Halachaהלכה

The Halachic International Dateline

Sources exploring how Jewish law determines when a new day begins across different geographic locations, from the Torah's definition of day through rabbinic discussions of calendar observance and modern applications for travelers and distant communities.

מִמִּזְרַח־שֶׁמֶשׁ עַד־מְבֹאֽוֹ

8 sources · 7 verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Psalms

Psalms 50:1

"From the rising of the sun to its setting" — the verse describing God's call to all the earth from east to west is cited by halachic authorities as the biblical basis for understanding that the day follows the sun's path, relevant to where the halachic day begins and ends.

מִזְמ֗וֹר לְאָ֫סָ֥ף אֵ֤ל ׀ אֱֽלֹהִ֡ים יְֽהֹוָ֗ה דִּבֶּ֥ר וַיִּקְרָא־אָ֑רֶץ מִמִּזְרַח־שֶׁ֝֗מֶשׁ עַד־מְבֹאֽוֹ׃

A psalm of Asaph. God, the ETERNAL God, spoke and summoned the world from east to west.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Bereishit / Genesis

Genesis 1:5

"And it was evening and it was morning, one day" — the Torah's definition of the day beginning at nightfall (evening before morning) is the foundational verse for all halachic time-reckoning, including how the day 'starts' in each location, central to the dateline discussion.

וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃ {פ}

God called the light Day—and called the darkness Night. And there was evening and there was morning, a first day.

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Rosh Hashanah

Rosh Hashanah 20b

The Talmud discusses how the sanctification of the new month was communicated across distant locations and how communities far from Jerusalem observed different days — a core source for the question of how time and calendar relate to geography.

אָמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבְּעָה שָׁעֵי מִכַּסֵּי סֵיהֲרָא. לְדִידַן — שֵׁית מֵעַתִּיקָא וְתַמְנֵי סְרֵי מֵחַדְתָּא, לְדִידְהוּ — שֵׁית מֵחַדְתָּא וְתַמְנֵי סְרֵי מֵעַתִּיקָא. אָמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: כֹּל סְפֵיקָא לְקַמֵּיהּ שָׁדֵינַן. לְמֵימְרָא דַּחֲמֵיסַר וְשִׁיתְּסַר עָבְדִינַן, אַרְבֵּיסַר לָא עָבְדִינַן.

Rabbi Zeira said that Rav Naḥman said: For twenty-four hours the moon is covered, i.e., not visible. This occurs between the last sighting of the old moon and the first sighting of the new moon. For us, in Babylonia, it is not visible for six hours of the old moon and eighteen hours of the new; for them, in Eretz Yisrael, it is not visible for six hours of the new moon and eighteen hours of the old. § With regard to the extra Festival day that is observed in the Diaspora, Rabbi Zeira said that Rav Naḥman said: Any time that an extra Festival day is observed out of uncertainty with regard to the calendar, we cast it forward, i.e., it is observed on the following day and not on the preceding day. That is to say, owing to the uncertainty we observe Sukkot in the Diaspora on the fifteenth and the sixteenth of Tishrei, but not on the fourteenth.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Kiddushin

Kiddushin 38a

The Talmud discusses the date on which the Israelites entered the Land of Israel and the beginning of the counting of shemitah, raising questions about how dates are reckoned across different regions — foundational for discussions about when a day 'begins' in a new location.

דִּכְתִיב ״וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אָכְלוּ אֶת הַמָּן אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה עַד בֹּאָם אֶל אֶרֶץ נוֹשָׁבֶת, אֶת הַמָּן אָכְלוּ עַד בֹּאָם אֶל קְצֵה אֶרֶץ כְּנָעַן״. אִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹמַר ״עַד בֹּאָם אֶל אֶרֶץ נוֹשָׁבֶת״, שֶׁכְּבָר נֶאֱמַר ״אֶל קְצֵה אֶרֶץ כְּנָעַן״. וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹמַר ״אֶל קְצֵה אֶרֶץ כְּנָעַן״, שֶׁהֲרֵי כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר: ״עַד בֹּאָם אֶל אֶרֶץ נוֹשָׁבֶת״. הָא כֵּיצַד? בְּשִׁבְעָה בַּאֲדָר מֵת מֹשֶׁה וּפָסַק מָן מִלֵּירֵד, וְהָיוּ מִסְתַּפְּקִין מִמָּן שֶׁבִּכְלֵיהֶם עַד שִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר בְּנִיסָן. תַּנְיָא אִידַּךְ: ״וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אָכְלוּ אֶת הַמָּן אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה״. וְכִי אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה אָכְלוּ? וַהֲלֹא אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה חָסֵר שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם אָכְלוּ! אֶלָּא לוֹמַר לְךָ: עוּגוֹת שֶׁהוֹצִיאוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם, טָעֲמוּ בָּהֶם טַעַם מָן.

This is as it is written: “And the children of Israel ate the manna forty years until they came to a settled land; they ate the manna until they came to the borders of the land of Canaan” (Exodus 16:35). The Gemara analyzes this verse: One cannot say they ate “until they came to a settled land,” i.e., that they were still eating the manna when they entered Eretz Yisrael, as it is already stated: “To the borders of the land of Canaan,” which indicates that they stopped eating manna before entering Eretz Yisrael, on the plains of Moab. And one cannot say that they ate manna only until they reached “to the borders of the land of Canaan,” as it is already stated: “Until they came to a settled land.” How can these clauses be reconciled? Moses died on the seventh of Adar and the manna ceased falling, and they ate the manna that was left in their vessels until the sixteenth of Nisan, even after they entered Eretz Yisrael. It is taught in another baraita with regard to the verse: “And the children of Israel ate the manna forty years” (Exodus 16:35). But did they really eat it for forty years? But didn’t they eat it for forty years less thirty days? The manna began to fall on the sixteenth of Iyyar in the first year in the wilderness, and they stopped eating it on the sixteenth of Nisan in the fortieth year. Rather, this verse comes to tell you that they tasted the taste of manna in the unleavened cakes that they took out from Egypt on the fifteenth of Nisan in their first year, and this sustained them until the manna fell.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Sanctification of the New Month (Rambam)

Mishneh Torah, Sanctification of the New Month 11:17

Rambam discusses the calculation of the calendar and how time zones and longitude affect the visibility of the new moon, providing the astronomical basis for understanding geographic variation in calendar observance.

וּלְפִי שֶׁהָרְאִיָּה לֹא תִּהְיֶה אֶלָּא בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. עָשִׂינוּ כָּל דַּרְכֵי חֶשְׁבּוֹן הַזֶּה בְּנוּיִים עַל עִיר יְרוּשָׁלַיִם וְלִשְׁאָר הַמְּקוֹמוֹת הַסּוֹבְבִין אוֹתָהּ בִּכְמוֹ שִׁשָּׁה אוֹ שִׁבְעָה יָמִים שֶׁבָּהֶן רוֹאִין אֶת הַיָּרֵחַ תָּמִיד וּבָאִים וּמְעִידִים בְּבֵית דִּין. וּמָקוֹם זֶה הוּא נוֹטֶה מִתַּחַת הַקַּו הַשָּׁוֶה הַמְסַבֵּב בְּאֶמְצַע הָעוֹלָם כְּנֶגֶד רוּחַ צְפוֹנִית בִּכְמוֹ ל"ב מַעֲלוֹת עַד ל"ה וְעַד כ"ט. וְכֵן הוּא נוֹטֶה מֵאֶמְצַע הַיִּשּׁוּב כְּנֶגֶד רוּחַ מַעֲרָב בִּכְמוֹ כ"ד מַעֲלוֹת עַד כ"ז וְעַד כ"א:

Since the sighting of the moon is significant only in Eretz Yisrael as explained, all our calculations are centered on the city of Jerusalem and locations within six or seven days' journey [from it. [In these places,] the moon is frequently sighted, and the people come and give testimony in the court. This location is situated approximately 32 degrees north of the equator, [and the surrounding areas extend] from 29° to 35° [north]. Similarly, in longitude, it is situated approximately 24 degrees west of the center of the populated area, [and the surrounding areas extend] from 21° to 27° [west].

Source 6 · Rishonim
External

Responsa of the Rashba

Teshuvot haRashba part I 617

The Rashba addresses the question of a traveler who has lost track of the days of the week and how he should observe Shabbat, a key responsum that implicitly addresses geographic disorientation of time and the need for a fixed reference point.

Source 7 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 344:1

The Shulchan Arukh rules on a person who has lost count of the days of the week, instructing him to observe 'Shabbat' on the seventh day from when he realizes his confusion — raising the broader question of how a traveler determines which day it is.

ההולך במדבר ואינו יודע מתי הוא שבת מונה שבעה ימים מיום שנתן אל לבו שכחתו ומקדש השביעי בקידוש והבדלה ואם יש לו ממה להתפרנס אסור לו לעשות מלאכה כלל עד שיכלה מה שיש לו ואז יעשה מלאכה בכל יום אפילו ביום שמקדש בו כדי פרנסתו מצומצמת ומותר לילך בו בכל יום אפי' ביום שמקדש בו:

One is permitted to walk every day, even on the day he sanctifies.

Source 8 · Modern
Verified

Mishnah Berurah

Mishnah Berurah 344:7

The Mishnah Berurah comments on the case of a traveler who loses track of which day is Shabbat, and references the broader issue of geographic disorientation of the calendar — a key practical ruling for the modern halachic dateline debate.

(ז) כדי פרנסתו מצומצמת - אכל יום נמי קאי שאינו רשאי להשתכר ממלאכה יותר ואפילו ביום הששי שלו כדי להכין על יום השביעי שלו שלא יצטרך לעשות בו מלאכה ג"כ אסור דשמא היום הוא יום שבת ולמחר יהיה יום חול ואיך יחלל בדבר שאינו נוגע לפקו"נ אבל כדי פרנסה מותר שנוגע לפקו"נ שאם לא יעשה מלאכה ימות במדבר ברעב. ובדיעבד אם הרויח ביום אחד יותר מכדי פרנסתו אסור לו למחר לעשות מלאכה עד שיכלה מה שיש לו [תו"ש]: