Rambam (Guide II:42) argues that all biblical appearances of angels were prophetic visions, not physical events. Ramban directly challenges this in his commentary on the three visitors to Abraham, insisting the angels were real physical beings who ate, walked, and spoke — one of the sharpest peshat versus philosophical disputes between them.
וַיֵּרָא אֵלָיו לְשׁוֹן רַשִׁ"י (רש"י על בראשית י"ח:א') לְבַקֵּר אֶת הַחוֹלֶה. אָמַר רַבִּי חָמָא בַּר חֲנִינָא, יוֹם שְׁלִישִׁי לְמִילָתוֹ הָיָה, וּבָא הקב"ה וְשָׁאַל בּוֹ. "וְהִנֵּה שְׁלֹשָׁה אֲנָשִׁים", הַמַּלְאָכִים שֶׁבָּאוּ אֵלָיו בִּדְמוּת אֲנָשִׁים שְׁלֹשָׁה, אֶחָד לְבַשֵּׂר אֶת שָׂרָה, וְאֶחָד לְרַפְּאוֹת אֶת אַבְרָהָם, וְאֶחָד לַהֲפֹךְ אֶת סְדוֹם, וּרְפָאֵל שֶׁרִפֵּא אֶת אַבְרָהָם הָלַךְ מִשָּׁם לְהַצִּיל אֶת לוֹט, שֶׁאֵין זֶה שְׁתֵּי שְׁלִיחוּת, כִּי הָיָה בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר וְנִצְטַוָּה בּוֹ אַחַר כֵּן, אוֹ שֶׁשְּׁתֵּיהֶן לְהַצָּלָה. "וַיֹּאכֵלוּ", נִרְאוּ כְּמִי שֶׁאָכְלוּ. וּבְסֵפֶר מוֹרֶה הַנְּבֻכִים (ב מב) נֶאֱמַר כִּי הַפָּרָשָׁה כְּלָל וּפְרָט, אָמַר הַכָּתוּב תְּחִלָּה כִּי נִרְאָה אֵלָיו הַשֵּׁם בְּמַרְאוֹת הַנְּבוּאָה, וְאֵיךְ הָיְתָה הַמַּרְאָה הַזֹּאת, כִּי נָשָׂא עֵינָיו בַּמַּרְאָה וְהִנֵּה ג' אֲנָשִׁים נִצָּבִים עָלָיו, "וַיֹּאמַר אִם נָא מָצָאתִי חֵן בְּעֵינֶיךָ" זֶה סִפּוּר מָה שֶׁאָמַר בְּמַרְאֵה הַנְּבוּאָה לְאֶחָד מֵהֶם, הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁבָּהֶם. וְאִם בַּמַּרְאָה לֹא נִרְאוּ אֵלָיו רַק אֲנָשִׁים אוֹכְלִים בָּשָׂר, אֵיךְ אָמַר "וַיֵּרָא אֵלָיו ה'", כִּי הִנֵּה לֹא נִרְאָה לוֹ הַשֵּׁם לֹא בְּמַרְאָה וְלֹא בְּמַחְשָׁבָה, וְכָכָה לֹא נִמְצָא בְּכָל הַנְּבוּאוֹת. וְהִנֵּה לִדְבָרָיו לֹא לָשָׁה שָׂרָה עוּגוֹת וְלֹא עָשָׂה אַבְרָהָם בֶּן בָּקָר וְגַם לֹא צָחֲקָה שָׂרָה, רַק הַכֹּל מַרְאָה, וְאִם כֵּן בָּא הַחֲלוֹם הַזֶּה בְּרוֹב עִנְיָן כַּחֲלוֹמוֹת הַשֶּׁקֶר, כִּי מָה תּוֹעֶלֶת לְהַרְאוֹת לוֹ כָּל זֶה. וְכֵן אָמַר (שם) בְּעִנְיַן "וַיֵּאָבֵק אִישׁ עִמּוֹ" (בראשית ל"ב:כ"ה) שֶׁהַכֹּל מַרְאֵה הַנְּבוּאָה, וְלֹא יָדַעְתִּי לָמָּה הָיָה צוֹלֵעַ עַל יְרֵכוֹ בְּהָקִיץ, וְלָמָּה אָמַר (בראשית ל"ב:ל"א) "כִּי רָאִיתִי אֱלֹהִים פָּנִים אֶל פָּנִים וַתִּנָּצֵל נַפְשִׁי", כִּי הַנְּבִיאִים לֹא יִפְחֲדוּ שֶׁיָּמוּתוּ מִפְּנֵי מַרְאוֹת הַנְּבוּאָה, וּכְבָר רָאָה מַרְאָה גְּדוֹלָה וְנִכְבֶּדֶת מִזֹּאת, כִּי גַּם אֶת הַשֵּׁם הַנִּכְבָּד רָאָה פְּעָמִים רַבּוֹת בְּמַרְאֵה הַנְּבוּאָה (עיין להלן כח יג לא ג). וְהִנֵּה לְפִי דַּעְתּוֹ זֹאת יִצְטָרֵךְ לוֹמַר כֵּן בְּעִנְיַן לוֹט, כִּי לֹא בָּאוּ הַמַּלְאָכִים אֶל בֵּיתוֹ וְלֹא אָפָה לָהֶם מַצּוֹת וַיֹּאכֵלוּ, אֲבָל הַכֹּל הָיָה מַרְאָה, וְאִם יַעֲלֶה אֶת לוֹט לְמַעֲלַת מַרְאֵה הַנְּבוּאָה אֵיךְ יִהְיוּ אַנְשֵׁי סְדוֹם הָרָעִים וְהַחַטָּאִים נְבִיאִים, כִּי מִי הִגִּיד לָהֶם שֶׁבָּאוּ אֲנָשִׁים אֶל בֵּיתוֹ, וְאִם הַכֹּל מַרְאוֹת נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל לוֹט, יִהְיֶה "וַיָּאִיצוּ הַמַּלְאָכִים וְגוֹ' קוּם קַח אֶת אִשְׁתְּךָ" "וַיֹּאמֶר הִמָּלֵט עַל נַפְשֶׁךָ" (להלן יט טו יז) וְ"הִנֵּה נָשָׂאתִי פָנֶיךָ" (שם כא) וְכָל הַפָּרָשָׁה כֻּלָּהּ – מַרְאָה, וְיִשָּׁאֵר לוֹט בִּסְדוֹם. אֲבָל יַחְשֹׁב שֶׁהָיוּ הַמַּעֲשִׂים נַעֲשִׂים מֵאֲלֵיהֶם, וְהַמַּאֲמָרִים בְּכָל דָּבָר וְדָבָר מַרְאָה. וְאֵלֶּה דְּבָרִים סוֹתְרִים