Tanakhתנ״ך

The Re'em in Jewish Sources

Jewish texts invoke the re'em—a powerful, horned biblical creature—as an image of strength and majesty. Sources range from Torah blessings and poetic passages to rabbinic interpretation and medieval commentary, exploring the animal's symbolism and its identification across Jewish tradition.

וַתָּרֶם כִּרְאֵים קַרְנִי

8 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The re'em — a powerful, single-horned wild creature — appears in the wilderness narrative recorded in Midrash Tanchuma, Terumah 6, which describes a large, pure animal with one horn in its forehead and six-colored hide, whose skin was taken and fashioned into curtains.

In Tanach, the re'em is consistently invoked as an image of uncontrollable, awe-inspiring power: Iyov 39:9–12 asks rhetorically whether anyone could bind the re'em to a furrow or make it plow the valleys, and Bamidbar 23:22 compares God's power in bringing Israel out of Egypt to the towering horns of the re'em.

Moshe's blessing of Yosef in Devarim 33:17 likewise invokes the re'em's horns as a symbol of martial glory, and Rashi (Devarim 33:17) explains the comparison precisely: an ox is mighty but its horns are not beautiful, while a re'em's horns are beautiful but its strength is not mighty, so the verse combines both images to ascribe to Yehoshua the strength of the ox and the beauty of the re'em's horns.

The Or HaChaim (Devarim 33:17) reads the phrase 'with them he gores nations' as referring to Yehoshua's renown filling the earth so that the Emorite kings lost all fighting spirit before him, while Rabbeinu Bahya (Devarim 33:17) adds a kabbalistic dimension, associating the re'em with the sefirah of Netzach and noting that Tehillim 22:22 records David's prayer being answered 'from the horns of the re'imim.'

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 33:17

דברים ל״ג:י״ז

Deuteronomy 33:17

Moses blesses Yosef with the imagery of a majestic firstborn bull with horns, "keren re'em". This verse is central in discussions of the rendering and symbolism of the re'em, sometimes translated in older sources as a unicorn or one-horned beast.

בְּכ֨וֹר שׁוֹר֜וֹ הָדָ֣ר ל֗וֹ וְקַרְנֵ֤י רְאֵם֙ קַרְנָ֔יו בָּהֶ֗ם עַמִּ֛ים יְנַגַּ֥ח יַחְדָּ֖ו אַפְסֵי־אָ֑רֶץ וְהֵם֙ רִבְב֣וֹת אֶפְרַ֔יִם וְהֵ֖ם אַלְפֵ֥י מְנַשֶּֽׁה׃ {ס}

Like a firstling bull in his majesty, He has horns like the horns of the wild-ox; With them he gores the peoples, The ends of the earth one and all. These are the myriads of Ephraim, Those are the thousands of Manasseh.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Psalms 92:11

תהילים צ״ב:י״א

Psalms 92:11

The verse speaks of being exalted like the horn of a re'em, a classic biblical image of strength and elevation. The translation history of re'em is one of the main entry points for the unicorn discussion.

וַתָּ֣רֶם כִּרְאֵ֣ים קַרְנִ֑י בַּ֝לֹּתִ֗י בְּשֶׁ֣מֶן רַעֲנָֽן׃

You raise my horn high like that of a wild ox; I am soaked in freshening oil.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Numbers 23:22

במדבר כ״ג:כ״ב

Numbers 23:22

Balak and Bilam's story includes the line that God brought them out of Egypt with the strength of a re'em. Classical and medieval readers often use this as part of the broader re'em vocabulary that later got rendered as unicorn.

אֵ֖ל מוֹצִיאָ֣ם מִמִּצְרָ֑יִם כְּתוֹעֲפֹ֥ת רְאֵ֖ם לֽוֹ׃

God who freed them from Egypt Is for them like the horns of the wild ox.

Source 4 · Tanach
Verified

Job 39:9-12

איוב ל״ט:ט׳-י״ב

Job 39:9-12

Iyov asks whether the re'em will serve or stay by your crib, emphasizing its untamable power. This passage is a major source in the identification of the re'em and the limits of human mastery over it.

הֲיֹ֣אבֶה רֵּ֣ים עׇבְדֶ֑ךָ אִם־יָ֝לִ֗ין עַל־אֲבוּסֶֽךָ׃ הֲֽתִקְשׇׁר־רֵ֭ים בְּתֶ֣לֶם עֲבֹת֑וֹ אִם־יְשַׂדֵּ֖ד עֲמָקִ֣ים אַחֲרֶֽיךָ׃

Would the wild ox agree to serve you? Would it spend the night at your crib? Can you hold the wild ox by ropes to the furrow? Would it plow up the valleys behind you?

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Midrash Tanchuma, Terumah 6

Midrash Tanchuma, Terumah 6

A large pure animal was in the wilderness with a single horn on its forehead, its skin had six colors, and it was taken and made into curtains.

חַיָּה טְהוֹרָה גְּדוֹלָה הָיְתָה בַּמִּדְבָּר וְקֶרֶן אַחַת הָיָה לָהּ בְּמִצְחָהּ, וּבְעוֹרָהּ שִׁשָּׁה גְּוָנִים, וְנָטְלוּ אוֹתָהּ וְעָשׂוּ מִמֶּנָּה יְרִיעוֹת.

