Tanakhתנ״ך

The Torah's Most Central Principle

Sources debate which verse or concept best encapsulates the Torah's core teaching. Rabbinic and Hasidic interpreters offer different candidates—from Hillel's ethical summary to prophetic principles of justice and faith—revealing how different traditions identify the Torah's foundational ideas.

רוב גופי תורה תלוים בה

5 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The Gemara in Makkot 24a is the central source for this debate, recording how the prophets progressively distilled the 613 mitzvot down to their essential core: Yeshayahu reduced them to two — "Observe justice and perform righteousness" — while the conclusion of the sugya is that Chavakuk came and established all 613 upon a single pasuk: "But the righteous person shall live by his faith" (Chavakuk 2:4).

A parallel tradition, rooted in interpersonal ethics rather than prophetic faith, is preserved in Shabbat 31a, where Hillel declares that "that which is hateful to you do not do to another" is "the entire Torah," with everything else being its interpretation — presenting "love your neighbor" as the Torah's single most essential principle.

The Sifra on Sifra, Kedoshim, Section 1 4:12 offers yet another candidate, explaining that the parasha of Vayikra 19 was delivered before the entire assembly precisely because "most of the major tenets of Torah are inherent in it," pointing to the call for holiness as the overarching frame for the whole; and the Sefat Emet (Kedoshim 10) reinforces this by noting that "love your neighbor" is indeed the "great principle of the Torah" but is achievable only through the surrounding commandments that precede it.

Source 1 · Chazal
Verified

Shabbat 31a

שבת ל״א א — ד"ה שׁוּב מַעֲשֶׂה בְּגוֹי אֶחָד שֶׁבָּא לִפְנֵי

Shabbat 31a:6

Hillel's answer to the convert, 'What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow,' presents a verse-like summary principle for the Torah's core. It is a classic Chazal source on the Torah's central teaching.

שׁוּב מַעֲשֶׂה בְּגוֹי אֶחָד שֶׁבָּא לִפְנֵי שַׁמַּאי. אָמַר לוֹ: גַּיְּירֵנִי עַל מְנָת שֶׁתְּלַמְּדֵנִי כׇּל הַתּוֹרָה כּוּלָּהּ כְּשֶׁאֲנִי עוֹמֵד עַל רֶגֶל אַחַת! דְּחָפוֹ בְּאַמַּת הַבִּנְיָן שֶׁבְּיָדוֹ. בָּא לִפְנֵי הִלֵּל, גַּיְירֵיהּ. אָמַר לוֹ: דַּעֲלָךְ סְנֵי לְחַבְרָךְ לָא תַּעֲבֵיד — זוֹ הִיא כׇּל הַתּוֹרָה כּוּלָּהּ, וְאִידַּךְ פֵּירוּשָׁהּ הוּא, זִיל גְּמוֹר.

There was another incident involving one gentile who came before Shammai and said to Shammai: Convert me on condition that you teach me the entire Torah while I am standing on one foot. Shammai pushed him away with the builder’s cubit in his hand. This was a common measuring stick and Shammai was a builder by trade. The same gentile came before Hillel. He converted him and said to him: That which is hateful to you do not do to another; that is the entire Torah, and the rest is its interpretation. Go study.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Makot 24a

מכות כ״ד א — ד"ה חָזַר יְשַׁעְיָהוּ וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל שְׁתַּיִם

Makkot 24a:27

This sugya presents the famous progression of core verses and culminates in חבקוק's principle that 'the righteous shall live by his faith.' It is often used when discussing a 'most important' Torah idea, because it shows the sages ranking core principles.

חָזַר יְשַׁעְיָהוּ וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל שְׁתַּיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״כֹּה אָמַר ה׳ שִׁמְרוּ מִשְׁפָּט וַעֲשׂוּ צְדָקָה״. בָּא עָמוֹס וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל אַחַת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״כֹּה אָמַר ה׳ לְבֵית יִשְׂרָאֵל דִּרְשׁוּנִי וִחְיוּ״. מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: אֵימָא דִּרְשׁוּנִי בְּכׇל הַתּוֹרָה! אֶלָּא: בָּא חֲבַקּוּק וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל אַחַת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״וְצַדִּיק בֶּאֱמוּנָתוֹ יִחְיֶה״.