הַכָּתוּב, אָסוּר לְשָׁמְעָם אַף כִּי לְהַאֲמִין בָּהֶם. וּבֶאֱמֶת כִּי כָל מָקוֹם שֶׁהֻזְכַּר בַּכָּתוּב רְאִיַּת מַלְאָךְ אוֹ דִּבּוּר מַלְאָךְ הוּא בְּמַרְאָה אוֹ בַּחֲלוֹם, כִּי הַהֶרְגֵּשִׁים לֹא יַשִּׂיגוּ הַמַּלְאָכִים, אֲבָל לֹא מַרְאוֹת הַנְּבוּאָה, כִּי הַמַּשִּׂיג לִרְאוֹת מַלְאָךְ אוֹ דִּבּוּרוֹ אֵינֶנּוּ נָבִיא, שֶׁאֵין הַדָּבָר כְּמוֹ שֶׁהָרַב גּוֹזֵר (במו"נ ב לד ובהלכות יסוה"ת ז ו), כִּי כָל נָבִיא זוּלַת מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ נְבוּאָתוֹ עַל יְדֵי מַלְאָךְ. וּכְבָר אָמְרוּ (מגילה ג) בְּדָנִיֵּאל, אִינְהוּ עֲדִיפֵי מִנֵּהּ דְּאִינְהוּ נְבִיאֵי וְאִיהוּ לָאו נָבִיא, וְכֵן לֹא נִכְתַּב סִפְרוֹ עִם סֵפֶר הַנְּבִיאִים מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָיָה עִנְיָנוֹ עִם גַּבְרִיאֵל, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָיָה נִרְאֶה אֵלָיו וּמְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ בְּהָקִיץ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בַּמַּרְאָה שֶׁל בַּיִת שֵׁנִי "וְעוֹד אֲנִי מְדַבֵּר בַּתְּפִלָּה וְהָאִישׁ גַּבְרִיאֵל" (דניאל ט כא), וְכֵן הַמַּרְאָה שֶׁל קֵץ הַגְּאֻלָּה (שם י ד) בְּהָקִיץ הָיְתָה, בְּלֶכְתּוֹ עִם חֲבֵרָיו עַל יַד הַנָּהָר. וְאֵין הָגָר הַמִּצְרִית מִכְּלַל הַנְּבִיאוֹת, וּבָרוּר הוּא גַּם כֵּן שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה עִנְיָנָהּ בַּת קוֹל כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר הָרַב (במו"נ שם). וְהַכָּתוּב חִלֵּק נְבוּאַת מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ מִנְּבוּאַת הָאָבוֹת כְּמָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ו ג) "וָאֵרָא אֶל אַבְרָהָם אֶל יִצְחָק וְאֶל יַעֲקֹב בְּאֵל שַׁדָּי", וְזֶה שֵׁם מִשְּׁמוֹת הַקֹּדֶשׁ לַבּוֹרֵא, אֵינֶנּוּ כִּנּוּי לְמַלְאָךְ. וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ עוֹד לִמְּדוּ עַל הַחִלּוּק שֶׁבֵּינֵיהֶם וְאָמְרוּ (ויק"ר א יד), מָה בֵּין מֹשֶׁה לְכָל הַנְּבִיאִים, רַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי כָּל הַנְּבִיאִים רָאוּ מִתּוֹךְ אַסְפַּקְלַרְיָא שֶׁאֵינָהּ מְצֻחְצַחַת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (הושע יב יא) "וְאָנֹכִי חָזוֹן הִרְבֵּיתִי וּבְיַד הַנְּבִיאִים אֲדַמֶּה", וּמֹשֶׁה רָאָה מִתּוֹךְ אַסְפַּקְלַרְיָא מְצֻחְצַחַת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר יב ח) "וּתְמוּנַת ה' יַבִּיט", כְּמוֹ שֶׁהוּא מְפֹרָשׁ בְּוַיִּקְרָא רַבָּה (שם) וּמְקוֹמוֹת אֲחֵרִים (יבמות מט), וְלֹא נָתְנוּ בְּשׁוּם מָקוֹם נְבוּאָתָם לְמַלְאָךְ. וְאַל תִּשּׁוֹמֵם בַּעֲבוּר שֶׁכָּתוּב (מלכים א יג יח) "גַּם אֲנִי נָבִיא כָּמוֹךָ וּמַלְאָךְ דִּבֶּר אֵלַי בִּדְבַר ה' לֵאמֹר", כִּי פֵּרוּשׁוֹ גַּם אֲנִי נָבִיא כָּמוֹךָ וְיוֹדֵעַ אֲנִי שֶׁהַמַּלְאָךְ שֶׁדִּבֵּר אֵלַי בִּדְבַר ה' הוּא, וְזוֹ מַדְרֵגָה מִמַּדְרֵגוֹת הַנְּבוּאָה, כַּאֲשֶׁר אָמַר אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים "כִּי כֵן צִוָּה אֹתִי בִּדְבַר ה'" (שם יג ט), וְאָמַר "כִּי דָבָר אֵלַי בִּדְבַר ה'" (שם יג יז) וּכְבָר אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (במד"ר כ ג) בְּעִנְיַן בִּלְעָם שֶׁאָמַר "וְעַתָּה אִם רַע בְּעֵינֶיךָ אָשׁוּבָה לִּי" (במדבר כב לד), אֲנִי לֹא הָלַכְתִּי עַד שֶׁאָמַר לִי הקב"ה "קוּם לֵךְ אִתָּם" (שם שם כ), וְאַתָּה אוֹמֵר שֶׁאֶחְזֹר, כָּךְ הוּא אֻמָּנוּתוֹ, לֹא כָּךְ אָמַר לְאַבְרָהָם לְהַקְרִיב אֶת בְּנוֹ וְאַחַר כָּךְ "וַיִּקְרָא מַלְאַךְ ה' אֶל אַבְרָהָם וַיֹּאמֶר אַל תִּשְׁלַח יָדְךָ אֶל הַנַּעַר" (בראשית כ"ב:י"ב), לָמוּד הוּא לוֹמַר דָּבָר וּמַלְאָךְ מַחְזִירוֹ וְכוּ'. הִנֵּה הַחֲכָמִים מִתְעוֹרְרִים לוֹמַר שֶׁאֵין הַנְּבוּאָה בַּדִּבּוּר הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁהִזְכִּיר בּוֹ הַשֵּׁם שָׁוָה לַדִּבּוּר הַשֵּׁנִי שֶׁאָמַר בּוֹ שֶׁהוּא עַל יְדֵי מַלְאָךְ, אֶלָּא שֶׁהוּא דֶּרֶךְ בַּנְּבִיאִים שֶׁיְּצַוֶּה בִּנְבוּאָה וִיבַטֵּל הַצַּוָּאָה בְּמַלְאָךְ, כִּי הַנָּבִיא יוֹדֵעַ כִּי דְבַר ה' הוּא. וּבִתְחִלַּת וַיִּקְרָא רַבָּה (א ט) אָמְרוּ, "וַיִּקְרָא אֶל מֹשֶׁה", לֹא כְּאַבְרָהָם, בְּאַבְרָהָם כָּתוּב "וַיִּקְרָא מַלְאַךְ ה' אֶל אַבְרָהָם שֵׁנִית מִן הַשָּׁמָיִם" (בראשית כ"ב:ט"ו), הַמַּלְאָךְ קוֹרֵא וְהַדִּבּוּר מְדַבֵּר, בְּרַם הָכָא אָמַר הקב"ה אֲנִי הוּא הַקּוֹרֵא וַאֲנִי הוּא הַמְדַבֵּר. כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה אַבְרָהָם מַשִּׂיג הַנְּבוּאָה עַד הֲכִינוֹ נַפְשׁוֹ בַּתְּחִלָּה לְהַשָּׂגַת מַלְאָךְ, וְיַעֲלֶה מִן הַמַּדְרֵגָה הַהִיא לְמַעֲלַת דִּבּוּר הַנְּבוּאָה, אֲבָל מֹשֶׁה מוּכָן לַנְּבוּאָה בְּכָל עֵת. הִנֵּה בְּכָל מָקוֹם יִתְעוֹרְרוּ הַחֲכָמִים לְהוֹדִיעֵנוּ כִּי רְאִיַּת הַמַּלְאָךְ אֵינֶנָּה נְבוּאָה, וְאֵין הָרוֹאִים מַלְאָכִים וְהַמְּדַבְּרִים עִמָּם מִכְּלַל הַנְּבִיאִים, כַּאֲשֶׁר הִזְכַּרְתִּי בְּדָנִיֵּאל, אֲבָל הִיא מַרְאָה תִּקָּרֵא "גְּלוּי עֵינַיִם", כְּמוֹ "וַיְגַל הַשֵּׁם אֶת עֵינֵי בִלְעָם וַיַּרְא אֶת מַלְאַךְ ה'" (במדבר כב לא), וְכֵן "וַיִּתְפַּלֵּל אֱלִישָׁע וַיֹּאמַר ה' פְּקַח נָא אֶת עֵינָיו וְיִרְאֶה" (מלכים ב ו יז), אֲבָל בִּמְקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יַזְכִּיר הַמַּלְאָכִים בְּשֵׁם "אֲנָשִׁים" כְּעִנְיַן הַפָּרָשָׁה הַזֹּאת וּפָרָשַׁת לוֹט, וְכֵן "וַיֵּאָבֵק אִישׁ עִמּוֹ" (בראשית ל"ב:כ"ה) וְכֵן "וַיִּמְצָאֵהוּ אִישׁ" (שם לז טו) עַל דַּעַת רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (תנחומא וישב ב), הוּא כָּבוֹד נִבְרָא בַּמַּלְאָכִים, יִקָּרֵא אֵצֶל הַיּוֹדְעִים "מַלְבּוּשׁ", יֻשַּׂג לְעֵינֵי בָּשָׂר בְּזַכֵּי הַנְּפָשׁוֹת כַּחֲסִידִים וּבְנֵי הַנְּבִיאִים, וְלֹא אוּכַל לְפָרֵשׁ. וְהַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר תִּמְצָא בּוֹ רְאִיַּת ה' וְדִבּוּר מַלְאָךְ אוֹ רְאִיַּת מַלְאָךְ וְדִבּוּר ה', כַּכָּתוּב בְּדִבְרֵי מֹשֶׁה בִּתְחִלַּת נְבוּאָתוֹ, (שמות ג ב-ד) וּבְדִבְרֵי זְכַרְיָה (ג א-ב), עוֹד אֲגַלֶּה בּוֹ דִּבְרֵי אֱלֹהִים חַיִּים בִּרְמִיזוֹת (עיין שמות ג ב). וְעִנְיַן "וַיֹּאכֵלוּ" אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים (ב"ר מח יד) רִאשׁוֹן רִאשׁוֹן מִסְתַּלֵּק. וְעִנְיַן הַהִסְתַּלְּקוּת תָּבִין אוֹתוֹ מִדְּבַר מָנוֹחַ אִם תִּזְכֶּה אֵלָיו. וְהִנֵּה פֵּרוּשׁ הַפָּרָשָׁה הַזֹּאת אַחֲרֵי שֶׁאָמַר כִּי בְּעֶצֶם הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה נִמּוֹל אַבְרָהָם (בראשית י"ז:כ"ו), אָמַר שֶׁנִּרְאָה אֵלָיו הַשֵּׁם בִּהְיוֹתוֹ חוֹלֶה בְּמִילָתוֹ יוֹשֵׁב וּמִתְקָרֵר בְּפֶתַח אָהֳלוֹ מִפְּנֵי חֹם הַיּוֹם אֲשֶׁר יַחֲלִישֶׁנּוּ. וְהִזְכִּיר זֶה לְהוֹדִיעַ שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה מִתְכַּוֵּן לִנְבוּאָה, לֹא נוֹפֵל עַל פָּנָיו וְלֹא מִתְפַּלֵּל, וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן בָּאָה אֵלָיו הַמַּרְאָה הַזֹּאת.
