Interprets Song of Songs as an allegory of love and joy in divine service; the soul's rejoicing in God is compared to a bride's joy in her groom.
רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן פָּתַר קְרָיָה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁעָלוּ לְהַר סִינַי, לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁמְּבַקֵּשׁ לִקַּח לוֹ אִשָּׁה בַּת טוֹבִים וּבַת גְּנוּסִים, שָׁלַח אֶצְלָהּ שָׁלִיחַ, דִּבֶּר לָהּ, אָמְרָה אֵינִי כְּדָאִית לְשִׁפְחָתוֹ אֶלָּא רְצוֹנִי לִשְׁמֹעַ מִפִּיו, כֵּיוָן שֶׁחָזַר אוֹתוֹ הַשָּׁלִיחַ אֶל הַמֶּלֶךְ הָיוּ פָּנָיו שׂוֹחֲקוֹת וְשִׂיחוֹתָיו אֵינָן נִשְׁמָעוֹת לַמֶּלֶךְ, הַמֶּלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה פִּקֵּחַ אָמַר זֶה פָּנָיו שׂוֹחֲקוֹת, דּוֹמֶה שֶׁקִּבְּלָה עָלֶיהָ וְשִׂיחוֹתָיו אֵינָן נִשָׁמָעוֹת לִי, דּוֹמֶה שֶׁאָמְרָה רְצוֹנִי לִשְׁמֹעַ מִפִּיו. כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל הִיא בַּת טוֹבִים, הַשָּׁלִיחַ זֶה משֶׁה, הַמֶּלֶךְ זֶה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, בַּשָּׁעָה הַהִיא (שמות יט, ח): וַיָּשֶׁב משֶׁה אֶת דִּבְרֵי הָעָם אֶל ה', וּמַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (שמות יט, ט): וַיַּגֵּד משֶׁה אֶת דִּבְרֵי הָעָם אֶל ה', אֶלָּא עַל יְדֵי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יט, ט): הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי בָּא אֵלֶיךָ בְּעַב הֶעָנָן בַּעֲבוּר יִשְׁמַע הָעָם בְּדַבְּרִי עִמָּךְ וְגַם בְּךָ יַאֲמִינוּ לְעוֹלָם וַיַּגֵּד משֶׁה אֶת דִּבְרֵי הָעָם אֶל ה', אָמַר לֵיהּ כָּךְ תָּבְעוּ, אָמַר לֵיהּ וּשְׁמָעוּן לִמְיַינוֹקָא מַה דְּהוּא בָּעֵי, רַבִּי פִּנְחָס בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר מַתְלָא אָמַר דִּנְכֵית לֵיהּ חִיוְיָא חַבְלָא מַדְחֵיל לֵיהּ, כָּךְ אָמַר משֶׁה, אֶתְמוֹל עַל יְדֵי שֶׁאָמַרְתִּי לוֹ (שמות ד, א): וְהֵן לֹא יַאֲמִינוּ לִי, נָטַלְתִּי אֶת שֶׁלִּי מִתַּחַת יְדֵיהֶם, עַכְשָׁיו מָה אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה לָהֶם, תָּנֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי, כָּךְ תָּבְעוּ, אָמְרוּ, רְצוֹנֵנוּ לִרְאוֹת כְּבוֹד מַלְכֵּנוּ. רַבִּי פִּנְחָס בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי גָּלוּי הָיָה לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁעֲתִידִים יִשְׂרָאֵל לְהָמִיר כְּבוֹדוֹ בְּאַחֵר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קו, כ): וַיָּמִירוּ אֶת כְּבוֹדָם, שֶׁא יְהוּ אוֹמְרִים אִלּוּ הֶרְאָנוּ אֶת כְּבוֹדוֹ וְאֶת גָּדְלוֹ, הָיִינוּ מַאֲמִינִים לוֹ, וְעַכְשָׁו שֶׁלֹא הֶרְאָנוּ כְּבוֹדוֹ וְאֶת גָּדְלוֹ, אֵין אָנוּ מַאֲמִינִים לוֹ, לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קמג, ב): וְאַל תָּבוֹא בְמִשְׁפָּט אֶת עַבְדֶּךָ. רַבִּי יוּדָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוּדָא בַּר רַבִּי סִימוֹן וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁשָּׁמְעוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל (שמות כ, ב): אָנֹכִי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ, נִתְקַע תַּלְמוּד תּוֹרָה בְּלִבָּם, וְהָיוּ לְמֵדִים וְלֹא הָיוּ מְשַׁכְּחִין, בָּאוּ אֵצֶל משֶׁה וְאָמְרוּ: משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ, תֵּעָשֶׂה אַתְּ פְּרוֹזְבְּיוֹן שָׁלִיחַ בֵּינוֹתֵינוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כ, טז): דַּבֵּר אַתָּה עִמָּנוּ וְנִשְׁמָעָה (דברים ה, כב): וְעַתָּה לָמָּה נָמוּת, וּמָה הֲנָיָיה יֵשׁ בַּאֲבֵדָה שֶׁלָּנוּ, חָזְרוּ לִהְיוֹת לְמֵדִים וְשׁוֹכְחִים, אָמְרוּ: מַה מּשֶׁה בָּשָׂר וָדָם עוֹבֵר, אַף תַּלְמוּדוֹ עוֹבֵר, מִיָּד חָזְרוּ בָּאוּ לָהֶם אֶל משֶׁה, אָמְרוּ לוֹ: משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ לְוַאי יִגָּלֶה לָנוּ פַּעַם שְׁנִיָּה, לְוַאי יִשָּׁקֵנִי מִנְּשִׁיקוֹת פִּיהוּ, לְוַאי יִתָּקַע תַּלְמוּד תּוֹרָה בְּלִבֵּנוּ כְּמוֹת שֶׁהָיָה. אָמַר לָהֶם: אֵין זוֹ עַכְשָׁיו אֲבָל לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה לא, לב): וְנָתַתִּי אֶת תּוֹרָתִי בְּקִרְבָּם וְעַל לִבָּם אֶכְתֳּבֶנָּה, רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אָמַר בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁשָּׁמְעוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל (שמות כ, ג): לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ, נֶעֱקַר מִלִּבָּם יֵצֶר הָרָע, בָּאוּ אֵצֶל משֶׁה אָמְרוּ לוֹ: משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ תֵּעָשֶׂה אַתְּ פְּרוֹזְבְּיוֹן שָׁלִיחַ בֵּינוֹתֵנוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: דַּבֵּר אַתָּה עִמָּנוּ וְנִשְׁמָעָה, וְעַתָּה לָמָּה נָמוּת, וּמָה הֲנָיָיה יֵשׁ בַּאֲבֵדָה שֶׁלָּנוּ, מִיָּד חָזַר יֵצֶר הָרָע לִמְקוֹמוֹ, חָזְרוּ עַל משֶׁה וְאָמְרוּ לוֹ: משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ לְוַאי יִגָּלֶה לָנוּ פַּעַם שֵׁנִי, הַלְּוַאי יִשָּׁקֵנִי מִנְּשִׁיקוֹת פִּיהוּ. אָמַר לָהֶם אֵין זוֹ עַכְשָׁו אֲבָל לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא הוּא, דִּכְתִיב (יחזקאל לו, כו): וַהֲסִירֹתִי אֶת לֵב הָאֶבֶן מִבְּשַׂרְכֶם.
Rabbi Yoḥanan interpreted the verse as regarding the Israelites when they ascended Mount Sinai. [This is analogous] to a king who sought to take a wife, well-born and of distinguished lineage. He sent a messenger to her, who spoke to her [and proposed marriage]. She said: ‘I am not worthy to be even his maidservant; however, I wish to hear it from his mouth.’ When that messenger returned to the king his face was glad, but his conversation was not comprehensible to the king. The king, who was clever, said: From the fact that his face is glad, apparently she accepted, but his conversation is not comprehensible to me, so apparently she said: I want to hear it from his mouth. So too, Israel is the well-born woman, the messenger is Moses, the king is the Holy One blessed be He. At that moment: “Moses returned the statement of the people to the Lord” (Exodus 19:8). Why, then, does the [next] verse state: “Moses related the statement of the people to the Lord” (Exodus 19:9)? Because it is stated: “Behold, I am coming to you in a thickness of cloud, so that the people will hear while I speak with you, and they will believe also in you forever. Moses related the statement of the people to the Lord” (Exodus 19:9). [Moses] said to Him: ‘This is what they demanded.’ He said to [Moses]: ‘Does one listen to a baby [and give him] everything he asks?’ Rabbi Pinḥas [said] in the name of Rabbi Levi: The proverb says: One who was bitten by a snake, a rope frightens him. So too, Moses said: ‘Yesterday, because I said to Him: “But they will not believe me (Exodus 4:1),” I received my just deserts through them; now what can I do for them?’ Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai taught: This is what they demanded: They said: ‘We wish to see the glory of our King.’ Rabbi Pinḥas [said] in the name of Rabbi Levi: It was revealed before the Holy One blessed be He that Israel is destined to exchange His glory for that of another, as it is stated: “They exchanged their glory” (Psalms 106:20). [God agreed to speak to them] so that they would not say: ‘Had He shown us His glory and His greatness, we would have believed in Him. Now that He did not show us His glory and His greatness, we do not believe in Him.’ [This is] to uphold what is stated: “Do not enter into judgment with your servant, [for no living man will be justified before You]” (Psalms 143:2). Rabbi Yudan in the name of Rabbi Yuda bar Rabbi Simon, Rabbi Yehuda, and Rabbi Neḥemya. Rabbi Yehuda says: At the moment that Israel heard: “I am the Lord your God” (Exodus 20:2), Torah study was affixed in their heart and they would study and would not forget. They came to Moses and said: ‘Moses our master, you become an intermediary between us, as it is stated: "You speak to us and we will hear” (Exodus 20:16), “Now, why shall we die? (Deuteronomy 5:22). What benefit would there be in our demise?’ They reverted to studying and forgetting. They said: ‘Just as Moses is flesh and blood and transient, so, too, his teaching is transient.’ Immediately, they returned and came to Moses and said to him: ‘Moses our master, if only He would appear to us a second time. If only “let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth.” If only Torah study will be affixed in our heart as it was.’ He said to them: ‘This will not [happen] now, but [it will occur] in the future, as it is written: “I will place My Torah within them and on their heart I will write it”’ (Jeremiah 31:32). Rabbi Neḥemya said: At the moment that Israel heard: “You shall not have [other gods before Me]” (Exodus 20:3), the evil inclination was uprooted from their heart. They came to Moses and said: ‘Moses our master, you become an intermediary between us, as it is stated: "You speak to us and we will hear” (Exodus 20:16). “Now, why shall we die? (Deuteronomy 5:22). What benefit would there be in our demise?’ Immediately, the evil inclination returned to its place. They returned and came to Moses and said to him: ‘Moses our master, if only He would appear to us a second time. If only “let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth.”’ He said to them: ‘This will not [happen] now, but it [will occur] in the future, as it is written: “I will remove the stone heart from your flesh”’ (Ezekiel 36:26).