Halachaהלכה

The Authority and Meaning of Mide-Rabbanan

These sources explore the concept of 'mide-rabbanan' — rabbinic enactments — and explain their binding force through the Torah's delegation of authority to the Sages. They establish that rabbinic legislation is rooted in the biblical obligation to obey the Sanhedrin and represents an extension of Torah law rather than a separate category.

לֹא תָסוּר מִן־הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר־יַגִּידוּ לְךָ

10 sources · all verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 17:11

Deuteronomy 17:11

The verse 'lo tasur min ha-davar asher yagidu lekha' — 'do not deviate from what they tell you' — is understood by the Rabbis as the Torah's own granting of authority to the Sages to legislate, making 'mide-rabbanan' enactments an extension of Torah-level obligation.

עַל־פִּ֨י הַתּוֹרָ֜ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר יוֹר֗וּךָ וְעַל־הַמִּשְׁפָּ֛ט אֲשֶׁר־יֹאמְר֥וּ לְךָ֖ תַּעֲשֶׂ֑ה לֹ֣א תָס֗וּר מִן־הַדָּבָ֛ר אֲשֶׁר־יַגִּ֥ידֽוּ לְךָ֖ יָמִ֥ין וּשְׂמֹֽאל׃

You shall act in accordance with the instructions given you and the ruling handed down to you; you must not deviate from the verdict that they announce to you either to the right or to the left.

Source 2 · Tanach
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Kohelet 12:11

Ecclesiastes 12:11

The verse 'the words of the wise are like goads, and like nails well driven are the sayings of the masters of assemblies' is interpreted by the Talmud (Eruvin 21b) as referring to rabbinic teachings, giving a biblical anchor to the enduring force of mide-rabbanan rulings.

דִּבְרֵ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ כַּדָּ֣רְבֹנ֔וֹת וּֽכְמַשְׂמְר֥וֹת נְטוּעִ֖ים בַּעֲלֵ֣י אֲסֻפּ֑וֹת נִתְּנ֖וּ מֵרֹעֶ֥ה אֶחָֽד׃

The sayings of the wise are like goads, like nails fixed in prodding sticks. They were given by one Shepherd.

Source 3 · Chazal
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Mishnah Berakhot

Mishnah Berakhot 1:3

The Mishnah illustrates the authority of the Sages to enact decrees and ordinances (takanot), distinguishing between biblical and rabbinic obligations — foundational to the concept of 'mide-rabbanan' (by rabbinic authority).

אָמְרוּ לוֹ, כְּדַי הָיִיתָ לָחוּב בְּעַצְמְךָ, שֶׁעָבַרְתָּ עַל דִּבְרֵי בֵית הִלֵּל:

This statement will be explained in the Gemara.

Source 4 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli, Eruvin

Eruvin 21b

The Talmud states that the words of the Sages are more beloved than the words of Torah, citing Kohelet 12:11, and articulates that rabbinic 'fences' (syagim) protect Torah law — establishing the spiritual rationale behind mide-rabbanan legislation.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְכִי תּוֹרָה פְּעָמִים פְּעָמִים נִיתְּנָה? אֶלָּא — הַלָּלוּ מִדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, וְהַלָּלוּ מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים. דָּרֵשׁ רָבָא, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״וְיוֹתֵר מֵהֵמָּה בְּנִי הִזָּהֵר עֲשׂוֹת סְפָרִים הַרְבֵּה וְגוֹ׳״ — בְּנִי, הִזָּהֵר בְּדִבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים יוֹתֵר מִדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה. שֶׁדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה יֵשׁ בָּהֶן עֲשֵׂה וְלֹא תַעֲשֶׂה. וְדִבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים — כׇּל הָעוֹבֵר עַל דִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים חַיָּיב מִיתָה.

Rav Ḥisda said to him: This cannot be so, for was the Torah given on two separate occasions, i.e., were the more lenient and more stringent mitzvot given separately? Rather, these, the old, are mitzvot from the Torah, and these, the new, are from the Sages. Rava expounded another verse in similar fashion: What is the meaning of that which is written: “And more than these, my son, be careful: of making many books [sefarim] there is no end; and much study is a weariness of the flesh” (Ecclesiastes 12:12)? My son, be careful to fulfill the words of the Sages [soferim] even more than the words of the Torah. For the words of the Torah include positive and negative commandments, and even with regard to the negative commandments, the violation of many of them is punishable only by lashes. Whereas with respect to the words of the Sages, anyone who transgresses the words of the Sages is liable to receive the death penalty, as it is stated: “And whoever breaches through a hedge, a snake shall bite him” (Ecclesiastes 10:8), taking hedges to refer metaphorically to decrees.