AND HE APPEARED TO HIM. Rashi comments: “To visit the sick man. Said Rabbi Chama the son of Chanina, ‘It was the third day after his circumcision, and the Holy One, blessed be He, came and inquired after him.’ And, lo, three men: angels who came to him in the form of men. Three: one to announce to Sarah that she would bear a son, one to heal Abraham, and one to overthrow Sodom. Raphael who healed Abraham went from there to rescue Lot” for these do not constitute two commissions. This is because the second mission was in another place, and he was commanded thereon after [he had completed his first mission]. Perhaps it is because the two missions had rescue as their common goal. “And they did eat: they appeared to be eating.” In the book Moreh Nebuchim it is said that this portion of Scripture consists of a general statement followed by a detailed description. Thus Scripture first says that the Eternal appeared to Abraham in the form of prophetic visions, and then explains in what manner this vision took place, namely, that he [Abraham] lifted up his eyes in the vision, and lo, three men stood by him, and he said, if now I have found favor in thy eyes. This is the account of what he said in the prophetic vision to one of them, namely, their chief. Now if in the vision there appeared to Abraham only men partaking of food, how then does Scripture say, And the Eternal appeared to him, as G-d did not appear to him in vision or in thought? Such is not found with respect to all the prophecies. And according to his words, Sarah did not knead cakes, nor did Abraham prepare a bullock, and also, Sarah did not laugh. It was all a vision! If so, this dream came through a multitude of business, like dreams of falsehood, for what is the purpose of showing him all this! Similarly did the author of the Moreh Nebuchim say in the case of the verse, And a man wrestled with him, that it was all a prophetic vision. But if this be the case, I do not know why Jacob limped on his thigh when he awoke! And why did Jacob say, For I have seen an angel face to face, and my life is preserved? The prophets did not fear that they might die on account of having experienced prophetic visions. Jacob, moreover, had already seen a greater and more distinguished vision than this since many times, in prophetic visions, he had also seen the Revered Divinity. Now according to this author’s opinion, he will find it necessary for the sake of consistency to say similarly in the affair of Lot that the angels did not come to his house, nor did he bake for them unleavened bread and they did eat. Rather, it was all a vision! But if Lot could ascend to the height of a prophetic vision, how did the wicked and sinful people of Sodom become prophets? Who told them that men had come into Lot’s house? And if all these [i.e., the actions of the inhabitants of Sodom], were part of prophetic visions, then it follows that the account related in the verses, And the angels hastened Lot, saying: Arise take thy wife. …And he said, Escape for thy life… See, I have accepted thee, as well as the entire chapter is but a vision, and if so, Lot could have remained in Sodom! But the author of the Moreh Nebuchim thinks that the events took place of themselves, but the conversations relating to all matters were in a vision! But such words contradict Scripture. It is forbidden to listen to them, all the more to believe in them! In truth, wherever Scripture mentions an angel being seen or heard speaking it is in a vision or in a dream for the human senses cannot perceive the angels. But these are not visions of prophecy since he who attains the vision of an angel or the hearing of his speech is not yet a prophet. For the matter is not as the Rabbi pronounced, i.e., that every prophet, Moses our teacher excepted, received his prophecy through the medium of an angel. The Sages have already said concerning Daniel: “They were greater than he for they were prophets and he was not a prophet.” His book, likewise, was not grouped together with the books of the prophets since his affair was with the angel Gabriel, even though he appeared to him and spoke with him when he was awake, as it is said in the vision concerning the second Temple: Yea, while I was speaking in prayer, the man Gabriel,etc. The vision concerning the ultimate redemption also occurred when Daniel was awake as he walked with his friends beside the Tigris River. Hagar the Egyptian is not included in the group of prophetesses. It is also clear that hers was not a case of the bath kol (prophetic echo), as the Rabbi would have it. Scripture, furthermore, sets apart the prophecy of Moses our teacher from that of the patriarchs, as it is said, And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by [the name of] G-d Almighty, this name being one of the sacred names for the Creator, and not a designation for an angel. Our Rabbis also taught concerning the difference in the degree of prophecy between Moses and the other prophets, and they said: “What is the difference between Moses and all the prophets? The Rabbis say that all prophets saw through unclear vision. It is to this matter that Scripture refers in saying, And I have multiplied visions, and by the ministry of the prophets have I used similitudes. Moses saw through a clear vision. It is to this matter that Scripture refers in saying, And the similitudes of the Eternal doth he behold,” as is explained in Vayikra Rabbah and other places. But in no place did the Sages attribute the prophecy of the prophets to an angel. Do not expose yourself to argument by quoting the verse, I also am a prophet as thou art; and an angel spoke unto me by the word of the Eternal, saying, since its meaning is as follows: “I also am a prophet as thou art, and I know that the angel who spoke to me was by word of G-d, this being one of the degrees of prophecy, as the man of G-d said, For so was it charged me by the word of the Eternal, and he further said, For it was said to me by the word of the Eternal. Our Rabbis have further stated in the matter of Balaam, who said, Now, therefore, if it displease thee, I will get me back, [that is as if Balaam commented]: “I did not go [with the messengers of Balak] until the Holy One, blessed be He, told me, Rise up, go with them, and you [i.e., an angel], tell me that I should return. Such is His conduct! Did