Machshavaמחשבה

Ibn Ezra on Moshe and Aharon's Prophecy

Ibn Ezra explores the distinct prophetic roles and spiritual hierarchy of Moshe and Aharon in Torah, examining how Moshe's prophetic primacy and direct communication with God contrasts with Aharon's supporting function as intermediary and spokesman. The sources address their complementary roles in transmitting divine guidance to Israel.

כי אהרן יהיה דומה לפה שיוציא דבור הנשמה

12 sources · all verified

Opens as a working sheet — explore, annotate, and export.

What the sources say

The clearest statement of the gap between Moshe's and Aharon's nevuah appears in Ibn Ezra (Shemot 6:26–27), who explains that Scripture places Moshe first from the encounter with Pharaoh onward precisely because God spoke with him face to face and he alone drew near to the thick darkness — whereas Aharon did not share that level, as the Torah itself testifies with the words 'My servant Moshe is not so' (Bamidbar 12:7).

Ibn Ezra (Bamidbar 12:6–8) elaborates on that distinction: Moshe is, as it were, a member of God's own house who may enter without permission and state his needs, while other prophets receive communication only when God chooses to make Himself known to them in a dream — and Moshe alone is addressed without any intermediary, with the word illustrated to him manifestly and not in dark speeches.

The functional division between the two emerges from Ibn Ezra (Shemot 7:1), where he explains that God elevated Moshe to the stature of an angel in Pharaoh's eyes, and that this is the meaning of 'I have set thee in God's stead to Pharaoh' — for God speaks to the prophet, and the prophet speaks to the men of his generation, with Aharon serving as that second link in the chain.

Ibn Ezra (Tehillim 99:7) draws the role of both Moshe and Aharon together in a single formulation: as intermediaries between God and Israel, their distinctive praise was that they kept His testimonies and statutes in order to transmit them faithfully to Israel, neither adding nor subtracting — that fidelity to Torah as given being their defining merit.

Source 1 · Rishonim
Verified

recovered from “Ibn Ezra on Exodus 4:16

Ibn Ezra on Exodus

אבן עזרא על שמות ד׳ — ד"ה ויאמר

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 4:13

On Moshe's reluctance and Aharon’s role as his mouthpiece, Ibn Ezra stresses that Aharon will speak for Moshe, but the revelation and command originate with Moshe. This is a key place for his distinction between Moshe’s prophetic primacy and Aharon’s supporting function.

ביד תשלח. חסר אשר כאילו הוא כתוב ביד אשר תשלח, כמו "עם לבבם שלם" (דה"ב טז ט) והטעם שישלח זה השליחות ביד אהרן אחיו שהוא איש דברים, כי איננו כבד לשון, והוא רגיל להנבא לישראל, וכתוב ביחזקאל כי השם שלח נביא בישראל לפני בא משה אדונינו וכתיב ויאמר ד' אל אהרן לך לקראת משה המדברה (למטה כ כז), ועוד כי הוא גדול ממנו בשנים, אולי יחר לו שיהיה משה שליח אל פרעה, על כן אמר השם "וראך ושמח בלבו" (פ' יד): והנה משה איננו ממאן ללכת רק בתחלה אמר "לא איש דברים אנכי", כי קשה הוא לדבר לפני המלך מי שהוא כבד פה, וחשב כי השם יחדש לו אות להסיר כובד פה, וכאשר השיבו השם והוריתיך ידע כי כובד לשונו לא יסור, הנה תמה משה למה לא ישלח השם אהרן אל פרעה, ובעבור זה אמר "שלח נא ביד תשלח" ומתשובת השם "הלא אהרן אחיך הלוי" יתברר לנו כל זה:

WHOM THOU WILT SEND. The word asher (whom) has been omitted. Our verse is to be read as if written be-yad asher tishlach. Im levavam shalem (whose heart is whole) (II Chron. 16:9) is similar. Its meaning is, send this message by the hand of Aaron my brother who is a man of words, for he is not of slow speech and he is in the habit of prophesying to Israel. Indeed, it is written in the book of Ezekiel that God sent a prophet to Israel before he sent our master Moses. Scripture also states, And the Lord said to Aaron: Go into the wilderness to meet Moses (Ex. 4:27). Furthermore, since Aaron was older than Moses, he might be angry if Moses was appointed God’s messenger to Pharaoh. It is for this reason that God told Moses, and when he (Aaron) seeth thee, he will be glad in his heart (Ex. 4:14). Now Moses did not refuse to go. What happened was that Moses first replied, I am not a man of words (v. 10), and it is difficult for one who is slow of speech to speak before the king. Moses thought that God would miraculously remove his slowness of speech. However, when God answered him, and (I) will teach thee what thou shalt speak (v. 12), Moses knew that his slowness of speech would not be removed. Moses thus wondered why God did not send Aaron to Pharaoh. It is for this reason that he said, send, I pray Thee, by the hand of him whom Thou wilt send. All of this can be clearly derived from God’s answer, Is not Aaron thy brother… (v. 14).