Source 5 · Chazal
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Talmud Bavli, Shabbat

Shabbat 23a

The Talmud discusses the source text for rabbinic commandments — 'lo tasur' (Deut. 17:11) — and asks whether blessings should be recited over mide-rabbanan mitzvot, debating the nature and force of rabbinic legislation.

מַאי מְבָרֵךְ? — מְבָרֵךְ: ״אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו וְצִוָּנוּ לְהַדְלִיק נֵר שֶׁל חֲנוּכָּה״. וְהֵיכָן צִוָּנוּ? רַב אַוְיָא אָמַר: מִ״לֹּא תָסוּר״. רַב נְחֶמְיָה אָמַר: ״שְׁאַל אָבִיךָ וְיַגֵּדְךָ זְקֵנֶיךָ וְיֹאמְרוּ לָךְ״. מֵתִיב רַב עַמְרָם: הַדְּמַאי, מְעָרְבִין בּוֹ וּמִשְׁתַּתְּפִין בּוֹ וּמְבָרְכִין עָלָיו וּמְזַמְּנִין עָלָיו וּמַפְרִישִׁין אוֹתוֹ עָרוֹם וּבֵין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת. וְאִי אָמְרַתְּ כׇּל מִדְּרַבָּנַן בָּעֵי בְּרָכָה, הָכָא כִּי קָאֵי עָרוֹם הֵיכִי מְבָרֵךְ? וְהָא בָּעֵינַן וְהָיָה מַחֲנֶיךָ קָדוֹשׁ — וְלֵיכָּא! אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: וַדַּאי דְּדִבְרֵיהֶם בָּעֵי בְּרָכָה, סָפֵק דְּדִבְרֵיהֶם לָא בָּעֵי בְּרָכָה.

And what blessing does one recite? He recites: Who has made us holy through His commandments and has commanded us to light the Hanukkah light. The Gemara asks: And where did He command us? The mitzva of Hanukkah is not mentioned in the Torah, so how is it possible to say that it was commanded to us by God? The Gemara answers that Rav Avya said: The obligation to recite this blessing is derived from the verse: “You shall not turn aside from the sentence which they shall declare unto you, to the right, nor to the left” (Deuteronomy 17:11). From this verse, the mitzva incumbent upon all of Israel to heed the statements and decrees of the Sages is derived. Therefore, one who fulfills their directives fulfills a divine commandment. Rav Neḥemya said that the mitzva to heed the voice of the Elders of Israel is derived from the verse: “Ask your father, and he will declare unto you, your Elders, and they will tell you” (Deuteronomy 32:7). Rav Amram raised an objection from that which we learned in a mishna: With regard to doubtfully tithed produce [demai], i.e., grain that was acquired from an am ha’aretz about which there is uncertainty whether or not he tithed it; one may use it to establish an eiruv, i.e., joining of courtyards and joining of borders, and to establish the merging of alleys, and one recites a blessing before and after eating it, and one invites a quorum for recitation of Grace after Meals after eating it. Although the Sages said that one is required to separate tithes from demai, they allowed it to be used for specific purposes and in exigent circumstances. And they said that one may separate the tithe from demai when he is naked and at dusk Shabbat eve, a time when separating tithes from actual untithed produce [tevel] is prohibited. And if you say that every action instituted by rabbinic ordinance requires a blessing, as fulfillment of rabbinic ordinances is based on the mitzva: You shall not turn aside, here, when he stands naked, how can he recite a blessing? Don’t we require fulfillment of the mitzva: “Therefore shall your camp be holy; that He see no unseemly thing in you, and turn away from you” (Deuteronomy 23:15)? And the camp is not holy when one recites a blessing in a state of nakedness. Abaye said: There is room to distinguish between the cases: In a case where there is a definite mitzva by rabbinic law, a blessing is required. In a case where there is a rabbinic ordinance instituted due to uncertainty with regard to the circumstances, as in the case of demai, which may or may not have been tithed already, a blessing is not required.

Source 6 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Mamrim

Mishneh Torah, Rebels 1:1-2

Rambam codifies the biblical basis for rabbinic authority — derived from Deut. 17:11 — explaining that transgressing a rabbinic law is itself a Torah violation, and distinguishing mide-rabbanan enactments from Torah-level laws.

