarding himself from the impurity of the dead. Likewise he should guard his mouth and tongue from being defiled by excessive food and by lewd talk, similar to what Scripture states, and every mouth speaketh wantonness, and he should purify himself in this respect until he reaches the degree known as [complete] “self-restraint,” as the Rabbis said concerning Rabbi Chiya, that never in his life did he engage in unnecessary talk. It is with reference to these and similar matters that this general commandment [Ye shall be holy] is concerned, after He had enumerated all individual deeds which are strictly forbidden, so that cleanliness of hands and body, are also included in this precept, just like the Rabbis have said: “And ye shall sanctify yourselves. This refers to the washing of hands before meals. And be ye holy. This refers to the washing of hands after meals [before the reciting of grace]. For I am holy — this alludes to the spiced oil” [with which they used to rub their hands after a meal]. For although these [washings and perfuming of the hands] are commandments of Rabbinic origin, yet Scripture’s main intention is to warn us of such matters, that we should be [physically] clean and [ritually] pure, and separated from the common people who soil themselves with luxuries and unseemly things. And such is the way of the Torah, that after it lists certain specific prohibitions, it includes them all in a general precept. Thus after warning with detailed laws regarding all business dealings between people, such as not to steal or rob or to wrong one another, and other similar prohibitions, He said in general, And thou shalt do that which is right and good, thus including under a positive commandment the duty of doing that which is right and of agreeing to a compromise [when not to do so would be inequitable]; as well as all requirements to act “beyond” the line of justice [i.e., to be generous in not insisting upon one’s rights as defined by the strict letter of the law, but to agree to act “beyond” that line of the strict law] for the sake of pleasing one’s fellowman, as I will explain when I reach there [that verse], with the will of the Holy One, blessed be He. Similarly in the case of the Sabbath, He prohibited doing certain classes of work by means of a negative commandment, and painstaking labors [not categorized as “work,” such as transferring heavy loads in one’s yard from one place to another, etc.] He included under a general positive commandment, as it is said, but on the seventh day thou shalt rest. I will yet explain this with the help of G-d.

Source 3 · Rishonim
Verified

Guide for the Perplexed

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1 50:2

Rambam discusses anthropomorphism in the Torah, emphasizing a philosophical approach to understanding God that contrasts with Ramban's more literal or mystical interpretations.

הימנעות מסיסמאות ריקות 3 אך אם אתה ממי שגמר אומר לעלות לדרגה הנעלה הזו, דרגת העיון, ולקנות ודאות שה' הוא אחד באחדות אמיתית, כך שאין לו שום מורכבות ואין לשער בו חלוקה בשום אופן שהוא – דע שאין לו יתעלה תואר עצמי בשום אופן ובשום מצב, ושכפי שמן הנמנע שהוא גוף כך מן הנמנע שהוא בעל תואר עצמי. ואילו מי שמאמין שהוא אחד בעל כמה תארים – הוא אומר בפיו שהוא אחד, אבל מאמין במחשבתו שהוא רבים. הדבר דומה לדברי הנוצרים: "הוא אחד, אבל הוא שלושה, והשלושה הם אחד". כך הם דברי האומר: "הוא אחד, אבל הוא בעל תארים רבים, והוא ותאריו אחד, יחד עם סילוק הגשמות והאמנת הפשטות הגמורה", כאילו מטרתנו וחקירתנו אינה אלא איך נאמר ולא איך נאמין. ציור, האמנה וודאות 4 ואין האמנה אלא לאחר ציור (בדעת), כי ההאמנה היא השכנוע במה שהצטייר, שהוא מחוץ לדעת (=במציאות האובייקטיבית) כפי שהצטייר בדעת (=במחשבה הסובייקטיבית). אם משיגים עם האמנה זו שלא ייתכן כלל דבר שונה מאותה האמנה, ולא ייוותר בדעת מקום לדחיית אותה האמנה ואין לשער אפשרות דבר שונה ממנה – זוהי ודאות.

If, however, you have a desire to rise to a higher state, viz., that of reflection, and truly to hold the conviction that God is One and possesses true unity, without admitting plurality or divisibility in any sense whatever, you must understand that God has no essential attribute in any form or in any sense whatever, and that the rejection of corporeality implies the rejection of essential attributes. Those who believe that God is One, and that He has many attributes, declare the unity with their lips, and assume plurality in their thoughts. This is like the doctrine of the Christians, who say that He is one and He is three, and that the three are one. Of the same character is the doctrine of those who say that God is One, but that He has many attributes; and that He with His attributes is One, although they deny corporeality and affirm His most absolute freedom from matter; as if our object were to seek forms of expression, not subjects of belief. For belief is only possible after the apprehension of a thing; it consists in the conviction that the thing apprehended has its existence beyond the mind [in reality] exactly as it is conceived in the mind. If in addition to this we are convinced that the thing cannot be different in any way from what we believe it to be, and that no reasonable argument can be found for the rejection of the belief or for the admission of any deviation from it, then the belief is true.

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on Deuteronomy

Ramban on Deuteronomy 11:18:1

The passage discusses how the commandments of tefillin, Torah study, and mezuzah apply outside the Land of Israel after exile, explaining that bodily commandments are obligatory everywhere while land-based commandments like terumah and tithes do not apply outside the Land, and elaborates on the additional emphasis given to teaching these commandments to children so they understand them deeply.

וּכְבָר כָּתַבְתִּי פֵּרוּשׁ הָעִנְיָן כִּי הַמִּצְוֹת הָאֵלֶּה חוֹבַת הַגּוּף הֵם וְדִינָם בְּכָל מָקוֹם כְּמוֹ בָּאָרֶץ, אֲבָל יֵשׁ בּוֹ בַּמִּדְרָשׁ הַזֶּה סוֹד עָמֹק וּכְבָר רָמַזְתִּי מִמֶּנּוּ (ויקרא יח כה). וְהִנֵּה הֶחְזִיר בַּמִּצְוֹת הָאֵלֶּה תְּפִלִּין וְדִבְרֵי תוֹרָה וּמְזוּזָה כָּאן פַּעַם שֵׁנִית, לִרְמֹז בַּהֶקֵּשׁ הַזֶּה שֶׁנִּהְיֶה חַיָּבִים בָּהֶם לְאַחַר הַגָּלוּת בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, וּמֵהֶם נִלְמוֹד לְכָל הַמִּצְוֹת שֶׁהֵן חוֹבַת הַגּוּף שֶׁחִיּוּבָן בְּכָל מָקוֹם, וְשֶׁנִּהְיֶה פְּטוּרִין בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ מֵחוֹבַת הַקַּרְקַע, כְּגוֹן תְּרוּמָה וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Guide for the Perplexed

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 3 32:5

Rambam discusses divine providence, endorsing a more naturalistic understanding compared to Ramban's belief in divine intervention and miracles.

10 התשובה על שלוש השאלות האלה, וכל כיוצא בהן, תשובה אחת כללית. והיא שאף על פי שכל הנסים משנים את טבע המציאות של פרט מן הנמצאים, הרי שאת טבע פרטֵי בני האדם ה' אינו משנה בשום אופן בדרך נס. בשל העיקר הגדול הזה אמר "מִי יִתֵּן וְהָיָה לְבָבָם זֶה לָהֶם [לְיִרְאָה אֹתִי וְלִשְׁמֹר אֶת כָּל מִצְוֹתַי כָּל הַיָּמִים לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָהֶם וְלִבְנֵיהֶם לְעֹלָם]" (דברים ה,כה), ובשל כך באו הציוויים והאיסורים והשכר והעונש. וכבר ביארנו בראיות את היסוד הזה בכמה מקומות בחיבורינו (משנה תורה, תשובה ה-ו; שמונה פרקים ח ועוד). 11 לא אמרנו זאת מפני שאנו מאמינים ששינוי טבעו של אחד מפרטי בני האדם קשה עליו יתעלה; אדרבה, זה אפשרי ונמצא בגדר היכולת, אלא שעל פי יסודות הדת של התורה אין הוא חפץ כלל לעשות זאת ולא יחפוץ בכך לעולם. אילו היה בחפצו לשנות את טבעו של כל פרט מבני האדם לְמה שירצה יתעלה מאותו אדם, היו בטלים שליחות הנביאים וכל מתן התורה.

There is one general answer to these three questions, and to all questions of the same character: it is this: Although in every one of the signs [related in Scripture] the natural property of some individual being is changed, the nature of man is never changed by God by way of miracle. It is in accordance with this important principle that God said, “O that there were such an heart in them, that they would fear me,” etc. (Deut. 5:26). It is also for this reason that He distinctly stated the commandments and the prohibitions, the reward and the punishment. This principle as regards miracles has been frequently explained by us in our works: I do not say this because I believe that it is difficult for God to change the nature of every individual person; on the contrary, it is possible, and it is in His power, according to the principles taught in Scripture; but it has never been His will to do it, and it never will be. If it were part of His will to change [at His desire] the nature of any person, the mission of prophets and the giving of the Law would have been altogether superfluous.

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Guide for the Perplexed

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 3 51:8

Rambam discusses the nature of prophecy, advocating a philosophical understanding that contrasts with Ramban's more mystical view.

8 קבוצה ו) ומי שהוכח לו כל מה שהוכח, והיה לו ודאי מן העניינים האלוהיים (=המטפיזיקה) כל מה שיכול להיות ודאי, והתקרב אל הוודאות במה שאפשר בו רק להתקרב לוודאות – הרי הוא נמצא עם המלך בתוך הבית. 9 קבוצה ד) דע, בני, שכל זמן שאתה מתעסק במדעי המתמטיקה ובתורת הלוגיקה – הרי אתה מן הסובבים סביב הבית ומחפשים את שערו, כמו שאמרו (חכמינו) ז"ל על דרך המשל: "עדיין בן זומא מבחוץ" (בבלי חגיגה טו,א). קבוצה ה) כשתבין את מדעי הטבע – הרי שנכנסת לבית ואתה מהלך במסדרונותיו. קבוצה ו) וכשתשלים את מדעי הטבע ותבין את העניינים האלוהיים – הרי נכנסת אל המלך אל החצר הפנימית, ואתה נמצא אתו בבית אחד. זוהי דרגת החכמים, ולהם רמות שלמוּת שונות. 10 קבוצה ז) ואולם מי שלאחר שהגיעו לשלמות בעניינים האלוהיים מעסיקים את מחשבתם ונוטים כל־כולם אל ה' יתהדר ויתרומם, ונמנעים מכל דבר זולתו, ומקדישים את כל פעולות שכלם להתבונן בנמצאים כדי ללמוד מהם עליו יתעלה, לדעת כיצד תיתכן הנהגתו אותם – הרי אלה הם הניצבים במושב המלך, וזוהי דרגת הנביאים. שיא הנביאים) מהם, מי שהגיע מגודל השגתו והימנעותו מכל דבר זולת ה' יתעלה לכך שנאמר עליו "וַיְהִי שָׁם עִם ה'" (שמות לד,כח): שואל ונענה, מדבר ומדובר אליו באותו מעמד מקודש, ומגודל שמחתו במה שהשיג "לֶחֶם לֹא אָכַל וּמַיִם לֹא שָׁתָה" (שם) משום שהשכל התחזק עד שהושבת כל כוח גס שבגוף, כלומר מיני חוש המישוש. שאר הנביאים) ויש מן הנביאים שראו בלבד: מהם שראו מקרוב ומהם שראו מרחוק, כמו שנאמר: "מֵרָחוֹק ה' נִרְאָה לִי" (ירמיהו לא,ב), וכבר דיברנו על דרגות הנבואה (ב,מה).

But those who have succeeded in finding a proof for everything that can be proved, who have a true knowledge of God, so far as a true knowledge can be attained, and are near the truth, wherever an approach to the truth is possible, they have reached the goal, and are in the palace in which the king lives. My son, so long as you are engaged in studying the Mathematical Sciences and Logic, you belong to those who go round about the palace in search of the gate. Thus our Sages figuratively use the phrase: “Ben-zoma is still outside.” When you understand Physics, you have entered the hall; and when, after completing the study of Natural Philosophy, you master Metaphysics, you have entered the innermost court, and are with the king in the same palace. You have attained the degree of the wise men, who include men of different grades of perfection. There are some who direct all their mind toward the attainment of perfection in Metaphysics, devote themselves entirely to God, exclude from their thought every other thing, and employ all their intellectual faculties in the study of the Universe, in order to derive therefrom a proof for the existence of God, and to learn in every possible way how God rules all things; they form the class of those who have entered the palace, namely, the class of prophets. One of these has attained so much knowledge, and has concentrated his thoughts to such an extent in the idea of God, that it could be said of him, “And he was with the Lord forty days,” etc. (Exod. 34:28); during that holy communion he could ask Him, answer Him, speak to Him, and be addressed by Him, enjoying beatitude in that which he had obtained to such a degree that “he did neither eat bread nor drink water” (ibid.); his intellectual energy was so predominant that all coarser functions of the body, especially those connected with the sense of touch, were in abeyance. Some prophets are only able to see, and of these some approach near and see, whilst others see from a distance: comp. “The Lord hath appeared from far unto me” (Jer. 31:3). We have already spoken of the various degrees of prophets;

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on Leviticus

Ramban on Leviticus 18:29

The passage explains that karet (excision) has three different forms in Torah: one where a person dies prematurely, one where the soul is cut off from the world of souls after death, and one where the person may live a long life, and distinguishes between these based on whether one's merits outweigh one's transgressions.

וְהָרַב אָמַר בְּמוֹרֶה הַנְּבֻכִים (ג מא), בַּעֲבוּר הֱיוֹת יֵצֶר הָאָדָם גָּדוֹל בְּעִנְיַן הַמִּשְׁגָּל, וְהַתַּאֲוָה בּוֹ רַבָּה, וְהַדְּבָרִים שֶׁהֵם רַבֵּי הַמִּכְשׁוֹלוֹת צְרִיכִים עֹנֶשׁ גָּדוֹל לְיַסֵּר אוֹתָם. וְגַם זֶה אֱמֶת:

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on Numbers

Ramban on Numbers 15:39

The passage presents a Chazal interpretation of the prohibition "do not follow after your hearts," explaining that "after your hearts" refers to heresy and "that you go astray after" refers to idolatry, and that one should not contemplate these matters when seeing the fringes, but rather the fringes will serve as a complete reminder of the commandments.

וְאָמַר וְלֹא תָתוּרוּ אַחֲרֵי לְבַבְכֶם – לְהַזְהִיר מִמֶּנָּה שֶׁלֹּא יִטְעוּ בָהּ. וְזֶה הוּא שֶׁדָּרְשׁוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (ספרי שלח קטו): ״אַחֲרֵי לְבַבְכֶם״ - זוֹ הַמִּינוּת, ״אֲשֶׁר אַתֶּם זֹנִים״ - זוֹ עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, שֶׁלֹּא יְהַרְהְרוּ מִן הַתְּכֵלֶת בְּמִינוּת אוֹ בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, אֲבָל יִהְיֶה לָכֶם הַכֹּל לְצִיצִית וּרְאִיתֶם אוֹתוֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם.

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on Forbidden Relationships — Reasons Beyond Rambam

Ramban on Leviticus 18:6

While Rambam in the Guide explains arayot (forbidden sexual unions) primarily through natural and social utility, Ramban here argues for a deeper metaphysical dimension — these prohibitions preserve spiritual holiness and reflect hidden cosmic structures, a reflection of his kabbalistic framework versus Rambam's rationalism.

וְהָרַב אָמַר בְּמוֹרֶה הַנְּבֻכִים (ג מט) כִּי הוּא לְמַעֵט הַמִּשְׁגָּל וְלִמְאֹס אוֹתוֹ וּלְהִסְתַּפֵּק מִמֶּנּוּ בִּמְעַט. וְהַנָּשִׁים הָאֵלֶּה אֲשֶׁר אָסַר הַכָּתוּב בִּשְׁאֵר הָאִשָּׁה הֵן הַמְּצוּיוֹת עִמּוֹ תָּמִיד, וְכֵן בַּשְּׁאֵר עַצְמוֹ מְצוּיוֹת לוֹ וְהוּא נִסְתָּר עִמָּהֶן. וְכַטַּעַם הַזֶּה יַגִּיד הָרַב עַל כֻּלָּן. וְאֵין בְּיָדֵנוּ דָּבָר מְקֻבָּל בָּזֶה, אֲבָל כְּפִי הַסְּבָרָא יֵשׁ בָּעִנְיָן סוֹד מִסּוֹדוֹת הַיְּצִירָה דָּבֵק בַּנֶּפֶשׁ, וְהוּא מִכְּלַל סוֹד הָעִבּוּר שֶׁכְּבָר רָמַזְנוּ לוֹ.

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban vs. Rambam on Angelic Appearances — Literal or Visionary?

Ramban on Genesis 18:1

Rambam (Guide II:42) argues that all biblical appearances of angels were prophetic visions, not physical events. Ramban directly challenges this in his commentary on the three visitors to Abraham, insisting the angels were real physical beings who ate, walked, and spoke — one of the sharpest peshat versus philosophical disputes between them.