Source 2 · Rishonim
Verified

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 6:12

אבן עזרא על שמות ו׳:י״ב

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 6:12

Moshe expresses doubt that Pharaoh will listen to him given that the Israelites themselves do not listen, notes his speech impediment as a grave deficiency, recalls that God promised to teach his mouth in the first instance (yet he still struggles with difficult speech), and observes that God said Aharon would serve as a mediator between him and Israel.

הן בני ישראל שהם עמך לא שמעו אלי, ואיך ישמעני פרעה שהוא מלך ואינו מעמך, ועוד כי מגרעת גדולה היא שאדבר לפניו ואני ערל שפתים, כי בפעם הראשונה הבטחתני שתורה את פי שלא אבטא באות שהוא כבד עלי, אולי תכשל לשוני לפניו ואתה אמרת כי אהרן יהיה מליץ ביני ובין ישראל:

Source 3 · Rishonim
Verified

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 28:1

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 28:1

Ibn Ezra states that Moshe served initially as the chief priest, which is why the text says "draw near to him"; he explains that Ahron was chosen and consecrated for the priestly service to honor Nechshon's family line, who would serve as kohanim atoning for Israel, while Moshe could not serve as priest since he was occupied with teaching all of Israel the commandments and adjudicating difficult cases.

ואתה. בעבור היות משה כהן הכהנים בתחלה על כן טעם הקרב אליך, וכבר רמזתי לך למה נבחר אהרן להקדישו לשם בעבור כבוד משפחת נחשון שיהיו הכהנים מכפרים על בני ישראל, ואין לדבר על משה אדונינו כי בורח היה, ומי יתן לו עברית, ועוד כי טורח כל ישראל על משה ללמדם המצות, ולדון כל דבר קשה.

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 7:6

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 7:6

The passage states that the verse "and Moses and Aaron did" now indicates that signs were performed both through Aaron and through Moses, and afterward each sign will be explained individually.

ויעש משה ואהרן. עתה כלל כי על יד אהרן גם על יד משה נעשו האותות ואח"כ יפרש כל אות ואות:

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 4:14

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 4:14

Aharon functions like a mouth expressing the soul that Moshe's mind produces (as angels are invisible incorporeal beings), making Moshe analogous to an angel's level, as indicated by "and you shall be to him as elohim"—a term in Scripture denoting either the honored Name, God's holy angels through whom God's works are seen on earth, righteous mortals who execute God's judgments, or figures whom the text calls elohim according to those who worship them, as exemplified by the prophet Hananyah.

כי אהרן יהיה דומה לפה שיוציא דבור הנשמה שאינה נראית, כמו המלאכים שאינם נראים כי אינם גוף, והנה ידמה משה כמעלת המלאך, וזהו ואתה תהיה לו לאלהים, והנה אין אלהים בכל המקרא רק השם הנכבד, או מלאכיו הקדושים, כי על ידם יראו מעשה השם בארץ, או קדושי מטה העושים משפטי אלהים בארץ וכל אלהים שהוא עו"ג דבר הכתוב ככה לפי מחשבת העובדים, כמו אל חנניה הנביא (ירמי' כח ה):

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 6:26-27

אבן עזרא על שמות ו׳:כ״ו-כ״ז

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 6:26-27

Ibn Ezra explains that Scripture lists Aaron before Moses in their initial introduction because Aaron was older and prophesied to Israel before Moses arrived, but from the point they spoke to Pharaoh onward, Moses is consistently mentioned first throughout the Pentateuch, Prophets, and Writings due to his superior status—including his face-to-face communication with God and proximity to the divine presence—except in passages listing them by birth order, where the terms "generations" and "bore" indicate chronological listing.

הוא אהרן ומשה. הקדים אהרן למשה כי הוא גדול בשנים, ועוד כי הוא התנבא לישראל קודם בא משה: הם. עתה מעת שדברו אל פרעה הקדים משה בעבור גודל מעלתו, והשם דבר עמו פנים אל פנים, ונגש אל הערפל אשר שם השם, ולא כן אהרן, והכתוב מעיד לא כן עבדי משה (במד' יב ז) ואהרן אמר לו פעמים בי אדוני על כן לא תמצא בכל התורה מתחלת זה הפסוק שלא יקדים משה לאהרן, וככה בנביאים, וככה בכתובים ואין טענה ממלת ואלה תולדות אהרן ומשה (במד' ג א) גם "ותלד לו את אהרן. ואת משה" (שם כו נט) כי כאשר נולדו הזכירם, והעד "תולדות" גם "ותלד":

