Halachaהלכה

Teaching Girls Torah, Prayer, and Niggunim

Jewish sources address the permissibility and parameters for men teaching girls Torah study, prayer, and related religious practices. The sources present classical Talmudic debates, Rishonim rulings on what types of Torah instruction are permitted, and practical halakhic frameworks governing classroom and one-on-one instruction.

חייב אדם ללמוד לבנותיו המצות

6 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The foundational dispute appears already in Mishnah Sotah 3:4, where Ben Azzai holds that a person is obligated to teach his daughter Torah, while Rabbi Eliezer counters that anyone who does so is regarded as if he taught her promiscuity.

The Gemara in Sotah 21b clarifies that Rabbi Eliezer's concern is not that Torah itself is harmful, but that wisdom brings cunning in its wake — a concern about practical consequences rather than the content of Torah as such.

The Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Torah Study 1:13) rules in line with the restrictive position, explaining that the Sages instructed a man not to teach his daughter Torah because most women will, due to limited focus, render words of Torah as frivolous talk.

The Sefer Chasidim Sefer Chasidim 313 draws a crucial distinction: a man is obligated to teach his daughters the practical rulings of the commandments — for how else could a woman observe Shabbat without knowing its laws? — while the prohibition applies specifically to the depths of Talmud, the reasons behind the commandments, and the secrets of Torah; and the passage adds that even a father, let alone an unrelated young man, should not take on the role of classroom teacher to girls.

Source 1 · Chazal
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Mishnah Sotah 3:4

משנה סוטה ג׳:ד׳

Mishnah Sotah 3:4

Contains the famous teaching of Rabbi Eliezer that one who teaches his daughter Torah is as if he teaches her tiflut, a foundational source in discussions of women’s Torah study.

מִכָּאן אוֹמֵר בֶּן עַזַּאי, חַיָּב אָדָם לְלַמֵּד אֶת בִּתּוֹ תוֹרָה, שֶׁאִם תִּשְׁתֶּה, תֵּדַע שֶׁהַזְּכוּת תּוֹלָה לָהּ. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, כָּל הַמְלַמֵּד אֶת בִּתּוֹ תוֹרָה, כְּאִלּוּ מְלַמְּדָהּ תִּפְלוּת.

From here Ben Azzai states: A person is obligated to teach his daughter Torah, so that if she drinks and does not die immediately, she will know that some merit she has delayed punishment for her. Rabbi Eliezer says: Anyone who teaches his daughter Torah is teaching her promiscuity [tiflut].

Source 2 · Chazal
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Sotah 20a

סוטה כ׳ א — ד"ה אִם יֵשׁ לָהּ זְכוּת — הָיְתָה

Sotah 20a:7

Ben Azzai holds that a person is obligated to teach his daughter Torah so that she will understand that merit delays punishment, while Rabbi Eliezer says that teaching one's daughter Torah is tantamount to teaching her promiscuity.

אִם יֵשׁ לָהּ זְכוּת — הָיְתָה תּוֹלָה לָהּ. יֵשׁ זְכוּת תּוֹלָה שָׁנָה אַחַת, יֵשׁ זְכוּת תּוֹלָה שְׁתֵּי שָׁנִים, יֵשׁ זְכוּת תּוֹלָה שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים. מִכָּאן אוֹמֵר בֶּן עַזַּאי: חַיָּיב אָדָם לְלַמֵּד אֶת בִּתּוֹ תּוֹרָה, שֶׁאִם תִּשְׁתֶּה תֵּדַע שֶׁהַזְּכוּת תּוֹלָה לָהּ. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר: כׇּל הַמְלַמֵּד בִּתּוֹ תּוֹרָה — (כְּאִילּוּ) לוֹמְּדָהּ תִּפְלוּת.

The mishna limits the scope of the previous statement: If she has merit, it delays punishment for her and she does not die immediately. There is a merit that delays punishment for one year, there is a larger merit that delays punishment for two years, and there is a merit that delays punishment for three years. From here Ben Azzai states: A person is obligated to teach his daughter Torah, so that if she drinks and does not die immediately, she will know that some merit she has delayed punishment for her. Rabbi Eliezer says: Anyone who teaches his daughter Torah is teaching her promiscuity [tiflut].

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Sotah 21b

סוטה כ״א ב — ד"ה אוֹמֵר בֶּן עַזַּאי

Sotah 21b:1

Brings the Talmudic discussion of women's Torah study and the statement about teaching a daughter Torah, which underlies later halakhic restrictions and qualifications.