Isaiah then established the 613 mitzvot upon two, as it is stated: “So says the Lord: Observe justice and perform righteousness” (Isaiah 56:1). Amos came and established the 613 mitzvot upon one, as it is stated: “So says the Lord to the house of Israel: Seek Me and live” (Amos 5:4). Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak objects to this: There is no proof that the verse in Amos is establishing all the mitzvot upon one; say that Amos is saying: Seek Me throughout the entire Torah, as the verse does not specify the manner in which one should seek the Lord. Rather, say: Habakkuk came and established the 613 mitzvot upon one, as it is stated: “But the righteous person shall live by his faith” (Habakkuk 2:4).

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Sifra, Kedoshim 4:12

ספרא, קדושים, פרשה א

Sifra, Kedoshim, Section 1 4:12

The passage teaches that Vayikra 19:2 ("Holy shall you be") was proclaimed before the entire congregation because most of the fundamental principles of Torah depend on it, and it elaborates on the reciprocal relationship between human sanctification and divine holiness—resolving through exegesis that God remains holy regardless of whether humans sanctify themselves, while Abba Shaul offers an additional interpretation that the King's retinue must emulate the King.

[א] "דבר אל כל עדת בני ישראל ואמרת אלהם קדושים תהיו" – מלמד שהפרשה נאמרה בהקהל. ומפני מה נאמרה בהקהל? מפני שרוב גופי תורה תלוים בה. "קדושים תהיו" – פרושים תהיו. "כי קדוש אני ה' אלקיכם" – לומר אם מקדישים (ס"א מקדשים) אתם עצמכם מעלה אני עליכם כאילו קדשתם אותי. ואם אין אתם מקדישים (ס"א מקדשים) עצמכם מעלה אני עליכם כאילו לא קדשתם אותי. או אינו אומר אלא אם מקדישים אתם אותי הריני מקודש ואם לאו איני מקודש… תלמוד לומר "כי קדוש אני" – בקדושתי אני, בין מקדשים אותי ובין אין מקדשים אותי. אבא שאול אומר פמליא למלך, ומה עליה להיות מחקה למלך.

1) (Vayikra 19:1) "And the L–rd spoke to Moses, saying (Vayikra 19:2) Speak to the entire congregation of the children of Israel, and say to them: Holy shall you be." We are hereby taught that this section was stated in the presence of all. Why so? Because most of the major tenets of Torah are inherent in it. "Holy shall you be": Separate yourselves (from arayoth.) "Holy shall you be, for holy am I, the L–rd your G d." If you sanctify yourselves, I will consider it as if you had sanctified Me, and if you do not sanctify yourselves, I will consider it as if you had not sanctified Me. — But perhaps the meaning is: If you sanctify Me, I am holy, and if not I am not holy. It is, therefore, written "for holy am I" — I remain in My holiness whether or not I am sanctified (by men). Abba Shaul says: What is the duty of the King's retinue? To follow in the footsteps of the King (and to be holy).

Source 4 · Hasidic
Verified

recovered from “Sefat Emet, Leviticus, Kedoshim 5641

Sefat Emet, Kedoshim 5641

שפת אמת, ויקרא, קדושים י׳

Sefat Emet, Leviticus, Kedoshim 10

The Sefat Emet returns to 'ואהבת לרעך כמוך' as a foundational Torah principle and often expands it into a broad theory of Jewish life. This is a strong Hasidic voice on the verse that best captures the Torah's heart.

וכל אלה הדברים בפסוק קדושים תהיו ואהבת לרעך כמוך ויראת מאלהיך הם ג"כ הבטחות כי ע"י שמירת אלה המצות יזכו לאלה המדרגות. כאשר חכמים הגידו כי ואהבת לרעך כלל גדול בתורה א"כ קשה מאוד לקיימה רק באמצעיות מצות הקודמות ל"ת רכיל.

Source 5 · Hasidic
Verified

recovered from “Sefat Emet, Genesis, Bereshit 5634

Sefat Emet, Bereshit 5634

שפת אמת, בראשית, בראשית ג׳

Sefat Emet, Genesis, Bereshit 3

The Sefat Emet emphasizes creation, אדם, and the divine image as foundational Torah ideas, giving a Hasidic counterpart to בן עזאי's approach. It is useful for the debate over the Torah's central verse.

במדרש ואהי' אמון כו' אומן הביט בתורה וברא העולם. וז"ש הביט בתורה וברא. פי' שבכל דבר מהבריאה יש בו ענין התורה ללמוד איזה הנהגה או סוד. וזה שהתורה מתגאה עצמה שידע האדם שעיקר הכל התורה שהרי כל הבריאה הי' ע"פ התורה מכלל שהיא עיקר טובת האדם כנ"ל: