Shabbat
שבת ע״ד — ד"ה אַף עַל גַּב דְּאִיכָּא דְּדָמְיָא לַהּ
Shabbat 74:1
When separating mixed foods on Shabbat, one is permitted to select food to eat immediately or to set aside for immediate use, but is prohibited from separating refuse from food or separating with utensils like a sieve or basket, with liability depending on the method and intent of separation.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: הָיוּ לְפָנָיו מִינֵי אוֹכָלִין — בּוֹרֵר וְאוֹכֵל, בּוֹרֵר וּמַנִּיחַ. וְלֹא יִבְרוֹר, וְאִם בֵּירַר — חַיָּיב חַטָּאת. מַאי קָאָמַר? אָמַר עוּלָּא, הָכִי קָאָמַר: בּוֹרֵר וְאוֹכֵל לְבוֹ בַּיּוֹם, וּבוֹרֵר וּמַנִּיחַ לְבוֹ בַּיּוֹם. וּלְמָחָר לֹא יִבְרוֹר, וְאִם בֵּירַר — חַיָּיב חַטָּאת. מַתְקִיף לַהּ רַב חִסְדָּא: וְכִי מוּתָּר לֶאֱפוֹת לְבוֹ בַּיּוֹם? וְכִי מוּתָּר לְבַשֵּׁל לְבוֹ בַּיּוֹם? אֶלָּא אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא: בּוֹרֵר וְאוֹכֵל פָּחוֹת מִכְּשִׁיעוּר, בּוֹרֵר וּמַנִּיחַ פָּחוֹת מִכְּשִׁיעוּר. וּכְשִׁיעוּר לֹא יִבְרוֹר, וְאִם בֵּירַר — חַיָּיב חַטָּאת. מַתְקִיף לַהּ רַב יוֹסֵף: וְכִי מוּתָּר לֶאֱפוֹת פָּחוֹת מִכְּשִׁיעוּר? אֶלָּא אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: בּוֹרֵר וְאוֹכֵל בַּיָּד, בּוֹרֵר וּמַנִּיחַ בַּיָּד. בְּקָנוֹן וּבְתַמְחוּי לֹא יִבְרוֹר, וְאִם בֵּירַר — פָּטוּר אֲבָל אָסוּר, וּבְנָפָה וּבִכְבָרָה לֹא יִבְרוֹר, וְאִם בֵּירַר — חַיָּיב חַטָּאת. מַתְקִיף לַהּ רַב הַמְנוּנָא: מִידֵּי קָנוֹן וְתַמְחוּי קָתָנֵי? אֶלָּא אָמַר רַב הַמְנוּנָא: בּוֹרֵר וְאוֹכֵל אוֹכֶל מִתּוֹךְ הַפְּסוֹלֶת, בּוֹרֵר וּמַנִּיחַ אוֹכֶל מִתּוֹךְ הַפְּסוֹלֶת. פְּסוֹלֶת מִתּוֹךְ אוֹכֶל לֹא יִבְרוֹר, וְאִם בֵּירַר — חַיָּיב חַטָּאת. מַתְקִיף לַהּ אַבָּיֵי: מִידֵּי אוֹכֶל מִתּוֹךְ פְּסוֹלֶת קָתָנֵי? אֶלָּא אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: בּוֹרֵר וְאוֹכֵל לְאַלְתַּר, וּבוֹרֵר וּמַנִּיחַ לְאַלְתַּר, וּלְבוֹ בַּיּוֹם — לֹא יִבְרוֹר, וְאִם בֵּירַר — נַעֲשָׂה כְּבוֹרֵר לָאוֹצָר וְחַיָּיב חַטָּאת. אַמְרוּהָ רַבָּנַן קַמֵּיהּ דְּרָבָא, אֲמַר לְהוּ: שַׁפִּיר אָמַר נַחְמָנִי.
The Sages taught in a baraita with regard to the laws of selecting: If there were several types of food before him, and he wants to remove one or more from the mixture, one selects and eats, selects and puts aside. And one may not select, and if one did select, he is liable to bring a sin-offering. The Gemara asks: What is the baraita saying? The end of this baraita contradicts the beginning. Ulla said: It is saying as follows: One selects and eats if he is doing so for the purpose of that day, Shabbat. And he selects and puts aside food for the purpose of that day. And one may not select for the purpose of the next day. And if one did select for the next day, he is liable to bring a sin-offering. Rav Ḥisda strongly objects to this explanation: And is it permitted to bake for that day, and is it permitted to cook for that day? No other labor prohibited on Shabbat may be performed for the purpose of Shabbat, and the same should hold true for selecting. Rather, Rav Ḥisda said it is to be understood as follows: One selects and eats less than the measure of a dried fig-bulk, which is the smallest amount for which one is liable by Torah law. One selects and puts aside less than that measure. And one may not select the measure of a dried fig-bulk, and if one did select that measure, he is liable to bring a sin-offering. Rav Yosef strongly objects to this explanation: And is it permitted to bake less than the measure for liability ab initio? Although performing a prohibited labor on a minute measure does not engender liability, it is prohibited. Therefore, the baraita cannot be interpreted as saying that one may ab initio select an amount that is less than the measure for liability. Rather, Rav Yosef said: One selects and eats by hand, selects and put aside by hand. However, with a basket [kanon] or with a plate, both of which are large, flat vessels used for sorting sizeable quantities, one may not select ab initio. And if he did select, he is exempt from bringing a sin-offering if he did so unwittingly. If he did so intentionally he is exempt from stoning. However, it is prohibited. And one may not select with a sieve or with a sifter. And if he did select with those utensils, he is liable to bring a sin-offering. Rav Hamnuna strongly objects to this: Does the mishna teach anything about a basket or a plate? Rav Yosef’s explanation is based on the addition of details that do not appear in the baraita either. Rather, Rav Hamnuna said: One selects and eats if he is removing food from the waste, and similarly, selects and puts aside if he is removing food from the waste. However, one may not select waste from food, and if he did select in that manner, he is liable to bring a sin-offering. The typical method of selecting is the removal of waste from the food. An individual who alters the procedure is not liable. Abaye strongly objects to this: Does the mishna teach anything about food from waste? That detail is not mentioned in the baraita either. Rather, Abaye said: One selects and eats if he is removing food for immediate use, and similarly one selects and puts aside for immediate use. However, one may not select for use later that same day. And if he did select, he is considered like one who selects for storage, and he is liable to bring a sin-offering. This explanation requires no emendation of the mishna. It is merely an interpretation of the phrase: One selects and eats, as referring to selecting for immediate use. The Gemara relates that the Sages stated Abaye’s explanation of the baraita before Rava. He said to them: Naḥmani, Abaye, spoke well.