אוֹמֵר בֶּן עַזַּאי: חַיָּיב אָדָם לְלַמֵּד אֶת וְכוּ׳. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר: כׇּל הַמְלַמֵּד אֶת בִּתּוֹ תּוֹרָה — מְלַמְּדָהּ תִּיפְלוּת. תִּיפְלוּת סָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ? אֶלָּא אֵימָא: כְּאִילּוּ לִמְּדָהּ תִּיפְלוּת. אָמַר רַבִּי אֲבָהוּ: מַאי טַעְמָא דְּרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, דִּכְתִיב: ״אֲנִי חׇכְמָה שָׁכַנְתִּי עׇרְמָה״, כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּכְנְסָה חׇכְמָה בְּאָדָם — נִכְנְסָה עִמּוֹ עַרְמוּמִית.

§ The mishna states: From here ben Azzai states: A person is obligated to teach his daughter Torah, so that if she drinks and does not die immediately, she will know that some merit of hers has delayed her punishment. Rabbi Eliezer says: Anyone who teaches his daughter Torah is teaching her promiscuity. The Gemara asks: Could it enter your mind to say that teaching one’s daughter Torah is actually teaching her promiscuity? Rather, say: It is considered as if he taught her promiscuity. Rabbi Abbahu says: What is the reason for Rabbi Eliezer’s statement? It is as it is written: “I, wisdom, dwell with cunning” (Proverbs 8:12), which indicates that once wisdom enters into a person, cunning enters with it. Rabbi Eliezer fears that the woman will use the cunning she achieves by learning the wisdom of the Torah to engage in promiscuous behavior.

Source 4 · Rishonim
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Sefer Chasidim 313

Sefer Chasidim 313

A man must teach his daughters the commandments and practical laws of Torah—such as how to observe Shabbat—because women need this knowledge to fulfill the mitzvot properly; however, he may not teach them the depths of Torah study, reasons for the commandments, or Torah secrets, nor may a non-relative male teacher do so with a girl alone, as this creates concern for improper seclusion and violates the principle that a woman's voice is ervah, though a father may teach his own daughter and wife, and women may listen to public teachings from a distance.

חייב אדם ללמוד לבנותיו המצות כגון פסקי הלכות ומה שאמרו שהמלמד לאשה תורה כאלו מלמדה תיפלות זהו עומק תלמוד וטעמי המצות וסודי התורה אותן אין מלמדין לאשה ולקטן אבל הלכות מצות ילמד לה שאם לא תדע הלכות שבת איך תשמור שבת וכן כל מצות כדי לעשות להזהר במצות שהרי בימי חזקיהו מלך יהודה אנשים ונשים גדולים וקטנים ידעו אפילו טהרות וקדשים וזהו הקהל את העם האנשים והנשים והטף וזהו אתם נצבים היום כולכם לפני ה' אלהיכם ראשיכם שבטיכם זקניכם ושוטריכם כל איש ישראל. טפכם נשיכם וגרך אשר בקרב מחניך מחטב עציך עד שואב מימיך כדי שידעו עבדים ושפחות פסקי המצות מה לעשות ומה שלא לעשות אבל לא יתכן לבחור ללמוד לבנות ואפילו האב עומד שם ושומר פן יתייחד לא יתכן פן יתגבר יצרו עליה או יצרה עליו וקול באשה ערוה אלא האב ילמוד בתו ואשתו והשונמית הולכת ושומעת הדרשה מפי אלישע שהרי אמר מדוע את הולכת אליו היום לא חדש ולא שבת מכלל דבחדש ושבת הולכת:

Source 5 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Torah Study 1:13

משנה תורה, הלכות תלמוד תורה א׳:י״ג

Mishneh Torah, Torah Study 1:13

States that a father is obligated to teach his son Torah, while a father who teaches his daughter Torah is viewed differently; this is the classic Rambam source for gender-differentiated Torah education.

וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהּ שָׂכָר צִוּוּ חֲכָמִים שֶׁלֹּא יְלַמֵּד אָדָם אֶת בִּתּוֹ תּוֹרָה. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁרֹב הַנָּשִׁים אֵין דַּעְתָּם מְכֻוֶּנֶת לְהִתְלַמֵּד אֶלָּא הֵן מוֹצִיאוֹת דִּבְרֵי תּוֹרָה לְדִבְרֵי הֲבַאי לְפִי עֲנִיּוּת דַּעְתָּן.

Source 6 · Acharonim
Verified

Arukh HaShulchan, Yoreh De'ah 245

ערוך השולחן, יורה דעה רמ״ה

Arukh HaShulchan, Yoreh De'ah 245

Discusses the practical parameters of teaching Torah to girls and the educational realities that affect what may be taught in a formal setting.

דיני תלמוד תורה • ובו כ"ט סעיפים נשים ועבדים וקטנים פטורין מתלמוד תורה, דכתיב: "ולמדתם אותם את בניכם לדבר בם" – בניכם ולא בנותיכם. וכל מצוה שהאשה פטורה – העבד פטור.