Shabbatשבת

Swimming and Water Activities on Shabbat

Jewish legal sources address whether swimming and recreational water activities are permitted on Shabbat, discussing the underlying concerns and conditions that may permit or restrict such conduct. The sources examine both the original rabbinic prohibitions and later practical applications in different water contexts.

אֵין שָׁטִין עַל פְּנֵי הַמַּיִם גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יַעֲשֶׂה חָבִית

5 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The baseline rule, as the Mishneh Torah (Sabbath 23:4-5) states, is that one may not swim in water on Shabbat — a rabbinic decree lest one fashion a float (a buoyancy device used for learning to swim).

The Shulchan Arukh (Orach Chayim 339:2) codifies the same prohibition and extends it even to a pool in one's courtyard, because when the water is displaced it resembles a river — but where the pool has a surrounding barrier that prevents the water from overflowing, swimming is permitted, since the enclosed water is treated like a vessel and the original concern no longer applies.

The Shulchan Arukh HaRav (Orach Chayim 339) clarifies that the decree applies specifically to rivers and river-like situations, not to an ordinary vessel of water, and that a courtyard pool with a proper raised edge likewise falls into the permitted category.

The Arukh HaShulchan (Orach Chayim 339) adds a further dimension: swimming in a public river carries the additional concern that one might splash water beyond four cubits, and on that basis the practice became to refrain entirely from bathing in a river on Shabbat.

Source 1 · Chazal
Verified

Shabbat 39b

שבת ל״ט ב — ד"ה אָמַר רַב אִיקָא בַּר חֲנַנְיָא

Shabbat 39b:4

Rav Ika bar Hananya explains that the mishna discusses rinsing one's entire body with water, and its ruling accords with Rabbi Shimon's position from the Tosefta, which permits rinsing with hot water heated before Shabbat but prohibits rinsing with water heated on Shabbat itself, while Rabbi Meir forbids rinsing with hot water entirely and Rabbi Yehuda permits it only with cold water.

אָמַר רַב אִיקָא בַּר חֲנַנְיָא: לְהִשְׁתַּטֵּף בָּהֶן כׇּל גּוּפוֹ עָסְקִינַן, וְהַאי תַּנָּא הוּא דְּתַנְיָא: לֹא יִשְׁתַּטֵּף אָדָם כׇּל גּוּפוֹ בֵּין בְּחַמִּין וּבֵין בְּצוֹנֵן — דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מַתִּיר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: בְּחַמִּין — אָסוּר, בְּצוֹנֵן — מוּתָּר.

Rav Ika bar Ḥananya said: In our mishna, we are dealing with water that was heated in order to rinse one’s entire body with it. Rinsing does not have the same legal status as bathing. And that which we learned in the mishna: Water that was heated on Shabbat is prohibited for bathing, from which it can be inferred that water heated before Shabbat is permitted for bathing on Shabbat, is in accordance with the opinion of this tanna, the opinion of Rabbi Shimon in the Tosefta. As it was taught in a Tosefta: One may neither rinse his entire body with hot water, even if it was heated before Shabbat, nor with cold water; this is the statement of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Shimon permits doing so even with hot water because it was heated before Shabbat. Rabbi Yehuda says: With hot water, it is prohibited; with cold water, it is permitted. According to Rabbi Shimon, it is completely prohibited to rinse with water that was heated on Shabbat itself. Consequently, our mishna, which does not differentiate between hot and cold water, is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon.

Source 2 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 23:4-5

משנה תורה, הלכות שבת כ״ג:ד׳-ה׳

Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 23:4-5

Codifies restrictions on preparing from Shabbat to weekdays and conduct that erodes Shabbat’s character. This helps frame the broader halakhic attitude toward recreational swimming on Shabbat.

