Midrashic Interpretations Beyond Standard Collections

אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי: מַאי דִּכְתִיב ״אַיֶּלֶת אֲהָבִים וְיַעֲלַת חֵן וְגוֹ׳״, לָמָּה נִמְשְׁלוּ דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה לְאַיֶּלֶת? לוֹמַר לָךְ: מָה אַיָּלָה רַחְמָהּ צַר, וַחֲבִיבָה עַל בּוֹעֲלָהּ כׇּל שָׁעָה וְשָׁעָה כְּשָׁעָה רִאשׁוֹנָה — אַף דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה חֲבִיבִין עַל לוֹמְדֵיהֶן כׇּל שָׁעָה וְשָׁעָה כְּשָׁעָה רִאשׁוֹנָה. תָּנָא דְּבֵי רַב עָנָן: מַאי דִּכְתִיב ״רוֹכְבֵי אֲתוֹנוֹת צְחוֹרוֹת יוֹשְׁבֵי עַל מִדִּין [וְהוֹלְכֵי עַל דֶּרֶךְ שִׂיחוּ]״, ״רוֹכְבַי אֲתוֹנוֹת״ — אֵלּוּ תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים, שֶׁמְּהַלְּכִין מֵעִיר לְעִיר וּמִמְּדִינָה לִמְדִינָה לִלְמוֹד (בּוֹ) תּוֹרָה. ״צְחוֹרוֹת״ — שֶׁעוֹשִׂין אוֹתָהּ כְּצָהֳרַיִם. ״יֹשְׁבֵי עַל מִדִּין״ — שֶׁדָּנִין דִּין אֱמֶת לַאֲמִיתּוֹ. ״וְהוֹלְכֵי״ — אֵלּוּ בַּעֲלֵי מִקְרָא. ״עַל דֶּרֶךְ״ — אֵלּוּ בַּעֲלֵי מִשְׁנָה. ״שִׂיחוּ״ — אֵלּוּ בַּעֲלֵי תַלְמוּד, שֶׁכׇּל שִׂיחָתָן דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה. אָמַר רַב שֵׁיזְבִי מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה: מַאי דִּכְתִיב ״לֹא יַחֲרוֹךְ רְמִיָּה צֵידוֹ״ — לֹא יִחְיֶה וְלֹא יַאֲרִיךְ יָמִים צַיָּיד הָרַמַּאי.

Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “A loving hind and a graceful roe, let her breasts satisfy you at all times, and be you ravished always with her love” (Proverbs 5:19)? Why were matters of Torah compared to a hind? To tell you that just as with a hind, its womb is narrow and it is cherished by its mate each and every hour like the first hour, so too, matters of Torah are cherished by those who study them each and every hour like the first hour. In further praise of the Torah and those who study it, a Sage of the school of Rav Anan taught: What is the meaning of that which is written: “You that ride on white donkeys, you that sit on rich cloths, and you that walk by the way, tell of it” (Judges 5:10)? “You that ride on white donkeys”; these are Torah scholars, who travel from city to city and from province to province to study Torah. “White [tzeḥorot]” are those who make it clear as noon [tzahorayim], i.e., who make the Torah comprehensible. “You that sit on couches [midin]” refers to those who judge [danin] an absolutely true judgment. “And you that walk”; these are the masters of Bible, who are the least important of the scholars. “By the way”; these are the more important masters of Mishna. “Tell of it”; these are the masters of Talmud, the most important of all, as all their conversation is about matters of Torah. The Gemara continues with this topic: Rav Sheizvi said in the name of Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya: What is the meaning of that which is written: “The slothful man [remiyya] will not roast [yaḥarokh] his catch” (Proverbs 12:27)? The deceitful [rammai] hunter will not live [yiḥyeh] a long life [ya’arikh]. A deceitful hunter continues to hunt more and more animals without holding on to the animals he has already caught. Similarly, someone who continues to study new material without reviewing what he has already learned will not be successful.

וְרַבִּי מֵאִיר, עַמּוּדִין הֵיכָא הֲווֹ קָיְימִי? מִבָּרַאי. וְרַבִּי מֵאִיר, שִׁבְרֵי לוּחוֹת דְּמוּנָּחִין בָּאָרוֹן – מְנָא לֵיהּ? נָפְקָא לֵיהּ מִדְּרַב הוּנָא – דְּאָמַר רַב הוּנָא, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״אֲשֶׁר נִקְרָא שֵׁם שֵׁם ה׳ צְבָאוֹת יֹשֵׁב הַכְּרֻבִים עָלָיו״? מְלַמֵּד שֶׁלּוּחוֹת וְשִׁבְרֵי לוּחוֹת מוּנָּחִים בָּאָרוֹן. וְאִידַּךְ נָמֵי מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ לְהָכִי! אֵין הָכִי נָמֵי. אֶלָּא שִׁבְרֵי לוּחוֹת דְּמוּנָּחִין בָּאָרוֹן מְנָא לֵיהּ? נָפְקָא לֵיהּ מִדְּתָנֵי רַב יוֹסֵף – דְּתָנֵי רַב יוֹסֵף: ״אֲשֶׁר שִׁבַּרְתָּ וְשַׂמְתָּם״ – מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהַלּוּחוֹת וְשִׁבְרֵי לוּחוֹת מוּנָּחִין בָּאָרוֹן.