בֵּית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁבִּירוּשָׁלַיִם הֵם עִקַּר תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה. וְהֵם עַמּוּדֵי הַהוֹרָאָה וּמֵהֶם חֹק וּמִשְׁפָּט יוֹצֵא לְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל. וַעֲלֵיהֶן הִבְטִיחָה תּוֹרָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז יא) "עַל פִּי הַתּוֹרָה אֲשֶׁר יוֹרוּךָ" זוֹ מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה. וְכָל הַמַּאֲמִין בְּמשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ וּבְתוֹרָתוֹ חַיָּב לִסְמֹךְ מַעֲשֵׂה הַדָּת עֲלֵיהֶן וְלִשָּׁעֵן עֲלֵיהֶן: כָּל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה כְּהוֹרָאָתָן עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז יא) "לֹא תָסוּר מִכָּל הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר יַגִּידוּ לְךָ יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאל". וְאֵין לוֹקִין עַל לָאו זֶה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּתָּן לְאַזְהָרַת מִיתַת בֵּית דִּין. שֶׁכָּל חָכָם שֶׁמּוֹרֶה עַל דִּבְרֵיהֶם מִיתָתוֹ בְּחֶנֶק שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז יב) "וְהָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה בְזָדוֹן" וְגוֹ'. אֶחָד דְּבָרִים שֶׁלָּמְדוּ אוֹתָן מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה וְהֵם תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה. וְאֶחָד דְּבָרִים שֶׁלְּמַּדוּם מִפִּי דַּעְתָּם בְּאַחַת מִן הַמִּדּוֹת שֶׁהַתּוֹרָה נִדְרֶשֶׁת בָּהֶן וְנִרְאָה בְּעֵינֵיהֶם שֶׁדָּבָר זֶה כָּךְ הוּא. וְאֶחָד דְּבָרִים שֶׁעֲשָׂאוּם סְיָג לַתּוֹרָה וּלְפִי מַה שֶּׁהַשָּׁעָה צְרִיכָה וְהֵן הַגְּזֵרוֹת וְהַתַּקָּנוֹת וְהַמִּנְהָגוֹת. כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מֵאֵלּוּ הַשְּׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לִשְׁמֹעַ לָהֶן. וְהָעוֹבֵר עַל כָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶן עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה. הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים יז יא) "עַל פִּי הַתּוֹרָה אֲשֶׁר יוֹרוּךָ" אֵלּוּ הַתַּקָּנוֹת וְהַגְּזֵרוֹת וְהַמִּנְהָגוֹת שֶׁיּוֹרוּ בָּהֶם לָרַבִּים כְּדֵי לְחַזֵּק הַדָּת וּלְתַקֵּן הָעוֹלָם. וְעַל הַמִּשְׁפָּט אֲשֶׁר יֹאמְרוּ אֵלּוּ דְּבָרִים שֶׁיִּלְמְדוּ אוֹתָן מִן הַדִּין בְּאַחַת מִן הַמִּדּוֹת שֶׁהַתּוֹרָה נִדְרֶשֶׁת בָּהֶן. מִכָּל הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר יַגִּידוּ לְךָ זוֹ הַקַּבָּלָה שֶׁקִּבְּלוּ אִישׁ מִפִּי אִישׁ:

The Supreme Sanhedrin in Jerusalem are the essence of the Oral Law. They are the pillars of instruction from whom statutes and judgments issue forth for the entire Jewish people. Concerning them, the Torah promises Deuteronomy 17:11: "You shall do according to the laws which they shall instruct you...." This is a positive commandment. Whoever believes in Moses and in his Torah is obligated to make all of his religious acts dependent on this court and to rely on them. Any person who does not carry out their directives transgresses a negative commandment, as Ibid. continues: "Do not deviate from any of the statements they relate to you, neither right nor left." Lashes are not given for the violation of this prohibition, because it also serves as a warning for a transgression punishable by execution by the court. For when a sage rebels against the words of the court, he should be executed by strangulation, as the following verse states: "A person who will act deliberately...." We are obligated to heed their words whether they: a) learned them from the Oral Tradition, i.e., the Oral Law, b) derived them on the basis of their own knowledge through one of the attributes of Biblical exegesis and it appeared to them that this is the correct interpretation of the matter, c) instituted the matter as a safeguard for the Torah, as was necessary at a specific time. These are the decrees, edicts, and customs instituted by the Sages. It is a positive commandment to heed the court with regard to each of these three matters. A person who transgresses any of these types of directives transgresses a negative commandment. This is derived from the continuation of the above verse in the following manner: "According to the laws which they shall instruct you" - this refers to the edicts, decrees, and customs which they instruct people at large to observe to strengthen the faith and perfect the world. "According to the judgment which they relate" - this refers to the matters which they derive through logical analysis employing one of the methods of Biblical exegesis. "From all things that they will tell you" - This refers to the tradition which they received one person from another.