אֵין מְסַפְּקִין וְלֹא מְרַקְּדִין וְאֵין מְטַפְּחִין בְּשַׁבָּת גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יְתַקֵּן כְּלֵי שִׁיר. וּלְסַפֵּק כִּלְאַחַר יָד מֻתָּר. אֵין שָׁטִין עַל פְּנֵי הַמַּיִם גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יְתַקֵּן חָבִית שֶׁל שַׁיָּטִין. בְּרֵכָה שֶׁבֶּחָצֵר מֻתָּר לָשׁוּט בְּתוֹכָהּ שֶׁאֵינוֹ בָּא לַעֲשׂוֹת חָבִית שֶׁל שַׁיָּטִין וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לָהּ שָׂפָה מֻקֶּפֶת שֶׁלֹּא יֵעָקֵר מִמֶּנָּה הַמַּיִם. כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הֶכֵּר וְהֶפְרֵשׁ בֵּינָהּ וּבֵין הַיָּם:

We may not drum, nor dance, nor clap hands on the Sabbath. [These are] decrees, [instituted] lest one repair a musical instrument. One may, however, clap using the back of one's hands. One may not swim in water. [This is] a decree, instituted lest one make a float. It is permitted to swim in a pool in one's courtyard, provided the pool has an edge jutting up so that the water does not flow out of it. This serves as a distinguishing factor between a pool and the sea.

Source 3 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim 339

שולחן ערוך הרב, אורח חיים של״ט

Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim 339

Addresses Shabbat restrictions in this area and can be used as a practical halakhic background source for swimming-related concerns.

וְאֵין שָׁטִין עַל פְּנֵי הַמַּיִם, גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יַעֲשֶׂה חָבִית שֶׁל שַׁיָּטִין, דְּהַיְנוּ כְּלִי שֶׁל גּוּמָא שֶׁאוֹרְגִין אוֹתוֹ וְעוֹשִׂים כְּמִין חָבִית אֲרֻכָּה וּלְמֵדִין לָשׁוּט בּוֹ. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים? בְּנָהָר, אֲבָל בִּכְלִי — מֻתָּר, שֶׁאֵין דֶּרֶךְ לַעֲשׂוֹת חָבִית לָשׁוּט בָּהּ בִּכְלִי. אֲבָל בִּבְרֵכָה שֶׁבְּחָצֵר — אָסוּר, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכְּשֶׁהַמַּיִם נֶעֱקָרִים כְּשֶׁשָּׁט — הֲרֵי הֵם יוֹצְאִים חוּץ לַבְּרֵכָה, וַהֲרֵי זֶה דוֹמֶה לְנָהָר. וְאִם יֵשׁ לָהּ שָׂפָה סָבִיב — מֻתָּר לָשׁוּט בָּהּ, שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ נֶעֶקְרוּ הַמַּיִם — הַשָּׂפָה מַחֲזֶרֶת אוֹתָם לִמְקוֹמָם, וַהֲרֵי זֶה דוֹמֶה לִכְלִי:

Source 4 · Acharonim
Verified

Arukh HaShulchan, Orach Chaim 339

ערוך השולחן, אורח חיים של״ט

Arukh HaShulchan, Orach Chaim 339

A later practical discussion of Shabbat behavior and activities that resemble weekday conduct or may lead to prohibited outcomes. Relevant as a background source for swimming on Shabbat.

אין שטין על פני המים, גזירה שמא יעשה חבית של שייטין להתלמד בו לשוט. ואם הנהר אינה בחצר אלא כסתם נהרות שהן כרמלית, יש בזה עוד איסור, דשמא יתיז מים ברגליו חוץ לד' אמות (רש"י מ': ד"ה 'ואפילו' ע"ש). וכבר כתבנו בסימן שכ"ו דהרוחץ בנהר צריך ליזהר מזה, ושמטעם זה נהגו אצלינו איסור לרחוץ בנהר בשבת ע"ש.

Source 5 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 339

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים של״ט — ד"ה אין שטין על פני המים אפילו

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 339:2

Discusses various activities on Shabbat that may lead to writing, repairing, or weekday-style conduct. This siman is relevant to swimming and related concerns of using water on Shabbat, though the specific swimming discussion is in the later practical halakhic literature.

אין שטין על פני המים אפילו בבריכה שבחצר מפני שכשהמים נעקרים ויוצאים חוץ לבריכה דמי לנהר ואם יש לה שפה סביב מותר דכיון אפילו נעקרו המים השפה מחזרת אותם למקומם הוי ליה ככלי וליכא למיגזר ביה שמא יעשה חבית של שייטין:

We do not swim in water, even in a pool in the yard, because the water can overflow and thus resemble a river. If there is a barrier around the pool, it is permitted, because even if the water overflows, the barrier forces it back, so it is more like a container, and there is no reason to decree out of concern that one will make a float.

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