וַיֵּרָא אֵלָיו לְשׁוֹן רַשִׁ"י (רש"י על בראשית י"ח:א') לְבַקֵּר אֶת הַחוֹלֶה. אָמַר רַבִּי חָמָא בַּר חֲנִינָא, יוֹם שְׁלִישִׁי לְמִילָתוֹ הָיָה, וּבָא הקב"ה וְשָׁאַל בּוֹ. "וְהִנֵּה שְׁלֹשָׁה אֲנָשִׁים", הַמַּלְאָכִים שֶׁבָּאוּ אֵלָיו בִּדְמוּת אֲנָשִׁים שְׁלֹשָׁה, אֶחָד לְבַשֵּׂר אֶת שָׂרָה, וְאֶחָד לְרַפְּאוֹת אֶת אַבְרָהָם, וְאֶחָד לַהֲפֹךְ אֶת סְדוֹם, וּרְפָאֵל שֶׁרִפֵּא אֶת אַבְרָהָם הָלַךְ מִשָּׁם לְהַצִּיל אֶת לוֹט, שֶׁאֵין זֶה שְׁתֵּי שְׁלִיחוּת, כִּי הָיָה בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר וְנִצְטַוָּה בּוֹ אַחַר כֵּן, אוֹ שֶׁשְּׁתֵּיהֶן לְהַצָּלָה. "וַיֹּאכֵלוּ", נִרְאוּ כְּמִי שֶׁאָכְלוּ. וּבְסֵפֶר מוֹרֶה הַנְּבֻכִים (ב מב) נֶאֱמַר כִּי הַפָּרָשָׁה כְּלָל וּפְרָט, אָמַר הַכָּתוּב תְּחִלָּה כִּי נִרְאָה אֵלָיו הַשֵּׁם בְּמַרְאוֹת הַנְּבוּאָה, וְאֵיךְ הָיְתָה הַמַּרְאָה הַזֹּאת, כִּי נָשָׂא עֵינָיו בַּמַּרְאָה וְהִנֵּה ג' אֲנָשִׁים נִצָּבִים עָלָיו, "וַיֹּאמַר אִם נָא מָצָאתִי חֵן בְּעֵינֶיךָ" זֶה סִפּוּר מָה שֶׁאָמַר בְּמַרְאֵה הַנְּבוּאָה לְאֶחָד מֵהֶם, הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁבָּהֶם. וְאִם בַּמַּרְאָה לֹא נִרְאוּ אֵלָיו רַק אֲנָשִׁים אוֹכְלִים בָּשָׂר, אֵיךְ אָמַר "וַיֵּרָא אֵלָיו ה'", כִּי הִנֵּה לֹא נִרְאָה לוֹ הַשֵּׁם לֹא בְּמַרְאָה וְלֹא בְּמַחְשָׁבָה, וְכָכָה לֹא נִמְצָא בְּכָל הַנְּבוּאוֹת. וְהִנֵּה לִדְבָרָיו לֹא לָשָׁה שָׂרָה עוּגוֹת וְלֹא עָשָׂה אַבְרָהָם בֶּן בָּקָר וְגַם לֹא צָחֲקָה שָׂרָה, רַק הַכֹּל מַרְאָה, וְאִם כֵּן בָּא הַחֲלוֹם הַזֶּה בְּרוֹב עִנְיָן כַּחֲלוֹמוֹת הַשֶּׁקֶר, כִּי מָה תּוֹעֶלֶת לְהַרְאוֹת לוֹ כָּל זֶה. וְכֵן אָמַר (שם) בְּעִנְיַן "וַיֵּאָבֵק אִישׁ עִמּוֹ" (בראשית ל"ב:כ"ה) שֶׁהַכֹּל מַרְאֵה הַנְּבוּאָה, וְלֹא יָדַעְתִּי לָמָּה הָיָה צוֹלֵעַ עַל יְרֵכוֹ בְּהָקִיץ, וְלָמָּה אָמַר (בראשית ל"ב:ל"א) "כִּי רָאִיתִי אֱלֹהִים פָּנִים אֶל פָּנִים וַתִּנָּצֵל נַפְשִׁי", כִּי הַנְּבִיאִים לֹא יִפְחֲדוּ שֶׁיָּמוּתוּ מִפְּנֵי מַרְאוֹת הַנְּבוּאָה, וּכְבָר רָאָה מַרְאָה גְּדוֹלָה וְנִכְבֶּדֶת מִזֹּאת, כִּי גַּם אֶת הַשֵּׁם הַנִּכְבָּד רָאָה פְּעָמִים רַבּוֹת בְּמַרְאֵה הַנְּבוּאָה (עיין להלן כח יג לא ג). וְהִנֵּה לְפִי דַּעְתּוֹ זֹאת יִצְטָרֵךְ לוֹמַר כֵּן בְּעִנְיַן לוֹט, כִּי לֹא בָּאוּ הַמַּלְאָכִים אֶל בֵּיתוֹ וְלֹא אָפָה לָהֶם מַצּוֹת וַיֹּאכֵלוּ, אֲבָל הַכֹּל הָיָה מַרְאָה, וְאִם יַעֲלֶה אֶת לוֹט לְמַעֲלַת מַרְאֵה הַנְּבוּאָה אֵיךְ יִהְיוּ אַנְשֵׁי סְדוֹם הָרָעִים וְהַחַטָּאִים נְבִיאִים, כִּי מִי הִגִּיד לָהֶם שֶׁבָּאוּ אֲנָשִׁים אֶל בֵּיתוֹ, וְאִם הַכֹּל מַרְאוֹת נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל לוֹט, יִהְיֶה "וַיָּאִיצוּ הַמַּלְאָכִים וְגוֹ' קוּם קַח אֶת אִשְׁתְּךָ" "וַיֹּאמֶר הִמָּלֵט עַל נַפְשֶׁךָ" (להלן יט טו יז) וְ"הִנֵּה נָשָׂאתִי פָנֶיךָ" (שם כא) וְכָל הַפָּרָשָׁה כֻּלָּהּ – מַרְאָה, וְיִשָּׁאֵר לוֹט בִּסְדוֹם. אֲבָל יַחְשֹׁב שֶׁהָיוּ הַמַּעֲשִׂים נַעֲשִׂים מֵאֲלֵיהֶם, וְהַמַּאֲמָרִים בְּכָל דָּבָר וְדָבָר מַרְאָה. וְאֵלֶּה דְּבָרִים סוֹתְרִים הַכָּתוּב, אָסוּר לְשָׁמְעָם אַף כִּי לְהַאֲמִין בָּהֶם. וּבֶאֱמֶת כִּי כָל מָקוֹם שֶׁהֻזְכַּר בַּכָּתוּב רְאִיַּת מַלְאָךְ אוֹ דִּבּוּר מַלְאָךְ הוּא בְּמַרְאָה אוֹ בַּחֲלוֹם, כִּי הַהֶרְגֵּשִׁים לֹא יַשִּׂיגוּ הַמַּלְאָכִים, אֲבָל לֹא מַרְאוֹת הַנְּבוּאָה, כִּי הַמַּשִּׂיג לִרְאוֹת מַלְאָךְ אוֹ דִּבּוּרוֹ אֵינֶנּוּ נָבִיא, שֶׁאֵין הַדָּבָר כְּמוֹ שֶׁהָרַב גּוֹזֵר (במו"נ ב לד ובהלכות יסוה"ת ז ו), כִּי כָל נָבִיא זוּלַת מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ נְבוּאָתוֹ עַל יְדֵי מַלְאָךְ. וּכְבָר אָמְרוּ (מגילה ג) בְּדָנִיֵּאל, אִינְהוּ עֲדִיפֵי מִנֵּהּ דְּאִינְהוּ נְבִיאֵי וְאִיהוּ לָאו נָבִיא, וְכֵן לֹא נִכְתַּב סִפְרוֹ עִם סֵפֶר הַנְּבִיאִים מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָיָה עִנְיָנוֹ עִם גַּבְרִיאֵל, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָיָה נִרְאֶה אֵלָיו וּמְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ בְּהָקִיץ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בַּמַּרְאָה שֶׁל בַּיִת שֵׁנִי "וְעוֹד אֲנִי מְדַבֵּר בַּתְּפִלָּה וְהָאִישׁ גַּבְרִיאֵל" (דניאל ט כא), וְכֵן הַמַּרְאָה שֶׁל קֵץ הַגְּאֻלָּה (שם י ד) בְּהָקִיץ הָיְתָה, בְּלֶכְתּוֹ עִם חֲבֵרָיו עַל יַד הַנָּהָר. וְאֵין הָגָר הַמִּצְרִית מִכְּלַל הַנְּבִיאוֹת, וּבָרוּר הוּא גַּם כֵּן שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה עִנְיָנָהּ בַּת קוֹל כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר הָרַב (במו"נ שם). וְהַכָּתוּב חִלֵּק נְבוּאַת מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ מִנְּבוּאַת הָאָבוֹת כְּמָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ו ג) "וָאֵרָא אֶל אַבְרָהָם אֶל יִצְחָק וְאֶל יַעֲקֹב בְּאֵל שַׁדָּי", וְזֶה שֵׁם מִשְּׁמוֹת הַקֹּדֶשׁ לַבּוֹרֵא, אֵינֶנּוּ כִּנּוּי לְמַלְאָךְ. וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ עוֹד לִמְּדוּ עַל הַחִלּוּק שֶׁבֵּינֵיהֶם וְאָמְרוּ (ויק"ר א יד), מָה בֵּין מֹשֶׁה לְכָל הַנְּבִיאִים, רַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי כָּל הַנְּבִיאִים רָאוּ מִתּוֹךְ אַסְפַּקְלַרְיָא שֶׁאֵינָהּ מְצֻחְצַחַת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (הושע יב יא) "וְאָנֹכִי חָזוֹן הִרְבֵּיתִי וּבְיַד הַנְּבִיאִים אֲדַמֶּה", וּמֹשֶׁה רָאָה מִתּוֹךְ אַסְפַּקְלַרְיָא מְצֻחְצַחַת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר יב ח) "וּתְמוּנַת ה' יַבִּיט", כְּמוֹ שֶׁהוּא מְפֹרָשׁ בְּוַיִּקְרָא רַבָּה (שם) וּמְקוֹמוֹת אֲחֵרִים (יבמות מט), וְלֹא נָתְנוּ בְּשׁוּם מָקוֹם נְבוּאָתָם לְמַלְאָךְ. וְאַל תִּשּׁוֹמֵם בַּעֲבוּר שֶׁכָּתוּב (מלכים א יג יח) "גַּם אֲנִי נָבִיא כָּמוֹךָ וּמַלְאָךְ דִּבֶּר אֵלַי בִּדְבַר ה' לֵאמֹר", כִּי פֵּרוּשׁוֹ גַּם אֲנִי נָבִיא כָּמוֹךָ וְיוֹדֵעַ אֲנִי שֶׁהַמַּלְאָךְ שֶׁדִּבֵּר אֵלַי בִּדְבַר ה' הוּא, וְזוֹ מַדְרֵגָה מִמַּדְרֵגוֹת הַנְּבוּאָה, כַּאֲשֶׁר אָמַר אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים "כִּי כֵן צִוָּה אֹתִי בִּדְבַר ה'" (שם יג ט), וְאָמַר "כִּי דָבָר אֵלַי בִּדְבַר ה'" (שם יג יז) וּכְבָר אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (במד"ר כ ג) בְּעִנְיַן בִּלְעָם שֶׁאָמַר "וְעַתָּה אִם רַע בְּעֵינֶיךָ אָשׁוּבָה לִּי" (במדבר כב לד), אֲנִי לֹא הָלַכְתִּי עַד שֶׁאָמַר לִי הקב"ה "קוּם לֵךְ אִתָּם" (שם שם כ), וְאַתָּה אוֹמֵר שֶׁאֶחְזֹר, כָּךְ הוּא אֻמָּנוּתוֹ, לֹא כָּךְ אָמַר לְאַבְרָהָם לְהַקְרִיב אֶת בְּנוֹ וְאַחַר כָּךְ "וַיִּקְרָא מַלְאַךְ ה' אֶל אַבְרָהָם וַיֹּאמֶר אַל תִּשְׁלַח יָדְךָ אֶל הַנַּעַר" (בראשית כ"ב:י"ב), לָמוּד הוּא לוֹמַר דָּבָר וּמַלְאָךְ מַחְזִירוֹ וְכוּ'. הִנֵּה הַחֲכָמִים מִתְעוֹרְרִים לוֹמַר שֶׁאֵין הַנְּבוּאָה בַּדִּבּוּר הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁהִזְכִּיר בּוֹ הַשֵּׁם שָׁוָה לַדִּבּוּר הַשֵּׁנִי שֶׁאָמַר בּוֹ שֶׁהוּא עַל יְדֵי מַלְאָךְ, אֶלָּא שֶׁהוּא דֶּרֶךְ בַּנְּבִיאִים שֶׁיְּצַוֶּה בִּנְבוּאָה וִיבַטֵּל הַצַּוָּאָה בְּמַלְאָךְ, כִּי הַנָּבִיא יוֹדֵעַ כִּי דְבַר ה' הוּא. וּבִתְחִלַּת וַיִּקְרָא רַבָּה (א ט) אָמְרוּ, "וַיִּקְרָא אֶל מֹשֶׁה", לֹא כְּאַבְרָהָם, בְּאַבְרָהָם כָּתוּב "וַיִּקְרָא מַלְאַךְ ה' אֶל אַבְרָהָם שֵׁנִית מִן הַשָּׁמָיִם" (בראשית כ"ב:ט"ו), הַמַּלְאָךְ קוֹרֵא וְהַדִּבּוּר מְדַבֵּר, בְּרַם הָכָא אָמַר הקב"ה אֲנִי הוּא הַקּוֹרֵא וַאֲנִי הוּא הַמְדַבֵּר. כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה אַבְרָהָם מַשִּׂיג הַנְּבוּאָה עַד הֲכִינוֹ נַפְשׁוֹ בַּתְּחִלָּה לְהַשָּׂגַת מַלְאָךְ, וְיַעֲלֶה מִן הַמַּדְרֵגָה הַהִיא לְמַעֲלַת דִּבּוּר הַנְּבוּאָה, אֲבָל מֹשֶׁה מוּכָן לַנְּבוּאָה בְּכָל עֵת. הִנֵּה בְּכָל מָקוֹם יִתְעוֹרְרוּ הַחֲכָמִים לְהוֹדִיעֵנוּ כִּי רְאִיַּת הַמַּלְאָךְ אֵינֶנָּה נְבוּאָה, וְאֵין הָרוֹאִים מַלְאָכִים וְהַמְּדַבְּרִים עִמָּם מִכְּלַל הַנְּבִיאִים, כַּאֲשֶׁר הִזְכַּרְתִּי בְּדָנִיֵּאל, אֲבָל הִיא מַרְאָה תִּקָּרֵא "גְּלוּי עֵינַיִם", כְּמוֹ "וַיְגַל הַשֵּׁם אֶת עֵינֵי בִלְעָם וַיַּרְא אֶת מַלְאַךְ ה'" (במדבר כב לא), וְכֵן "וַיִּתְפַּלֵּל אֱלִישָׁע וַיֹּאמַר ה' פְּקַח נָא אֶת עֵינָיו וְיִרְאֶה" (מלכים ב ו יז), אֲבָל בִּמְקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יַזְכִּיר הַמַּלְאָכִים בְּשֵׁם "אֲנָשִׁים" כְּעִנְיַן הַפָּרָשָׁה הַזֹּאת וּפָרָשַׁת לוֹט, וְכֵן "וַיֵּאָבֵק אִישׁ עִמּוֹ" (בראשית ל"ב:כ"ה) וְכֵן "וַיִּמְצָאֵהוּ אִישׁ" (שם לז טו) עַל דַּעַת רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (תנחומא וישב ב), הוּא כָּבוֹד נִבְרָא בַּמַּלְאָכִים, יִקָּרֵא אֵצֶל הַיּוֹדְעִים "מַלְבּוּשׁ", יֻשַּׂג לְעֵינֵי בָּשָׂר בְּזַכֵּי הַנְּפָשׁוֹת כַּחֲסִידִים וּבְנֵי הַנְּבִיאִים, וְלֹא אוּכַל לְפָרֵשׁ. וְהַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר תִּמְצָא בּוֹ רְאִיַּת ה' וְדִבּוּר מַלְאָךְ אוֹ רְאִיַּת מַלְאָךְ וְדִבּוּר ה', כַּכָּתוּב בְּדִבְרֵי מֹשֶׁה בִּתְחִלַּת נְבוּאָתוֹ, (שמות ג ב-ד) וּבְדִבְרֵי זְכַרְיָה (ג א-ב), עוֹד אֲגַלֶּה בּוֹ דִּבְרֵי אֱלֹהִים חַיִּים בִּרְמִיזוֹת (עיין שמות ג ב). וְעִנְיַן "וַיֹּאכֵלוּ" אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים (ב"ר מח יד) רִאשׁוֹן רִאשׁוֹן מִסְתַּלֵּק. וְעִנְיַן הַהִסְתַּלְּקוּת תָּבִין אוֹתוֹ מִדְּבַר מָנוֹחַ אִם תִּזְכֶּה אֵלָיו. וְהִנֵּה פֵּרוּשׁ הַפָּרָשָׁה הַזֹּאת אַחֲרֵי שֶׁאָמַר כִּי בְּעֶצֶם הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה נִמּוֹל אַבְרָהָם (בראשית י"ז:כ"ו), אָמַר שֶׁנִּרְאָה אֵלָיו הַשֵּׁם בִּהְיוֹתוֹ חוֹלֶה בְּמִילָתוֹ יוֹשֵׁב וּמִתְקָרֵר בְּפֶתַח אָהֳלוֹ מִפְּנֵי חֹם הַיּוֹם אֲשֶׁר יַחֲלִישֶׁנּוּ. וְהִזְכִּיר זֶה לְהוֹדִיעַ שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה מִתְכַּוֵּן לִנְבוּאָה, לֹא נוֹפֵל עַל פָּנָיו וְלֹא מִתְפַּלֵּל, וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן בָּאָה אֵלָיו הַמַּרְאָה הַזֹּאת.