Source 7 · Rishonim
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Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandment 174

Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandments 174

Rambam identifies the commandment to obey the Sanhedrin as a positive Torah commandment, forming the doctrinal backbone for why rabbinic decrees (mide-rabbanan) carry binding authority rooted in the Torah itself.

היא שצונו לשמוע לבית דין הגדול ולעשות כל מה שיצוו מאיסור והיתר ואין הבדל בזה בין הדבר שיסברוהו או דבר שיוציאוהו מן ההיקשים שהתורה נדרשת בהן או הדבר שיסכימו עליו שהוא איסור תורה או לפי ענין מן הענינים שיהיה דעתם שהוא ישר ושבו חזוק לתורה הכל אנחנו חייבין לשמוע ולעשות ולעמוד על פיהם לא נעבור ממנו. והוא אמרו יתברך על פי התורה אשר יורוך. ולשון ספרי כל המצוה אשר יאמרו לך תעשה זו מצות עשה. וכבר התבארו משפטי מצוה זו בסוף סנהדרין.

That is that He commanded us to listen to the Great Court and to do everything that they command us, to forbid and to permit. And there is no difference in this whether the matter is one that they have understood from reason, that they have derived from analogies by which the Torah is expounded, that they agreed that it was prohibited by the Torah or according to some content that that they think is correct and by which the Torah is reinforced - [about] all of it are we obligated to listen, to do and to practice according to their words; we are not to diverge from this. And that is His, may He be blessed, saying, "In accordance with the instructions given you" (Deuteronomy 17:11).

Source 8 · Acharonim
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Netivot Olam, Netiv HaTorah

Netivot Olam, Netiv Hatorah 15

The Maharal explains that the Oral Torah and the authority of the Sages (including mide-rabbanan enactments) are intrinsically bound up with the Written Torah — the Rabbis are not supplementing Torah but actualizing its inner potential.

ודמיון גמור יש לתורה אל המים, כמו שנתבאר זה למעלה. והרי נקרא 'לילה' מלשון (דברים לב, י) "יליל ישימון", כי החורבן לא נמצא בו רק יליל בלבד. וזה* כי דומה אל האדמה שנזרע בו החטה, שהוא זרע נקי, והאדמה מוציא הזרע* אל הפעל, עד שהיא בפעל.

And [the Talmud] further [recounts] ibid [Sotah 22a]: '[If] he has read [i.e., studied Scripture] and studied the Oral Law, yet did not apprentice himself to Torah scholars - Rabbi Eliezer says: this one is a commoner; Rabbi Samuel son of Nachmeni says: this one is an ignoramus; Rabbi Yanai says: this one is a Samaritan; Rav Acha son of Jacob says: this one is a magus. Rav Nachman son of Isaac said: The opinion of Rav Acha son of Jacob seems most plausible, as people say: A magus chants without knowing what he's chanting; a tanna teaches without knowing what he's teaching.' And the explanation of this [Talmudic passage] is that when he studied the Law [lit: Mishna] but did not apprentice himself to a Torah scholar to clarify the reasons for the Law - for it is a clear mind [that one has] when one has arrived at [lit: stood upon] the reasons for the Law - [such a one who has failed to do this clarification by appreticing to a scholar] is called a commoner [am haaretz] inasmuch as he did not acquire an intellect.

Source 9 · Hasidic
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Kedushat Levi, Parashat Yitro

Kedushat Levi, Exodus, Yitro

The Kedushat Levi teaches that the Sages receive divine inspiration in their legal rulings, and that the people of Israel have a special connection to Torah legislation through the Rabbis — grounding mide-rabbanan authority in a spiritual relationship between Israel and the divine.