He not tell Abraham to sacrifice his son, after which the angel of the Eternal called to Abraham, And he said, Lay not thy hand upon the lad. He is accustomed to saying something and to have an angel revoke it, etc.” Thus the Sages were prompted to say that the prophecy comprising the first charge where G-d is mentioned is not like the second charge of which it is said that it was through an angel, only this was not unusual, for it is customary with the prophets that He would command by a prophecy and revoke the command through an angel since the prophet knew that the revocation was the word of G-d. In the beginning of Vayikra Rabbah the Sages have said: “And He called to Moses, unlike Abraham. Concerning Abraham it is written, And the angel of the Eternal called unto Abraham a second time out of heaven. The angel called, and G-d spoke the word, but here with respect to Moses, the Holy One, blessed be He, said, ‘It is I Who called, and it is I Who spoke the word.’” That is to say, Abraham did not attain prophecy until he prepared his soul first to perceive an angel, and from that degree he ascended to attain the word of prophecy, but Moses was prepared for prophecy at all times. Thus the Sages were prompted to inform us everywhere that seeing an angel is not prophecy, and those who see angels and speak with them are not included among the prophets, as I have mentioned concerning Daniel. Rather, this is only a vision called “opening of eyes,” as in the verse: And the Eternal opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of the Eternal; similarly: And Elisha prayed, and said, O Eternal, I pray thee, open his eyes, that he may see. But where Scripture mentions the angels as men, as is the case in this portion, and the portion concerning Lot — likewise, And a man wrestled with him, And a certain man found him, in the opinion of our Rabbis — in all these cases there was a special glory created in the angels, called among those who know the mysteries of the Torah “a garment,” perceptible to the human vision of such pure persons as the pious and the disciples of the prophets, and I cannot explain any further. And in those places in Scripture where you find the sight of G-d and the speech of an angel, or the sight of an angel and the speech of G-d, as is written concerning Moses at the outset of his prophecy, and in the words of Zechariah, I will yet disclose words of the living G-d in allusions. Concerning on the matter of the verse, And they did eat, the Usages have said: “One course after the other disappeared.” The matter of “disappearance” you will understand from the account about Manoah, if you will be worthy to attain it. Now here is the interpretation of this portion of Scripture. After it says that In the selfsame day was Abraham circumcised, Scripture says that G-d appeared to him while he was sick from the circumcision as he was sitting and cooling himself in his tent door on account of the heat of the day which weakened him. Scripture mentions this in order to inform us that Abraham had no intention for prophecy. He had neither fallen on his face nor prayed, yet this vision did come to him.