AND HE APPEARED TO HIM. Rashi comments: “To visit the sick man. Said Rabbi Chama the son of Chanina, ‘It was the third day after his circumcision, and the Holy One, blessed be He, came and inquired after him.’ And, lo, three men: angels who came to him in the form of men. Three: one to announce to Sarah that she would bear a son, one to heal Abraham, and one to overthrow Sodom. Raphael who healed Abraham went from there to rescue Lot” for these do not constitute two commissions. This is because the second mission was in another place, and he was commanded thereon after [he had completed his first mission]. Perhaps it is because the two missions had rescue as their common goal. “And they did eat: they appeared to be eating.” In the book Moreh Nebuchim it is said that this portion of Scripture consists of a general statement followed by a detailed description. Thus Scripture first says that the Eternal appeared to Abraham in the form of prophetic visions, and then explains in what manner this vision took place, namely, that he [Abraham] lifted up his eyes in the vision, and lo, three men stood by him, and he said, if now I have found favor in thy eyes. This is the account of what he said in the prophetic vision to one of them, namely, their chief. Now if in the vision there appeared to Abraham only men partaking of food, how then does Scripture say, And the Eternal appeared to him, as G-d did not appear to him in vision or in thought? Such is not found with respect to all the prophecies. And according to his words, Sarah did not knead cakes, nor did Abraham prepare a bullock, and also, Sarah did not laugh. It was all a vision! If so, this dream came through a multitude of business, like dreams of falsehood, for what is the purpose of showing him all this! Similarly did the author of the Moreh Nebuchim say in the case of the verse, And a man wrestled with him, that it was all a prophetic vision. But if this be the case, I do not know why Jacob limped on his thigh when he awoke! And why did Jacob say, For I have seen an angel face to face, and my life is preserved? The prophets did not fear that they might die on account of having experienced prophetic visions. Jacob, moreover, had already seen a greater and more distinguished vision than this since many times, in prophetic visions, he had also seen the Revered Divinity. Now according to this author’s opinion, he will find it necessary for the sake of consistency to say similarly in the affair of Lot that the angels did not come to his house, nor did he bake for them unleavened bread and they did eat. Rather, it was all a vision! But if Lot could ascend to the height of a prophetic vision, how did the wicked and sinful people of Sodom become prophets? Who told them that men had come into Lot’s house? And if all these [i.e., the actions of the inhabitants of Sodom], were part of prophetic visions, then it follows that the account related in the verses, And the angels hastened Lot, saying: Arise take thy wife. …And he said, Escape for thy life… See, I have accepted thee, as well as the entire chapter is but a vision, and if so, Lot could have remained in Sodom! But the author of the Moreh Nebuchim thinks that the events took place of themselves, but the conversations relating to all matters were in a vision! But such words contradict Scripture. It is forbidden to listen to them, all the more to believe in them! In truth, wherever Scripture mentions an angel being seen or heard speaking it is in a vision or in a dream for the human senses cannot perceive the angels. But these are not visions of prophecy since he who attains the vision of an angel or the hearing of his speech is not yet a prophet. For the matter is not as the Rabbi pronounced, i.e., that every prophet, Moses our teacher excepted, received his prophecy through the medium of an angel. The Sages have already said concerning Daniel: “They were greater than he for they were prophets and he was not a prophet.” His book, likewise, was not grouped together with the books of the prophets since his affair was with the angel Gabriel, even though he appeared to him and spoke with him when he was awake, as it is said in the vision concerning the second Temple: Yea, while I was speaking in prayer, the man Gabriel,etc. The vision concerning the ultimate redemption also occurred when Daniel was awake as he walked with his friends beside the Tigris River. Hagar the Egyptian is not included in the group of prophetesses. It is also clear that hers was not a case of the bath kol (prophetic echo), as the Rabbi would have it. Scripture, furthermore, sets apart the prophecy of Moses our teacher from that of the patriarchs, as it is said, And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by [the name of] G-d Almighty, this name being one of the sacred names for the Creator, and not a designation for an angel. Our Rabbis also taught concerning the difference in the degree of prophecy between Moses and the other prophets, and they said: “What is the difference between Moses and all the prophets? The Rabbis say that all prophets saw through unclear vision. It is to this matter that Scripture refers in saying, And I have multiplied visions, and by the ministry of the prophets have I used similitudes. Moses saw through a clear vision. It is to this matter that Scripture refers in saying, And the similitudes of the Eternal doth he behold,” as is explained in Vayikra Rabbah and other places. But in no place did the Sages attribute the prophecy of the prophets to an angel. Do not expose yourself to argument by quoting the verse, I also am a prophet as thou art; and an angel spoke unto me by the word of the Eternal, saying, since its meaning is as follows: “I also am a prophet as thou art, and I know that the angel who spoke to me was by word of G-d, this being one of the degrees of prophecy, as the man of G-d said, For so was it charged me by the word of the Eternal, and he further said, For it was said to me by the word of the Eternal. Our Rabbis have further stated in the matter of Balaam, who said, Now, therefore, if it displease thee, I will get me back, [that is as if Balaam commented]: “I did not go [with the messengers of Balak] until the Holy One, blessed be He, told me, Rise up, go with them, and you [i.e., an angel], tell me that I should return. Such is His conduct! Did He not tell Abraham to sacrifice his son, after which the angel of the Eternal called to Abraham, And he said, Lay not thy hand upon the lad. He is accustomed to saying something and to have an angel revoke it, etc.” Thus the Sages were prompted to say that the prophecy comprising the first charge where G-d is mentioned is not like the second charge of which it is said that it was through an angel, only this was not unusual, for it is customary with the prophets that He would command by a prophecy and revoke the command through an angel since the prophet knew that the revocation was the word of G-d. In the beginning of Vayikra Rabbah the Sages have said: “And He called to Moses, unlike Abraham. Concerning Abraham it is written, And the angel of the Eternal called unto Abraham a second time out of heaven. The angel called, and G-d spoke the word, but here with respect to Moses, the Holy One, blessed be He, said, ‘It is I Who called, and it is I Who spoke the word.’” That is to say, Abraham did not attain prophecy until he prepared his soul first to perceive an angel, and from that degree he ascended to attain the word of prophecy, but Moses was prepared for prophecy at all times. Thus the Sages were prompted to inform us everywhere that seeing an angel is not prophecy, and those who see angels and speak with them are not included among the prophets, as I have mentioned concerning Daniel. Rather, this is only a vision called “opening of eyes,” as in the verse: And the Eternal opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of the Eternal; similarly: And Elisha prayed, and said, O Eternal, I pray thee, open his eyes, that he may see. But where Scripture mentions the angels as men, as is the case in this portion, and the portion concerning Lot — likewise, And a man wrestled with him, And a certain man found him, in the opinion of our Rabbis — in all these cases there was a special glory created in the angels, called among those who know the mysteries of the Torah “a garment,” perceptible to the human vision of such pure persons as the pious and the disciples of the prophets, and I cannot explain any further. And in those places in Scripture where you find the sight of G-d and the speech of an angel, or the sight of an angel and the speech of G-d, as is written concerning Moses at the outset of his prophecy, and in the words of Zechariah, I will yet disclose words of the living G-d in allusions. Concerning on the matter of the verse, And they did eat, the Usages have said: “One course after the other disappeared.” The matter of “disappearance” you will understand from the account about Manoah, if you will be worthy to attain it. Now here is the interpretation of this portion of Scripture. After it says that In the selfsame day was Abraham circumcised, Scripture says that G-d appeared to him while he was sick from the circumcision as he was sitting and cooling himself in his tent door on account of the heat of the day which weakened him. Scripture mentions this in order to inform us that Abraham had no intention for prophecy. He had neither fallen on his face nor prayed, yet this vision did come to him.

Source 11 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on Hidden and Revealed Sins — Individual vs. Communal Responsibility

Ramban on Deuteronomy 29:28

Ramban's reading of 'nistarot l'Hashem Elokeinu' disagrees with Rambam's view on communal responsibility for hidden sins, arguing that only publicly known transgressions implicate the community. This reflects a broader dispute about the nature of collective divine punishment.

וְדַעְתִּי בְּדֶרֶךְ הַפְּשָׁט, כִּי הַנִּסְתָּרוֹת הֵם הַחֲטָאִים הַנִּסְתָּרִים מִן הָעוֹשִׂים אוֹתָם, כְּמוֹ שְׁגִיאוֹת מִי יָבִין מִנִּסְתָּרוֹת נַקֵּנִי (תהלים יט יג), יֹאמַר הַנִּסְתָּרוֹת לַשֵּׁם לְבַדּוֹ הֵם, אֵין לָנוּ בָּהֶן עָוֹן אֲשֶׁר חֵטְא, אֲבָל הַנִּגְלוֹת, שֶׁהֵם הַזְּדוֹנוֹת, לָנוּ וּלְבָנֵינוּ עַד עוֹלָם לַעֲשׂוֹת אֶת כָּל דִּבְרֵי הַתּוֹרָה הַזֹּאת חֻקַּת עוֹלָם שֶׁכָּךְ קִבַּלְנוּ עַל אֲשֶׁר יֶשְׁנוֹ פֹּה וְעַל אֲשֶׁר אֵינֶנּוּ פֹּה לְדוֹרוֹת עוֹלָם. וּלְפִי שֶׁהֵבִיא בְּאָלָה לַעֲשׂוֹת כָּל הַמִּצְוָה, הוֹצִיא מִן הַחֵרֶם הָעוֹשֶׂה בִּשְׁגָגָה, שֶׁלֹּא יִתְקַלֵּל בָּאָלָה הַזֹּאת.

Source 12 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on Creation: Kabbalistic vs. Philosophical Reading

Ramban on Genesis 1:1

The passage presents Rabbi Yitzchak's position that the Torah need not have begun with creation since creation is a deep mystery transmitted only through oral tradition from Moses, and instead offers a pragmatic rationale—that the creation account establishes God's ownership of all lands, enabling Israel to respond to accusations of theft by reference to divine will.

בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק: לֹא הָיָה צָרִיךְ לְהַתְחִיל הַתּוֹרָה אֶלָּא מֵ"הַחֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּה לָכֶם" (שמות יב ב), שֶׁהִיא מִצְוָה רִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁנִּצְטַוּוּ בָּהּ יִשְׂרָאֵל. וּמָה טַעַם פָּתַח בִּבְרֵאשִׁית? שֶׁאִם יֹאמְרוּ אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם: "לִסְטִים אַתֶּם, שֶׁכְּבַשְׁתֶּם לָכֶם אַרְצוֹת שִׁבְעָה גּוֹיִם", הֵם אוֹמְרִים לָהֶם: "כָּל הָאָרֶץ שֶׁל הַקָּבָּ"ה הִיא, וּנְתָנָהּ לַאֲשֶׁר יָשַׁר בְּעֵינָיו; וּבִרְצוֹנוֹ נְתָנָהּ לָהֶם, וּבִרְצוֹנוֹ נְטָלָהּ מֵהֶם וּנְתָנָהּ לָנוּ". וְזוֹ אַגָּדָה בַּלָּשׁוֹן שֶׁכְּתָבָהּ רַבֵּינוּ שְׁלֹמֹה בְּפֵרוּשָׁיו. וְיֵשׁ לִשְׁאֹל בָּהּ, כִּי צֹרֶךְ גָּדוֹל הוּא לְהַתְחִיל הַתּוֹרָה בִּ"בְרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים", כִּי הוּא שֹׁרֶשׁ הָאֱמוּנָה; וְשֶׁאֵינוֹ מַאֲמִין בָּזֶה וְחוֹשֵׁב שֶׁהָעוֹלָם קַדְמוֹן, הוּא כּוֹפֵר בָּעִקָּר וְאֵין לוֹ תּוֹרָה כְּלָל. וְהַתְּשׁוּבָה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמַּעֲשֵׂה בְּרֵאשִׁית – סוֹד עָמֹק, אֵינוֹ מוּבָן מִן הַמִּקְרָאוֹת, וְלֹא יִוָּדַע עַל בֻּרְיוֹ אֶלָּא מִפִּי הַקַּבָּלָה עַד מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ מִפִּי הַגְּבוּרָה, וְיוֹדְעָיו חַיָּבִין לְהַסְתִּיר אוֹתוֹ. לְכָךְ אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק שֶׁאֵין לְהַתְחָלַת הַתּוֹרָה צֹרֶךְ בִּ"בְרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא", וְהַסִּפּוּר בְּמָה שֶׁנִּבְרָא בְּיוֹם רִאשׁוֹן וּמָה נַעֲשָׂה בְּיוֹם שֵׁנִי וּשְׁאָר הַיָּמִים, וְהָאֲרִיכוּת בִּיצִירַת אָדָם וְחַוָּה, וְחֶטְאָם וְעָנְשָׁם, וְסִפּוּר גַּן עֵדֶן וְגֵרוּשׁ אָדָם מִמֶּנּוּ, כִּי כָל זֶה לֹא יוּבַן בִּינָה שְׁלֵמָה מִן הַכְּתוּבִים. וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן סִפּוּר דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל וְהַפַּלָּגָה, שֶׁאֵין הַצֹּרֶךְ בָּהֶם גָּדוֹל. וְיַסְפִּיק לְאַנְשֵׁי הַתּוֹרָה בִּלְעֲדֵי הַכְּתוּבִים הָאֵלֶּה, וְיַאֲמִינוּ בִּכְלָל בַּנִּזְכָּר לָהֶם בַּעֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת (שמות כ י): "כִּי שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים עָשָׂה ה' אֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֶת הָאָרֶץ אֶת הַיָּם וְאֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁר בָּם וַיָּנַח בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי", וְתִשָּׁאֵר הַיְּדִיעָה לַיְּחִידִים שֶׁבָּהֶם הֲלָכָה לְמֹשֶׁה מִסִּינַי, עִם הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה. וְנָתַן רַבִּי יִצְחָק טַעַם לָזֶה, כִּי הִתְחִילָה הַתּוֹרָה בִּ"בְרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים" וְסִפּוּר כָּל עִנְיַן הַיְּצִירָה עַד בְּרִיאַת אָדָם, וְשֶׁהִמְשִׁילוֹ בְּמַעֲשֵׂה יָדָיו וְכֹל שַׁתָּ תַחַת רַגְלָיו, וְגַן עֵדֶן – שֶׁהוּא מִבְחַר הַמְּקוֹמוֹת הַנִּבְרָאִים בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה – נַעֲשָׂה מָכוֹן לְשִׁבְתּוֹ, עַד שֶׁגֵּרֵשׁ אוֹתוֹ חֶטְאוֹ מִשָּׁם. וְאַנְשֵׁי דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל, בְּחֶטְאָם גֹּרְשׁוּ מִן הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ, וְהַצַּדִּיק בָּהֶם לְבַדּוֹ נִמְלָט, הוּא וּבָנָיו. וְזַרְעָם, חֶטְאָם גָּרַם לָהֶם לַהֲפִיצָם בִּמְקוֹמוֹת וּלְזָרוֹתָם בַּאֲרָצוֹת, וְתָפְשׂוּ לָהֶם הַמְּקוֹמוֹת לְמִשְׁפְּחוֹתָם בְּגוֹיֵיהֶם כְּפִי שֶׁנִּזְדַּמֵּן לָהֶם. אִם כֵּן רָאוּי הוּא, כַּאֲשֶׁר יוֹסִיף הַגּוֹי לַחֲטוֹא, שֶׁיֹּאבַד מִמְּקוֹמוֹ וְיָבוֹא גּוֹי אַחֵר לָרֶשֶׁת אֶת אַרְצוֹ, כִּי כֵן הוּא מִשְׁפַּט הָאֱלֹהִים בָּאָרֶץ מֵעוֹלָם. וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן עִם הַמְסֻפָּר בַּכָּתוּב כִּי כְּנַעַן מְקֻלָּל וְנִמְכַּר לְעֶבֶד עוֹלָם, וְאֵינוֹ רָאוּי שֶׁיִּירַשׁ מִבְחַר מְקוֹמוֹת הַיִּשּׁוּב, אֲבָל יִירָשׁוּהָ עַבְדֵי ה' זֶרַע אוֹהֲבוֹ, כְּעִנְיָן שֶׁכָּתוּב (תהלים קה מד): "וַיִּתֵּן לָהֶם אַרְצוֹת גּוֹיִם וַעֲמַל לְאֻמִּים יִירָשׁוּ בַּעֲבוּר יִשְׁמְרוּ חֻקָּיו וְתוֹרֹתָיו יִנְצֹרוּ". כְּלוֹמַר, שֶׁגֵּרֵשׁ מִשָּׁם מוֹרְדָיו, וְהִשְׁכִּין בּוֹ עוֹבְדָיו, שֶׁיֵּדְעוּ כִּי בַּעֲבוֹדָתוֹ יִנְחָלוּהָ, וְאִם יֶחְטְאוּ לוֹ – תָּקִיא אוֹתָם הָאָרֶץ כַּאֲשֶׁר קָאָה אֶת הַגּוֹי אֲשֶׁר לִפְנֵיהֶם. וַאֲשֶׁר יְבָאֵר הַפֵּרוּשׁ שֶׁכָּתַבְתִּי, לְשׁוֹנָם בִּבְרֵאשִׁית רַבָּה (פרשה א) שֶׁאֲמָרוּהָ שָׁם בַּלָּשׁוֹן הַזֶּה: רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי פָּתַח, "כֹּחַ מַעֲשָׂיו הִגִּיד לְעַמּוֹ" (תהלים קיא ו). מָה טַעַם גִּלָּה לָהֶם הקב"ה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל מַה שֶׁנִּבְרָא בְּיוֹם רִאשׁוֹן וּמָה שֶׁנִּבְרָא בְּיוֹם שֵׁנִי? מִפְּנֵי ז' אֻמּוֹת, שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיוּ מוֹנִין אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאוֹמְרִים לָהֶם: הֲלֹא אֻמָּה שֶׁל בְּזִיזוֹת אַתֶּם. וְיִשְׂרָאֵל מְשִׁיבִין לָהֶם: וְאַתֶּם הֲלֹא בְּזוּזָה הִיא בְּיֶדְכֶם, הֲלֹא "כַּפְתֹּרִים הַיֹּצְאִים מִכַּפְתּוֹר הִשְׁמִידֻם וַיֵּשְׁבוּ תַחְתָּם" (דברים ב כג). הָעוֹלָם וּמְלוֹאוֹ שֶׁל הקב"ה הוּא, כְּשֶׁרָצָה – נְתָנוֹ לָכֶם; כְּשֶׁרָצָה – נְטָלוֹ מִכֶּם וּנְתָנוֹ לָנוּ. הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים קיא ו), "לָתֵת לָהֶם נַחֲלַת גּוֹיִם" – "כֹּחַ מַעֲשָׂיו הִגִּיד לְעַמּוֹ": בִּשְׁבִיל לָתֵת לָהֶם נַחֲלַת גּוֹיִם, הִגִּיד לָהֶם אֶת בְּרֵאשִׁית. וּכְבָר בָּא לָהֶם מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר עוֹד הָעִנְיָן שֶׁהִזְכַּרְתִּי. בְּתַעֲלוּמוֹת מַעֲשֵׂה בְּרֵאשִׁית, אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זַ"ל: "כֹּחַ מַעֲשָׂיו הִגִּיד לְעַמּוֹ", לְהַגִּיד כֹּחַ מַעֲשֵׂה בְּרֵאשִׁית לְבָשָׂר וָדָם אִי אֶפְשָׁר; לְפִיכָךְ סָתַם לְךָ הַכָּתוּב בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים. אִם כֵּן נִתְבָּאֵר מָה שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ בָּזֶה. וְאָמַר אֱלֹהִים בַּעַל הַכֹּחוֹת כֻּלָּם, כִּי הַמִּלָּה עִקָּרָהּ "אֵל", שֶׁהוּא כֹּחַ, וְהִיא מִלָּה מֻרְכֶּבֶת, "אֵל הֵם", כְּאִלּוּ "אֵל" סָמוּךְ, "וְהֵם" יִרְמֹז לְכָל שְׁאָר הַכּוֹחוֹת; כְּלוֹמַר, כֹּחַ הַכּוֹחוֹת כֻּלָּם. וְעוֹד יִתְבָּאֵר סוֹד בָּזֶה. אִם כֵּן יִהְיֶה פְּשַׁט הַכְּתוּבִים עַל נָכוֹן, מַשְׁמָעוּתוֹ, בַּתְּחִלָּה "בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם", כִּי הוֹצִיא חֹמֶר שֶׁלָּהֶם מֵאַיִן, "וְאֵת הָאָרֶץ", שֶׁהוֹצִיא הַחֹמֶר שֶׁלָּהּ מֵאַיִן. "וְהָאָרֶץ" תִּכְלֹל אַרְבַּע הַיְּסוֹדוֹת כֻּלָּם, כְּמוֹ "וַיְכֻלּוּ הַשָּׁמַיִם וְהָאָרֶץ וְכָל צְבָאָם" (בראשית ב':א'), שֶׁתִּכְלֹל כָּל הַכַּדּוּר הַתַּחְתּוֹן. וְכֵן "הַלְלוּ אֶת ה' מִן הָאָרֶץ תַּנִּינִים וְכָל תְּהֹמוֹת" (תהלים קמח ז), וְזוּלָתָם רַבִּים. וְהִנֵּה בַּבְּרִיאָה הַזֹּאת, שֶׁהִיא כִּנְקֻדָּה קְטַנָּה דַּקָּה וְאֵין בָּהּ מַמָּשׁ, נִבְרְאוּ כָּל הַנִּבְרָאִים בַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ. וּמִלַּת אֵת, כְּמוֹ עֶצֶם הַדָּבָר. וְדָרְשׁוּ בָּהּ שֶׁהִיא לְעוֹלָם לְרַבּוֹת, כִּי הִיא נִגְזְרָה מִן "אָתָה בֹקֶר וְגַם לָיְלָה" (ישעיהו כא יב). וְכֵן אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (ברשית רבה פרשה א): "אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם", לְרַבּוֹת חַמָּה וּלְבָנָה כּוֹכָבִים וּמַזָּלוֹת; "וְאֵת הָאָרֶץ", לְרַבּוֹת הָאִילָנוֹת וּדְשָׁאִים וְגַן עֵדֶן. וְאֵלּוּ כְּלַל כָּל הַנִּבְרָאִים בַּעַל הַגּוּף. וְאַחַר שֶׁאָמַר כִּי בַּתְּחִלָּה – בְּמַאֲמָר אֶחָד בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים הַשָּׁמַיִם וְהָאָרֶץ וְכָל צְבָאָם, חָזַר וּפֵרֵשׁ, כִּי הָאָרֶץ אַחַר הַבְּרִיאָה הַזּוֹ הָיְתָה "תֹּהוּ", כְּלוֹמַר, חֹמֶר אֵין בּוֹ מַמָּשׁ; וְהָיְתָה "בֹּהוּ", כִּי הִלְבִּישׁ אוֹתָהּ צוּרָה. וּפֵרֵשׁ שֶׁבְּצוּרָה הַזּוֹ צוּרַת ד' יְסוֹדוֹת, שֶׁהֵם הָאֵשׁ וְהַמַּיִם וְהֶעָפָר וְהָאֲוִיר, וּמִלַּת "הָאָרֶץ" תִּכְלֹל אַרְבַּעַת אֵלֶּה. וְהָאֵשׁ נִקְרֵאת "חֹשֶׁךְ", מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָאֵשׁ הַיְּסוֹדִית חֲשׁוּכָה; וְאִלּוּ הָיְתָה אֲדֻמָּה, הָיְתָה מַאֲדִימָה לָנוּ הַלַּיְלָה. וְהַמַּיִם שֶׁנִּגְבַּל בָּהֶם הֶעָפָר יִקָּרֵא "תְּהוֹם", וְלָכֵן יִקָּרְאוּ מֵי הַיָּם "תְּהֹמוֹת", כְּדִכְתִיב (שמות טו ה): "תְּהֹמֹת יְכַסְיֻמוּ"; "קָפְאוּ תְּהֹמֹת" (שם ח); "תְּהוֹם יְסֹבְבֵנִי" (יונה ב ו). וְיִקָּרֵא קַרְקַע הַיָּם "תְּהוֹם": "וַיִּגְעַר בְּיַם סוּף וַיֶּחֱרָב וַיּוֹלִיכֵם בַּתְּהֹמוֹת כַּמִּדְבָּר" (תהלים קו ט); "מוֹלִיכָם בַּתְּהֹמוֹת כַּסּוּס בַּמִּדְבָּר" (ישעיהו סג יג). וְהָאֲוִיר יִקָּרֵא "רוּחַ". וּכְבָר נוֹדַע כִּי הַיְּסוֹדוֹת הָאַרְבָּעָה – מִקְשָׁה אַחַת, וְהָעַמּוּד שֶׁלָּהּ הוּא עִגּוּל הָאָרֶץ. וְהַמַּיִם מַקִּיפִין עַל הָאָרֶץ, וְהָאֲוִיר מַקִּיף עַל הַמַּיִם, וְהָאֵשׁ מַקִּיף עַל הָאֲוִיר. וְאָמַר הַכָּתוּב כִּי הָאָרֶץ לָבְשָׁה צוּרָה, וְהָיָה הָאֵשׁ מַקִּיף לְמַעְלָה עַל הַמַּיִם וְהֶעָפָר הַמְעֹרָבִים, וְהָרוּחַ מְנַשֶּׁבֶת וְתִכָּנֵס בַּחֹשֶׁךְ וּתְרַחֵף עַל הַמַּיִם. וְיֵרָאֶה לִי שֶׁהַנְּקֻדָּה הַזֹּאת, בְּלָבְשָׁהּ הַצּוּרָה וְהָיְתָה בֹּהוּ, הִיא שֶׁהַחֲכָמִים קוֹרִין אוֹתָהּ "אֶבֶן שְׁתִיָּה" (יומא נד ב) שֶׁמִּמֶּנָּה נִשְׁתַּת הָעוֹלָם. וְהִנֵּה שִׁעוּר הַכְּתוּבִים: בַּתְּחִלָּה בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים מֵאַיִן אֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם, וּבָרָא מֵאַיִן אֶת הָאָרֶץ, וְהָאָרֶץ בְּהִבָּרְאָהּ הָיְתָה תֹהוּ וְהָיְתָה בֹהוּ, וּבָהֶם חֹשֶׁךְ וּמַיִם וְעָפָר, וְרוּחַ נוֹשֶׁבֶת עַל הַמַּיִם. וְהִנֵּה הַכֹּל נִבְרָא וְנַעֲשָׂה. וְסָמַךְ "הָרוּחַ" לְ"אֱלֹהִים", בַּעֲבוּר שֶׁהִיא דַּקָּה מִכֻּלָּם, וּלְמַעְלָה מֵהֶם, רַק שֶׁהִיא מְרַחֶפֶת עַל פְּנֵי הַמָּיִם בְּמַאֲמָרוֹ שֶׁל הקב"ה. וְאִם תְּבַקֵּשׁ בְּרִיאָה לַמַּלְאָכִים שֶׁאֵינָם גּוּף, לֹא נִתְפָּרֵשׁ זֶה בַּתּוֹרָה. וְדָרְשׁוּ בָּהֶם שֶׁנִּבְרְאוּ בְּיוֹם שֵׁנִי, שֶׁלֹּא תֹּאמַר שֶׁסִּיְּעוּ בִּבְרִיאַת הָעוֹלָם. אֲבָל אִם תִּזְכֶּה וְתָבִין סוֹד מִלַּת בְּרֵאשִׁית, וְלָמָּה לֹא הִקְדִּים לוֹמַר "אֱלֹהִים בָּרָא בְּרֵאשִׁית", תֵּדַע כִּי עַל דֶּרֶךְ הָאֱמֶת – הַכָּתוּב יַגִּיד בַּתַּחְתּוֹנִים וְיִרְמֹז בָּעֶלְיוֹנִים. וּמִילַת בְּרֵאשִׁית תִּרְמֹז בַּחָכְמָה, שֶׁהִיא רֵאשִׁית הָרָאשִׁים, כַּאֲשֶׁר הִזְכַּרְתִּי. וּלְכָךְ תִּרְגְּמוּ בְּתַרְגּוּם יְרוּשַׁלְמִי "בְּחָכְמְתָא", וְהַמִּילָה מֻכְתֶּרֶת בְּכֶתֶר בֵּי"ת.

IN THE BEGINNING G-D CREATED. Rabbi Yitzchak said: The Torah, which is the book of laws, should have begun with the verse, This month shall be unto you the first of the months, which is the first commandment given to Israel. What then is the reason that it begins with the creation? Should the nations of the world say to Israel, “You are robbers because you took unto yourselves the lands of the seven nations of Canaan,” they [Israel] may reply to them, “The whole world belongs to the Holy One, blessed be He. He gave it to whom He pleased, and according to His Will, He took it [the land] from them and gave it to us.” This is a homiletic exposition as quoted by Rabbi Shlomo [Rashi] in his commentaries. One may object that it was indeed very necessary to begin the Torah with the chapter of In the beginning G-d created for this is the root of faith, and he who does not believe in this and thinks the world was eternal denies the essential principle of the [Judaic] religion and has no Torah at all. The answer is that the process of creation is a deep mystery not to be understood from the verses, and it cannot truly be known except through the tradition going back to Moses our teacher who received it from the mouth of the Almighty, and those who know it are obligated to conceal it. It is for this reason that Rabbi Yitzchak said that it was not necessary for the Torah to begin with the chapter of In the beginning G-d created and the narration of what was created on the first day, what was done on the second and other days, as well as a prolonged account of the creation of Adam and Eve, their sin and punishment, and the story of the Garden of Eden and the expulsion of Adam from it, because all this cannot be understood completely from the verses. It is all the more unnecessary for the story of the generations of the flood and of the dispersion to be written in the Torah for there is no great need of these narratives, and, for people who believe in the Torah, it would suffice without these verses. They would believe in the general statement mentioned to them in the Ten Commandments: For in six days the Eternal made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day, and the knowledge of the process of creation would remain with individuals as a tradition from Moses who received the law on Sinai together with the Oral Torah. Rabbi Yitzchak then gave a reason for it. The Torah began with the chapter of In the beginning G-d created and recounted the whole subject of creation until the making of man, how He [G-d] granted him dominion over the works of His hands, and that He put all things under his feet; and how the Garden of Eden, which is the choicest of places created in this world, was made the place of his abode until his sin caused his expulsion therefrom; and how the people of the generation of the flood were completely expelled from the world on account of their sin, and the only righteous one among them — he [Noah] and his children — were saved; and how the sin of their descendants caused them to be scattered to various places and dispersed to different countries, and how subsequently they seized unto themselves places after their families, in their nations, as chance permitted. If so, it is proper that when a people continues to sin it should lose its place and another people should come to inherit its land, for such has been the rule of G-d in the world from the beginning. This is true all the more regarding that which is related in Scripture, namely that Canaan was cursed and sold as a servant forever. It would therefore not be proper that he inherit the choicest of places of the civilized world. Rather, the servants of G-d — the seed of His beloved one, Abraham — should inherit it, even as it is written, And He gave them the lands of the nations, and they took the labor of the peoples in possession; that they might keep His statutes, and observe His laws. That is to say, He expelled those who rebelled against Him, and settled therein those who served Him so that they know by serving Him they will inherit it, whereas if they sin against Him, the land will vomit them out, just as it vomited out the nation before them. Elucidating the explanation I have written are the words of the Sages in Bereshith Rabbah, wherein they say as follows: “Rabbi Yehoshua, of the city of Siknin, in the name of Rabbi Levi opened [his discourse on this chapter of Creation with the verse]: He hath declared to His people the power of His works. Why did the Holy One, blessed be He, reveal to Israel what was created on the first day and what was created on the second day? It is on account of the seven nations who inhabited the land of Canaan, so that they should not taunt Israel and say to them: ‘Are you not a nation of robbers?’ Israel could then reply to them: ‘And you, is it not booty in your hands? Have not the Caphtorim that came forth from Caphtor destroyed them and dwelt in their stead? The world and the fullness thereof belong to the Holy One, blessed be He. When He willed it, He gave it to you, and when He willed it, He took it from you and gave it to us.’ It is this which Scripture says, To give them the heritage of the nations. He hath declared to His people the power of His works in order to give them the heritage of the nations. Hence He told them the account of creation.” There is yet another source for the subject I have mentioned: the mysteries in the process of creation. It is what our Rabbis of blessed memory have said: “He hath declared to His people the power of His works. To declare the power of the process of creation to a mortal being is impossible. Therefore, Scripture closed the matter: In the beginning G-d created.” Thus is elucidated what we have said on this subject. AND ‘ELOKIM’ (G-D) SAID. The word Elokim means “the Master of all forces,” for the root of the word is e-il, meaning force, and the word Elokim is a composite consisting of the words e-il heim, as if the word e-il is in a construct state, and heim, [literally] “they,” alludes to all other forces. Thus Elokim means “the Force of all forces.” A secret will yet be disclosed in connection with this. If so, the simple correct explanation of the verse is as follows: In the beginning G-d created the heavens means He brought forth their matter from nothing; and the earth means that He brought forth its matter from nothing. And the earth, includes all the four elements, [not merely the land] as in the verse, And the heaven and the earth were finished, which includes the entire lower sphere, and in Praise the Eternal from the earth, ye sea-monsters, and all deeps, and as in many other verses. Now with this creation, which was like a very small point having no substance, everything in the heavens and on the earth was created. The word eth —[eth hashamayim ve’eth ha’aretz] — is like “the essence of a thing.” The Sages have always set it forth as serving to include, since it is derived from the expression, The morning ‘atha’ (cometh), and also the night. And so did our Rabbis say: “‘Eth hashamayim (the heavens)’ — eth includes the sun, moon, stars and constellations. ‘Ve’eth ha’aretz (and the earth)’ — ve’eth includes the trees, herbs, and the Garden of Eden.” These include all created things which are corporeal. Now after having said that with one command G-d created at first the heavens and the earth and all their hosts, Scripture returns and explains that the earth after this creation was tohu, that is, matter without substance. It became bohu when He clothed it with form. Then it [Scripture] explains that in this form was included the form of the four elements: fire, water, earth, and air. The word ha’aretz (the earth) includes these four elements. In this verse, the element of fire is called “darkness” because the elemental fire is dark. Were it red, it would redden the night for us. The element of water with which the dust was kneaded is here called “deep.” This is why the waters of the oceans are called “the deeps,” as it is written, The deeps cover them; The deeps were congealed; The deep was round about me. The bottom of the ocean is also referred to as “deep:” And He rebuked the Red Sea, and it was dried up, and He led them through the depths, as a wilderness; He led them through the deep as a horse in the wilderness. And the element air is here called “spirit.” Now it is already known that the four elements fill up the whole space with matter. That which stands still is the sphere of earth. The waters surround the earth, the air encompasses the waters, and the fire envelopes the air. Scripture thus states that the earth took on form, and the fire above enveloped the intermingled waters and dust, and the wind blew and rose in the darkness and hovered over the waters. It appears to me that this [primeval] point, [which G-d created out of absolute nought], which took on form and became bohu, is what the Sages call: “‘The rock of foundation’ from which the world was founded.” The purport of the verses is thus: In the beginning G-d created the heavens from nought, and He created the earth from nought. The earth, when created, was tohu and then it became bohu, and in these there were “darkness” [i.e., fire, as explained above], water, dust and the wind blowing upon the water. Thus everything was created and made. The reason why ruach (wind) is attached to the name of G-d [as it says, and the spirit of God] is that it is the least substantial of all elements and is above them, hovering upon the face of the waters only by command of the Holy One, blessed be He. In case you seek information concerning the creation of the incorporeal angels, you will not find it explained in the Torah. The Sages, however, have explained concerning them that they were created on the second day, so that you should not say that they assisted in the creation of the world. But if you will merit and understand the secret of the word bereshith and why Scripture does not begin by saying, “G-d created in the beginning,” you will know that, in the way of truth, Scripture tells about the lower creations and alludes to the higher ones and that the word bereshith refers covertly to the Emanation called Wisdom, which is the head of all beginnings, as I have mentioned. This is why they translated bereshith in the Jerusalem Targum to mean “in wisdom,” and the word is adorned in the Torah with a crown on the letter beth.

Source 13 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban: The Meaning of Sacrifices

Ramban on Leviticus 17:11

Ramban disputes Rambam's famous claim (Guide III:32) that sacrifices were instituted merely as a concession to Israel's psychological need after Egyptian idol-worship. Ramban insists sacrifices are intrinsically meaningful: the animal substitutes for the person, expressing atonement at the deepest metaphysical level.

וְהָרַב כָּתַב בְּמוֹרֶה הַנְּבֻכִים (ג מו) כִּי הָיוּ הַכַּשְׂדִּים מוֹאֲסִים הַדָּם וְיַחְשְׁבוּהוּ לָהֶם לְטֻמְאָה, אֲבָל יֹאכְלוּ מִמֶּנּוּ הָרוֹצִים לְהִתְחַבֵּר לַשֵּׁדִים וּלְהִנָּבֵא מֵהֶם הָעֲתִידוֹת, וְהַתּוֹרָה תְּכַוֵּן לְעוֹלָם לַהֲרֹס בִּנְיְנֵי סִכְלוּתָם בְּהִפּוּךְ מַחְשְׁבוֹתֵיהֶם וּלְכָךְ אָסְרָה הַדָּם בַּאֲכִילָה וּבָחֲרָה בּוֹ לְהִטַּהֵר בַּהַזָּאוֹת וּלְזָרְקוֹ עַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ לְכַפָּרָה. וּלְכָךְ אָמַר (ויקרא י"ז:י') "וְנָתַתִּי פָנַי בַּנֶּפֶשׁ הָאֹכֶלֶת אֶת הַדָּם" כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר בְּנוֹתֵן מִזַּרְעוֹ לַמֹּלֶךְ (ויקרא כ':ו') שֶׁהוּא מֵבִיא לְמִין מִמִּינֵי ע"ז, כִּי לֹא נֶאֱמַר כֵּן בְּמִצְוָה אַחֶרֶת. וְאֵלּוּ דְּבָרִים מְיֻשָּׁבִים, אֲבָל הַכְּתוּבִים לֹא יוֹרוּ כֵן, שֶׁהֵם יֹאמְרוּ תָּמִיד בְּטַעַם הָאִסּוּר "כִּי נֶפֶשׁ כָּל בָּשָׂר דָּמוֹ בְנַפְשׁוֹ" (ויקרא י"ז:י"ד), "כִּי נֶפֶשׁ הַבָּשָׂר בַּדָּם הִוא" (ויקרא י"ז:י"א), וְהֶחְזִיר בְּמִשְׁנֵה תּוֹרָה (דברים יב כג) "רַק חֲזַק לְבִלְתִּי אֲכֹל הַדָּם כִּי הַדָּם הוּא הַנָּפֶשׁ וְלֹא תֹאכַל הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר".

Source 14 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban vs. Rambam on Biblical Numerical Contradictions

Ramban on Genesis 46:15

The passage states that miracles performed by a prophet or angel to help the righteous or destroy the wicked are not mentioned in Torah or the Prophets, whereas miracles performed through a prophet's prediction or divine angel manifestation are recorded; the author invokes this principle against a scholar's reasoning about Pinchas and other matters, arguing that Torah's foundations rest on hidden miracles rather than natural law, since all of Torah's promises are signs and wonders.

וְהִנֵּה פֶּן יִהְיֶה חָכָם בְּעֵינָיו בִּסְתִירַת דִּבְרֵי רַבּוֹתֵינוּ אֲנִי צָרִיךְ לַעֲנוֹת אֵלָיו, וְאוֹמַר כִּי עַל כָּל פָּנִים יִהְיֶה בִּדְבַר יוֹכֶבֶד פֶּלֶא גָּדוֹל מִן הַנִּסִּים הַנִּסְתָּרִים שֶׁהֵם יְסוֹד הַתּוֹרָה, כִּי הִיא בַּת לֵוִי עַצְמוֹ, לֹא מִתְיַחֶסֶת אֵלָיו, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב (במדבר כו נט) "אֲשֶׁר יָלְדָה אֹתָהּ לְלֵוִי בְּמִצְרָיִם" אֲבָל אֹמַר לְךָ דָּבָר שֶׁהוּא אֱמֶת וּבָרוּר בַּתּוֹרָה, כִּי הַנִּסִּים הַנַּעֲשִׂים עַל יְדֵי נָבִיא שֶׁיִּתְנַבֵּא כֵן מִתְּחִלָּה אוֹ מַלְאָךְ נִגְלֶה בְּמַלְאֲכוּת הַשֵּׁם, יַזְכִּירֵם הַכָּתוּב, וְהַנַּעֲשִׂים מֵאֲלֵיהֶן לַעֲזֹר צַדִּיק אוֹ לְהַכְרִית רָשָׁע, לֹא יַזְכִּירוּ בַּתּוֹרָה אוֹ בַּנְּבִיאִים וְזֶהוּ זָהָב רוֹתֵחַ יוּצַק בְּפִי הֶחָכָם הַזֶּה מִמָּה שֶׁהֵשִׁיב עַל רַבּוֹתֵינוּ בְּעִנְיַן פִּינְחָס (במדבר כה יב) וְזוּלָתוֹ בִּמְקוֹמוֹת הַרְבֵּה, וְלָמָּה יַזְכִּירֵם הַכָּתוּב, כָּל יְסוֹדוֹת הַתּוֹרָה בְּנִסִּים נִסְתָּרִים הֵם, וְעַם הַתּוֹרָה אֵין בְּכָל עִנְיָנוֹ רַק נִסִּים לֹא טֶבַע וּמִנְהָג, שֶׁהֲרֵי יִעוּדֵי הַתּוֹרָה כֻּלָּם אוֹתוֹת וּמוֹפְתִים

Source 15 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on the Reasons for Commandments

Ramban on Deuteronomy 22:6

Ramban disputes the Rambam's principle (in Guide III) that all mitzvot have rational, historical, or hygienic reasons. Commenting on shiluach ha-ken (sending away the mother bird), Ramban argues that such a view diminishes the commandments — the real reason is to train the heart in compassion, not merely rational utility.

וְכָתַב הָרַב בְּמוֹרֶה הַנְּבֻכִים (ג מח) כִּי טַעַם שִׁלּוּחַ הַקֵּן וְטַעַם אֹתוֹ וְאֶת בְּנוֹ לֹא תִשְׁחֲטוּ בְּיוֹם אֶחָד כְּדֵי לְהַזְהִיר שֶׁלֹּא יִשְׁחֹט הַבֵּן בְּעֵינֵי הָאֵם, כִּי יֵשׁ לַבְּהֵמוֹת דְּאָגָה גְּדוֹלָה בָּזֶה, וְאֵין הֶפְרֵשׁ בֵּין דַּאֲגַת הָאָדָם לְדַאֲגַת הַבְּהֵמוֹת עַל בְּנֵיהֶם כִּי אַהֲבַת הָאֵם וְחַנּוֹתָהּ לִבְנֵי בִּטְנָהּ אֵינֶנּוּ נִמְשָׁךְ אַחֲרֵי הַשֵּׂכֶל וְהַדִּבּוּר אֲבָל הוּא מִפְּעֻלַּת כֹּחַ הַמַּחְשָׁבָה הַמְּצוּיָה בַּבְּהֵמוֹת כַּאֲשֶׁר הִיא מְצוּיָה בָּאָדָם. וְאִם כֵּן אֵין עִקַּר הָאִסּוּר בְּאוֹתוֹ וְאֶת בְּנוֹ רַק בִּבְנוֹ וְאוֹתוֹ, אֲבָל הַכֹּל הַרְחָקָה. וְיוֹתֵר נָכוֹן בַּעֲבוּר שֶׁלֹּא נִתְאַכְזֵר.

Source 16 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam: The First Positive Commandment — Belief in God

Mishneh Torah, Positive Mitzvot 1

In his Sefer HaMitzvot, Rambam counts belief in God's existence as the first positive commandment. Ramban's Hasagot (glosses on Sefer HaMitzvot) challenge this enumeration, arguing it is logically impossible to command belief from one who has not yet accepted the Commander, and that the Exodus declaration is the proper basis of commandments.

מִצְוָה רִאשׁוֹנָה מִמִּצְווֹת עֲשֵׂה, לֵידַע שֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁם אֱלוֹהַּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמָר: "אָנֹכִי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ" (שמות כ ב, דברים ה ו).

The first of the positive commandments is the mitzvah to know that there is a God, as [Exodus 20:2] states: "I am God, your Lord."