ג', המאמר והייתם לי סגולה מכל העמים וכי בשביל זה אוהב הקדוש ברוך הוא אותנו מכל העמים הלא חס ושלום אפילו אם אין אנו עושין רצונו יתברך גם כן אנו טובים מן כל העמים והוה ליה למימר והייתם לי סגולה מכל המלאכים, כי כשאנו עושים רצונו של הבורא יתברך אנו במדריגה יותר גדולה ממלאכים. ונראה לי כל הפירוש כולה, הנה כתיב במדרש כשעלה משה רבינו למרום בא לרקיע אחד וראה כמה אלפים רבבות מלאכים וכמה כיתות שרפי קודש שעומדים באימה וביראה בקדושה ובטהרה ונפל עליו אימה ופחד ורעדה גדולה עם מי הוא הולך לדבר אשר כל המלאכים ושרפים וחיות הקודש עומדים לפניו ביראה גדולה עד שפירש הקדוש ברוך הוא מזיו שכינתו יתברך עליו. והנה מצינו בנביאים בעת שדיבר הקדוש ברוך הוא עמהם היו עומדים באימה ויראה כל כך עד שנתבטלו כמעט ממציאותם. כי רש"י ז''ל פירש בפסוק (ויקרא א, א) ויקרא אליו מאהל מועד וגו', יכול מפני שהוא קול נמוך תלמוד לומר (במדבר ז, פט) את הקול הידוע קול ה' שובר ארזים כו' (תהלים כט, א).

Exodus 19,1. “In the third month after the Israelites ‎having departed from the land of Egypt, (on the first of the ‎month), on this day, they came to the desert of Sinai.” ‎You may be familiar with the “nickname” given by his ‎contemporaries to Rav Yoseph, who called him ‎סיני‎, Sinai. ‎‎(B’rachot 64) The reason why this Rabbi was given this title ‎was that he had a photographic memory concerning ‎‎halachot, and could recall them at will at any time. A closer ‎look at the word ‎סיני‎ reveals that it is a term used for expressing ‎the entire range of the Torah in all its ramifications.

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Nefesh HaChayim, Gate I

Nefesh HaChayim, Gate I 22

Rav Chaim of Volozhin explains that the Torah was given to the Sages to interpret and apply, so that the Rabbis' rulings are not merely human enactments but extensions of the divine will entrusted to human wisdom — deepening the meaning of 'mide-rabbanan'.

אבל לא חלילה לחדש דבר לקובעו לדורות. שהרי אסתר שהיתה אחת משבע נביאות (מגילה י"ד' א') עכ"ז כששלחה לחכמים כתבוני לדורות השיבוה הלא כתבתי לך שלשים עד שמצאו לה אח"כ סמך מן המקרא (שם ז' א'). וכן נ"ח ודאי שמצאו להם גם כן סמך מהמקרא ועיין במדרש שהביאו הרמב"ן ז"ל בפרשה בהעלתך משם רבינו ניסים גאון ז"ל: ועדיין בימי חכמי התלמוד היו רשאים לחדש מצות דרבנן כשמצאו סמך מהתורה. כגון נ"ח וכיוצא כנ"ל וכן לגזור גזירות כמו י"ח דבר וכיוצא. וכאשר נחתם התלמוד הקדוש אנו אין לנו אלא לשמור ולעשות ככל הכתוב בתוה"ק שבכתב ובעל פה ככל משפטם וחקותם ובזמנם ופרטיהם ודקדוקיהם בלי נטות מהם כל דהו.

But they may never (God forbid) innovate something and make it permanent for the generations. A case in point is Esther, who was one of the seven women prophets (M’geela 14a). Even so, when she instructed the sages to record her story “for the generations”, they responded (Mishlei 22:20): “Surely I have written it for you as an adjutant,” until they found an endorsement from the TaNa”Kh (Mishlei 7:1). And so it was with Chanuka candles, [that] it’s certainly the case that they too found for themselves an endorsement from the TaNa”Kh. (Refer to the midrash that the RaMBa”N (OBM) cited in the parshat B’ha’alote-kha in the name of Rabbeinu Nissim Gaon (OBM).) And still in the days of the sages of the Talmud, they were permitted to innovate rabbinic mitzvote when they found allusions to them in the Torah. For example, khanuka candles and others like that, as mentioned above. So too, [they were permitted] to impose restrictive decrees, for example the eighteen (TB Shabbat 13b) and similar others. And once the holy Talmud was sealed, for us there’s nothing to do but scrupulously guard and perform everything recorded in the holy Torah, written and oral, according to all their laws and mandates, and with their correct times, details and aspects of performance, without deviating from them even to the smallest degree.