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Rashi on Deuteronomy 33:17

רש"י על דברים ל״ג:י״ז

Rashi on Deuteronomy 33:17

Rashi explains the blessing of Yosef using the language of re'em horns and the image of overpowering strength. His comments are central to the medieval parsing of the biblical creature later glossed as unicorn.

וקרני ראם קרניו. שׁוֹר כֹּחוֹ קָשֶׁה, וְאֵין קַרְנָיו נָאוֹת, אֲבָל רְאֵם קַרְנָיו נָאוֹת וְאֵין כֹּחוֹ קָשֶׁה, נָתַן לִיהוֹשֻׁעַ כֹּחוֹ שֶׁל שׁוֹר וְיֹפִי קַרְנֵי רְאֵם (ספרי):

וקרני ראם קרניו AND HIS HORNS ARE THE HORNS OF A RE’EM — The ox — its strength is mighty but its horns are not beautiful, a Re’em, however — its horns are beautiful but its strength is not mighty: therefore it ascribes to Joshua the strength of an ox and the beauty of a Re’em’s horns (Sifrei Devarim 353:10).

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Ohr HaChaim on Deuteronomy 33:17

אור החיים על דברים ל״ג:י״ז

Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy 33:17

The Ohr HaChaim offers a mystical and homiletical reading of Yosef's horns and the re'em image. It is a strong later source for the verse most often associated with unicorn-like language.

וְקַרְנֵי רְאֵם קַרְנָיו. הוּא כְּנֶגֶד יְהוֹשֻׁעַ הַבָּא מֵאֶפְרַיִם, שֶׁהָיָה שָׁמְעוֹ בְּכָל הָאָרֶץ, אֲשֶׁר גִּדְּלוֹ ה׳ וְהֵרִים מַעֲלָתוֹ כְּקַרְנֵי רְאֵם, ״בָּהֶם עַמִּים יְנַגַּח״ וְגוֹ׳, כִּי כִשְׁמוֹעַ מַלְכֵי הָאֱמוֹרִי אֵת אֲשֶׁר הָיָה ה׳ עִמּוֹ לֹא קָמָה עוֹד רוּחַ בָּהֶם מִפָּנָיו.

בהם עמים ינגח, "with them he gores nations." When the kings of the Emorites heard that G'd was with Joshua they no longer had any fighting spirit and could not offer Joshua resistance.

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

recovered from “Rabbeinu Bahya, Bamidbar

Rabbeinu Bahya, Devarim

רבנו בחיי, דברים ל״ג:י״ז

Rabbeinu Bahya, Devarim 33:17

The passage explains that Joseph's firstborn is described as having the strength and majesty of a wild ox (ream), comparing the tribe of Joseph to an ox due to its abundance and to a wild ox through its horns, and interprets this through mystical teachings as representing two divine qualities bestowed upon Joseph that produce two tribes, Ephraim and Manasseh.

בכור שורו הדר לו. בעבור שהזכיר תבואה המשיל השבט לשור, וכענין שכתוב (משלי י״ד:ד׳) ורב תבואות בכח שור, והזכיר בכור לפי שהיה בכורו של רחל, וקרני ראם קרניו בכח רבבות אפרים. וע"ד הקבלה, בכור שורו הדר לו, נתנו ליוסף הצדיק שתי מדות, הנצח וההוד, וזהו שאמר בכור שורו הדר לו, כי הדר הוא הנצח שהוא מימין וההוד שהוא משמאל נרמז בשור כי שם צורת שור כידוע בקבלה, ומפני שנתנו לו שתי מדות אלו המשילו לשני דברים לשור ולראם, המשילו לשור כנגד ההוד ולראם כנגד הנצח. וידעת כי משם נשמעה תפלתו של דוד שנאמר (תהילים כ״ב:כ״ב) ומקרני רמים עניתני, וכן יצאו ממנו שני שבטים שבט אפרים שנקרא על שם פריה ורביה שהוא ענין הרחמים והשני שבט מנשה שנקרא על שם השכחה שהוא מענין הדין.

בכור שורו הדר לו, “like a firstling ox in his majesty;” seeing Moses had already spoken of grain harvests, Moses compares the tribe of Joseph to an ox [used in ploughing, the first stage in working a field. Ed.]. We find this simile used in the same sense in Proverbs 14,4: ורב-תבואות בכח שור, “bountiful harvests are due to the strength of the ox.” The reason that Moses applies the term “firstborn” to Joseph is because he was the firstborn of his mother Rachel. וקרני ראם קרניו, “and his horns are like the horns of the Re'em.” A reference to the tens of thousands of the members of Ephrayim (and thousands of Menashe). A kabbalistic approach: in saying בכור שורו הדר לו, Moses attributes two principal attributes, virtues, to Joseph. They are the emanations (attributes) נצח and הוד, the former on the right side of the diagram of the emanations, the latter on the left side. The word הדר symbolises the emanation נצח, whereas the word שור alludes to the emanation הוד. You know that these were the emanations which responded to David’s prayer; compare Psalms 22,22 ומקרני רמים עניתני, “rescue (answer) me from the horns of wild oxen.” [I do not understand how our author squares this with his oft-repeated warning that in prayer one must only address the tetragrammaton, no subordinate attributes. Ed.] Two tribes emerged from Joseph one of whom represented fertility, i.e. אפרים, whereas the second מנשה represents שכחה, forgetting. The latter name is associated with דין, judgment.