Source 17 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam on the Messianic Era — Natural vs. Miraculous

Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars 12:1-5:1

Rambam insists the messianic era will be entirely natural — 'the world will follow its normal course' — and that miraculous descriptions in the prophets are parables. Ramban, in his Sefer HaGeulah and Torah commentary, argues strenuously that the redemption will be supernatural and miraculous, and that Rambam's rationalist minimalism distorts prophetic meaning.

אַל יַעֲלֶה עַל הַלֵּב שֶׁבִּימוֹת הַמָּשִׁיחַ יִבָּטֵל דָּבָר מִמִּנְהָגוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם. אוֹ יִהְיֶה שָׁם חִדּוּשׁ בְּמַעֲשֵׂה בְּרֵאשִׁית. אֶלָּא עוֹלָם כְּמִנְהָגוֹ נוֹהֵג. וְזֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בִּישַׁעְיָה (ישעיה יא, ו) "וְגָר זְאֵב עִם כֶּבֶשׂ וְנָמֵר עִם גְּדִי יִרְבָּץ" מָשָׁל וְחִידָה. עִנְיַן הַדָּבָר שֶׁיִּהְיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל יוֹשְׁבִין לָבֶטַח עִם רִשְׁעֵי עַכּוּ"ם הַמְשׁוּלִים כִּזְאֵב וְנָמֵר. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה ה, ו) "זְאֵב עֲרָבוֹת יְשָׁדְדֵם וְנָמֵר שֹׁקֵד עַל עָרֵיהֶם". וְיַחְזְרוּ כֻּלָּם לְדַת הָאֱמֶת. וְלֹא יִגְזְלוּ וְלֹא יַשְׁחִיתוּ. אֶלָּא יֹאכְלוּ דָּבָר הַמֻּתָּר בְּנַחַת עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה יא, ז) "וְאַרְיֵה כַּבָּקָר יֹאכַל תֶּבֶן". וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בְּאֵלּוּ הַדְּבָרִים בְּעִנְיַן הַמָּשִׁיחַ הֵם מְשָׁלִים. וּבִימוֹת הַמֶּלֶךְ הַמָּשִׁיחַ יִוָּדַע לַכּל לְאֵי זֶה דָּבָר הָיָה מָשָׁל. וּמָה עִנְיָן רָמְזוּ בָּהֶן: אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים אֵין בֵּין הָעוֹלָם הַזֶּה לִימוֹת הַמָּשִׁיחַ אֶלָּא שִׁעְבּוּד מַלְכֻיּוֹת בִּלְבַד. יֵרָאֶה מִפְּשׁוּטָן שֶׁל דִּבְרֵי הַנְּבִיאִים. שֶׁבִּתְחִלַּת יְמוֹת הַמָּשִׁיחַ תִּהְיֶה מִלְחֶמֶת גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג. וְשֶׁקֹּדֶם מִלְחֶמֶת גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג יַעֲמֹד נָבִיא לְיַשֵּׁר יִשְׂרָאֵל וּלְהָכִין לִבָּם. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלאכי ג, כג) "הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי שׁלֵחַ לָכֶם אֵת אֵלִיָּה" וְגוֹ'. וְאֵינוֹ בָּא לֹא לְטַמֵּא הַטָּהוֹר. וְלֹא לְטַהֵר הַטָּמֵא. וְלֹא לִפְסל אֲנָשִׁים שֶׁהֵם בְּחֶזְקַת כַּשְׁרוּת. וְלֹא לְהַכְשִׁיר מִי שֶׁהֻחְזְקוּ פְּסוּלִין. אֶלָּא לָשׂוּם שָׁלוֹם בָּעוֹלָם. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלאכי ג, כד) "וְהֵשִׁיב לֵב אָבוֹת עַל בָּנִים". וְיֵשׁ מִן הַחֲכָמִים שֶׁאוֹמְרִים שֶׁקֹּדֶם בִּיאַת הַמָּשִׁיחַ יָבוֹא אֵלִיָּהוּ. וְכָל אֵלּוּ הַדְּבָרִים וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן לֹא יֵדַע אָדָם אֵיךְ יִהְיוּ עַד שֶׁיִּהְיוּ. שֶׁדְּבָרִים סְתוּמִין הֵן אֵצֶל הַנְּבִיאִים. גַּם הַחֲכָמִים אֵין לָהֶם קַבָּלָה בִּדְבָרִים אֵלּוּ. אֶלָּא לְפִי הֶכְרֵעַ הַפְּסוּקִים. וּלְפִיכָךְ יֵשׁ לָהֶם מַחְלֹקֶת בִּדְבָרִים אֵלּוּ. וְעַל כָּל פָּנִים אֵין סִדּוּר הֲוָיַת דְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ וְלֹא דִּקְדּוּקֵיהֶן עִקָּר בַּדָּת. וּלְעוֹלָם לֹא יִתְעַסֵּק אָדָם בְּדִבְרֵי הַהַגָּדוֹת. וְלֹא יַאֲרִיךְ בַּמִּדְרָשׁוֹת הָאֲמוּרִים בְּעִנְיָנִים אֵלּוּ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. וְלֹא יְשִׂימֵם עִקָּר. שֶׁאֵין מְבִיאִין לֹא לִידֵי יִרְאָה וְלֹא לִידֵי אַהֲבָה. וְכֵן לֹא יְחַשֵּׁב הַקִּצִּין. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים תִּפַּח רוּחָם שֶׁל מְחַשְּׁבֵי הַקִּצִּים. אֶלָּא יְחַכֶּה וְיַאֲמִין בִּכְלַל הַדָּבָר כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ:

Do not presume that in the Messianic age any facet of the world's nature will change or there will be innovations in the work of creation. Rather, the world will continue according to its pattern. Although Isaiah 11:6 states: 'The wolf will dwell with the lamb, the leopard will lie down with the young goat,' these words are a metaphor and a parable. The interpretation of the prophecy is as follows: Israel will dwell securely together with the wicked gentiles who are likened to a wolf and a leopard, as in the prophecy Jeremiah 5:6: 'A wolf from the wilderness shall spoil them and a leopard will stalk their cities.' They will all return to the true faith and no longer steal or destroy. Rather, they will eat permitted food at peace with Israel as Isaiah 11:7 states: 'The lion will eat straw like an ox.' Similarly, other Messianic prophecies of this nature are metaphors. In the Messianic era, everyone will realize which matters were implied by these metaphors and which allusions they contained. Our Sages taught: "There will be no difference between the current age and the Messianic era except the emancipation from our subjugation to the gentile kingdoms." The simple interpretation of the prophets' words appear to imply that the war of Gog and Magog will take place at the beginning of the Messianic age. Before the war of Gog and Magog, a prophet will arise to inspire Israel to be upright and prepare their hearts, as Malachi 3:22 states: 'Behold, I am sending you Elijah.' He will not come to declare the pure, impure, or to declare the impure, pure. He will not dispute the lineage of those presumed to be of proper pedigree, nor will he validate the pedigree of those whose lineage is presumed blemished. Rather, he will establish peace within the world as ibid. 3:24 continues: 'He will turn the hearts of the fathers to the children." There are some Sages who say that Elijah's coming will precede the coming of the Mashiach. All these and similar matters cannot be definitely known by man until they occur for these matters are undefined in the prophets' words and even the wise men have no established tradition regarding these matters except their own interpretation of the verses. Therefore, there is a controversy among them regarding these matters. Regardless of the debate concerning these questions, neither the order of the occurrence of these events or their precise detail are among the fundamental principles of the faith. A person should not occupy himself with the Aggadot and homiletics concerning these and similar matters, nor should he consider them as essentials, for study of them will neither bring fear or love of God. Similarly, one should not try to determine the appointed time for Mashiach's coming. Our Sages declared: 'May the spirits of those who attempt to determine the time of Mashiach's coming expire!' Rather, one should await and believe in the general conception of the matter as explained.

Source 18 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam: Who Is Called a Heretic (Apikoros)

Mishneh Torah, Repentance 3:6-7:1

Rambam includes among those who have no share in the World to Come anyone who denies the corporeality of God or resurrection of the dead. Ramban sharply disagrees with Rambam's formulation of Thirteen Principles as binding dogma, arguing in his Sefer HaEmunah u'Bitachon and elsewhere that Torah and tradition do not operate through a rigid creedal structure in the same systematic way.

וְאֵלּוּ הֵן שֶׁאֵין לָהֶן חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא אֶלָּא נִכְרָתִים וְאוֹבְדִין וְנִדּוֹנִין עַל גֹּדֶל רִשְׁעָם וְחַטָּאתָם לְעוֹלָם וּלְעוֹלְמֵי עוֹלָמִים. הַמִּינִים. וְהָאֶפִּיקוֹרוֹסִין. וְהַכּוֹפְרִים בַּתּוֹרָה. וְהַכּוֹפְרִים בִּתְחִיַּת הַמֵּתִים וּבְבִיאַת הַגּוֹאֵל. הַמּוֹרְדִים. וּמַחֲטִיאֵי הָרַבִּים. וְהַפּוֹרְשִׁין מִדַּרְכֵי צִבּוּר. וְהָעוֹשֶׂה עֲבֵרוֹת בְּיָד רָמָה בְּפַרְהֶסְיָא כִּיהוֹיָקִים. וְהַמּוֹסְרִים. וּמַטִּילֵי אֵימָה עַל הַצִּבּוּר שֶׁלֹּא לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם. וְשׁוֹפְכֵי דָּמִים. וּבַעֲלֵי לָשׁוֹן הָרַע. וְהַמּוֹשֵׁךְ עָרְלָתוֹ: חֲמִשָּׁה הֵן הַנִּקְרָאִים מִינִים. הָאוֹמֵר שֶׁאֵין שָׁם אֱלוֹהַּ וְאֵין לָעוֹלָם מַנְהִיג. וְהָאוֹמֵר שֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁם מַנְהִיג אֲבָל הֵן שְׁנַיִם אוֹ יוֹתֵר. וְהָאוֹמֵר שֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁם רִבּוֹן אֶחָד אֲבָל שֶׁהוּא גּוּף וּבַעַל תְּמוּנָה. וְכֵן הָאוֹמֵר שֶׁאֵינוֹ לְבַדּוֹ הָרִאשׁוֹן וְצוּר לַכֹּל. וְכֵן הָעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָב אוֹ מַזָּל וְזוּלָתוֹ כְּדֵי לִהְיוֹת מֵלִיץ בֵּינוֹ וּבֵין רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים. כָּל אֶחָד מֵחֲמִשָּׁה אֵלּוּ הוּא מִין:

The following individuals do not have a portion in the world to come. Rather, their [souls] are cut off and they are judged for their great wickedness and sins, forever: the Minim, the Epicursim, those who deny the Torah, those who deny the resurrection of the dead and the coming of the [Messianic] redeemer, those who rebel [against God], those who cause the many to sin, those who separate themselves from the community, those who proudly commit sins in public as Jehoyakim did, those who betray Jews to gentile authorities, those who cast fear upon the people for reasons other than the service of God, murderers, slanderers, one who extends his foreskin [so as not to appear circumcised]. Five individuals are described as Minim: a) one who says there is no God nor ruler of the world; b) one who accepts the concept of a ruler, but maintains that there are two or more; c) one who accepts that there is one Master [of the world], but maintains that He has a body or form; d) one who maintains that He was not the sole First Being and Creator of all existence; e) one who serves a star, constellation, or other entity so that it will serve as an intermediary between him and the eternal Lord. Each of these five individuals is a Min.

Philosophical Disputes Between Rambam and Ramban — Mekoros