The Gemara asks: And according to Rabbi Meir, where were the silver columns placed? The Gemara answers: Outside the Ark. The Gemara further asks: And from where does Rabbi Meir derive that the broken pieces of the first set of tablets were placed in the Ark, as the verse from which Rabbi Yehuda learns this: “There was nothing in the Ark except” (I Kings 8:9), is needed by Rabbi Meir to teach that the Torah scroll was placed there? The Gemara answers: He derives this point from what Rav Huna expounded, as Rav Huna says: What is the meaning of that which is written: “The Ark of God, whereupon is called the Name, the name of the Lord of hosts that sits upon the cherubs” (II Samuel 6:2)? The phrase “the name, the name of the Lord” teaches that both the second tablets and the broken pieces of the first set of tablets were placed in the Ark. The Gemara inquires: And doesn’t the other Sage, Rabbi Meir, also require it for that? The Gemara answers: Yes, it is indeed so. Rather, from where does he derive that the broken pieces of the first set of tablets were placed in the Ark? The Gemara expounds: He derives this from that which Rav Yosef taught, as Rav Yosef taught a baraita: The verses state: “At that time the Lord said to me: Hew for yourself two tablets of stone like the first…and I will write on the tablets the words that were on the first tablets, which you broke, and you shall put them in the Ark” (Deuteronomy 10:1–2). This teaches that both the second set of tablets and the broken pieces of the first set of tablets were placed in the Ark.

״וַיְהִי בִּימֵי אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ״, אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי וְאִיתֵּימָא רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן: דָּבָר זֶה מָסוֹרֶת בְּיָדֵינוּ מֵאַנְשֵׁי כְּנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה, כׇּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״וַיְהִי״ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן צַעַר. ״וַיְהִי בִּימֵי אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ״ — הֲוָה הָמָן. ״וַיְהִי בִּימֵי שְׁפוֹט הַשּׁוֹפְטִים״ — הֲוָה רָעָב. ״וַיְהִי כִּי הֵחֵל הָאָדָם לָרוֹב״ — ״וַיַּרְא ה׳ כִּי רַבָּה רָעַת הָאָדָם״. ״וַיְהִי בְּנׇסְעָם מִקֶּדֶם״ — ״הָבָה נִבְנֶה לָּנוּ עִיר״. ״וַיְהִי בִּימֵי אַמְרָפֶל״ — ״עָשׂוּ מִלְחָמָה״. ״וַיְהִי בִּהְיוֹת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בִּירִיחוֹ״ — ״וְחַרְבּוֹ שְׁלוּפָה בְּיָדוֹ״. ״וַיְהִי ה׳ אֶת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ״ — ״וַיִּמְעֲלוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל״. ״וַיְהִי אִישׁ אֶחָד מִן הָרָמָתַיִם״ — ״כִּי אֶת חַנָּה אָהֵב וַה׳ סָגַר רַחְמָהּ״.

§ The Gemara returns to the primary topic of this chapter, the book of Esther. The Gemara cites various aggadic interpretations of the verses of the Megilla. The opening verse of the Megilla states: “And it came to pass [vayhi] in the days of Ahasuerus” (Esther 1:1). Rabbi Levi said, and some say that it was Rabbi Yonatan who said: This matter is a tradition that we received from the members of the Great Assembly. Anywhere that the word vayhi is stated, it is an ominous term indicating nothing other than impending grief, as if the word were a contraction of the words vai and hi, meaning woe and mourning. The Gemara cites several proofs corroborating this interpretation. “And it came to pass [vayhi] in the days of Ahasuerus” led to grief, as there was Haman. “And it came to pass [vayhi] in the days when the judges ruled” (Ruth 1:1) introduces a period when there was famine. “And it came to pass [vayhi], when men began to multiply” (Genesis 6:1) is immediately followed by the verse: “And the Lord saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth” (Genesis 6:5). “And it came to pass [vayhi] as they journeyed from the east” (Genesis 11:2) is followed by: “Come, let us build us a city” (Genesis 11:4), which led to the sin of the Tower of Babel. The Gemara cites further examples: “And it came to pass in the days of Amraphel” (Genesis 14:1), about whom it is stated: “These made war” (Genesis 14:2). Another verse states: “And it came to pass, when Joshua was by Jericho” (Joshua 5:13), it was there that he saw an angel “with his sword drawn in his hand” as a warning. It is written: “And the Lord was [vayhi] with Joshua” (Joshua 6:27), and immediately afterward: “But the children of Israel committed a trespass” (Joshua 7:1). It states: “And it came to pass that there was a certain man of Ramathaim” (I Samuel 1:1), and it mentions shortly afterward Hannah’s inability to conceive: “For he loved Hannah, but the Lord had closed up her womb” (I Samuel 1:5).

רַבִּי אֶלְעָאי אוֹמֵר: הָיוּ מוֹלִידִין אֶת בְּנֵיהֶם וּפָרִין וְרָבִין כְּמִין שֶׁרֶץ גָּדוֹל, שִׁשָּׁה בְּכָל לֵידָה, וְהָיוּ כֻלָּם עַם אֶחָד וְלֵב אֶחָד וְשָׂפָה אַחַת וּדְבָרִים אֲחָדִים. וּמָאֲסוּ אֶרֶץ חֶמְדָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיְהִי בְּנָסְעָם מִקֶּדֶם״. הָלְכוּ לְאֶרֶץ שִׁנְעָר וּמָצְאוּ אֶרֶץ גְּדוֹלָה וְרַחֲבַת יָדַיִם וְכֻלָּהּ מִישׁוֹר, וַיֵּשְׁבוּ שָׁם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיִּמְצְאוּ בִקְעָה בְּאֶרֶץ שִׁנְעָר וַיֵּשְׁבוּ שָׁם״. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: הִשְׁלִיכוּ מַלְכוּת שָׁמַיִם מֵעֲלֵיהֶם וְהִמְלִיכוּ עֲלֵיהֶם עֶבֶד בֶּן עֶבֶד, לְפִי שֶׁכָּל בְּנֵי חָם עֲבָדִים הֵם. וְאוֹי לָאָרֶץ שֶׁיִּמְלֹךְ עָלֶיהָ עֶבֶד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״תַּחַת עֶבֶד כִּי יִמְלוֹךְ״. רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אוֹמֵר: נִמְרוֹד גִּבּוֹר כֹּחַ הָיָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״וְכוּשׁ יָלַד אֶת נִמְרֹד״. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: הַכֻּתֹּנֶת שֶׁעָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְאָדָם וּלְאִשְׁתּוֹ, וְהָיְתָה עִמָּם בַּתֵּיבָה. וּכְשֶׁיָּצְאוּ מִן הַתֵּיבָה, לְקָחָהּ חָם בֶּן נֹחַ וְהוֹצִיאָהּ עִמּוֹ וְהִנְחִילָהּ לְנִמְרוֹד. וּבְשָׁעָה שֶׁהָיָה לוֹבֵשׁ אוֹתָהּ, הָיוּ כָּל בְּהֵמָה, חַיָּה וָעוֹף בָּאִין וְנוֹפְלִין לְפָנָיו, כִּסְבוּרִין שֶׁהוּא מִכֹּחַ גְּבוּרָתוֹ. לְפִיכָךְ הִמְלִיכוּהוּ עֲלֵיהֶם מֶלֶךְ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״עַל כֵּן יֵאָמַר כְּנִמְרֹד גִּבּוֹר צַיִד לִפְנֵי ה'״.

RABBI ELIEZER said: They begat their sons and increased and multiplied like a great reptile, six at each birth, and they were all one people, and one heart, and one language, as it is said, "And the whole earth was of one language and of one speech" (Gen. 11:1). They despised the pleasant land, as it is said, "And it came to pass, as they journeyed in the east" (Gen. 11:2). They went to the land of Shinar, and found there a large stone, very extensive, and the whole plain, and they dwelt there, as it is said, "And they found a plain in the land of Shinar, and they dwelt there" (ibid.). Rabbi 'Aḳiba said: They cast off the Kingdom of Heaven from themselves, and appointed Nimrod king over themselves; a slave son of a slave. Are not all the sons of Ham slaves? And woe to the land when a slave rules, as it is said, "For a servant, when he is king" (Prov. 30:22). Rabbi Chakhinai said: Nimrod was a mighty hero, as it is said, "And Cush begat Nimrod, who began to be a mighty one in the earth" (Gen. 10:8). Rabbi Jehudah said: The coats which the Holy One, blessed be He, made for Adam and his wife, were with Noah in the ark, and when they went forth from the ark, || Ham, the son of Noah, brought them forth with him, and gave them as an inheritance to Nimrod. When he put them on, all beasts, animals, and birds, when they saw the coats, came and prostrated themselves before him. The sons of men thought that this (was due) to the power of his might; therefore they made him king over themselves, as it is said, "Wherefore it is said, Like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before the Lord" (Gen. 10:9).