THESE ARE THAT AARON AND MOSES. Scripture mentions Aaron before Moses because Aaron was older and also because he prophesied to Israel before the arrival of Moses. THESE. Now from the time that they spoke to Pharaoh, Scripture mentions Moses before Aaron because of his great status. Indeed, God spoke to him face to face and he alone drew near unto the thick darkness where God was. This was not the case with Aaron. Scripture testifies with regard to Moses, My servant Moses is not so (Num. 12:7). Furthermore, Aaron said, oh my lord twice. You will therefore not find in the entire Pentateuch starting from this verse Moses not mentioned before Aaron. The same holds true for the Prophets and similarly for the Writings. There is no argument to the contrary from Now these are the generations of Aaron and Moses (Num. 3:1) or from, and she bore unto Amram Aaron and Moses (Num. 26:59), as Scripture lists them there in the order of their birth. The words generations and and she bore is proof of this.

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Ibn Ezra on Psalms 99:7

אבן עזרא על תהילים צ״ט:ז׳

Ibn Ezra on Psalms 99:7

Moshe and Ahron are called keepers of God's testimonies because they served as intermediaries between God and Israel, faithfully transmitting the statutes and ordinances God gave them to Israel without addition or diminution, and this preservation of the law is their praise.

וטעם לאמר על משה ואהרן שהם שומרי עדותיו, בעבור היותם אמצעיים בין השם ובין ישראל והעדות והחקים שנתן להם השם שמרום לאמרם כן לישראל ולא יוסיפו ולא יגרעו וזה הוא שבחם, כי אין צורך לזכור עליהם ששמרו התורה.

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Ibn Ezra on Numbers 12:6-8

אבן עזרא על במדבר י״ב:ו׳-ח׳

Ibn Ezra on Numbers 12:6-8

Ibn Ezra comments on the divine rebuke concerning Miriam and Aharon, and on the unique status of Moshe’s prophecy compared with other prophets. The section is central for understanding the hierarchy of nevuah and Moshe’s exceptional clarity.

בכל ביתי נאמן הוא. טעמו כבן בית שיכנס בלא רשות ואם יצטרך ידבר צרכיו ואתם כאשר אתודע לכם בחלום תדעו ואם לא אין לכם רשות לשאול: פה אל פה אדבר בו. הטעם בלא אמצעי: במראה ולא בחידות. הטעם שאראה לו הדבור כאשר הוא כצורת המשכן:

HE IS TRUSTED IN ALL MY HOUSE. It means that Moses is, at it were, a member of My house. He enters without permission. If necessary he states his needs. However, in your case when I make myself known to you in a dream, then you are informed. If not, then you have no permission to ask. WITH HIM DO I SPEAK MOUTH TO MOUTH. The meaning is, I speak to him without an intermediary. EVEN MANIFESTLY, AND NOT IN DARK SPEECHES. This means I illustrate my word to him as I did when I commanded the erection of the tabernacle.

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 7:1

אבן עזרא על שמות ז׳:א׳

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 7:1

Ibn Ezra explains that Moshe receives a higher level of prophecy, while Aharon is appointed as Moshe’s spokesman. The passage clarifies how divine guidance is mediated through Moshe in the encounter with Pharaoh.

ויאמר ד'. זהו ואיך ישמעני פרעה ואני ערל שפתים השיבו השם, ראה נתתיך אלהים לפרעה: ויאמר, טעם ראה שעשיתי לך מעלה גדולה שתהיה נחשב בעיני פרעה כמעלת מלאך, וזהו אלהים, והוא מדבר אל הנביא, והנביא מדבר אל אנשי דורו:

I. AND THE LORD SAID. This was in response to, how then shall Pharaoh hear me, who am of uncircumcised lips (Ex. 6:12). God answered Moses, See I have set thee in God’s stead to Pharaoh. AND THE LORD SAID. Its meaning is: See, I have greatly elevated your status in that in Pharaoh’s eyes your stature is that of an angel. This is what God’s stead means. God speaks to the prophet and the prophet speaks to the men of his generation.

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

Ibn Ezra on Deuteronomy 18:15-18

אבן עזרא על דברים י״ח:ט״ו-י״ח

Ibn Ezra on Deuteronomy 18:15-18

Moshe describes the prophet like himself as one who is a prophet of God and not an enchanter.

כמוני. שהוא נביא השם לא מנחש:

LIKE UNTO ME. Who is a prophet of God and not an enchanter.

Source 11 · Rishonim
Verified

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 19:9

אבן עזרא על שמות י״ט:ט׳

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 19:9

Ibn Ezra comments on the revelation at Sinai as the foundation for ישראל’s access to divine communication. The passage is relevant to the idea that true guidance must be rooted in Torah revelation rather than detached inspiration.

ובדברי עמך. עשרת הדברים אז יאמינו כי נכון הוא שידבר השם עם אדם וחי: וטעם וגם בך יאמינו. שאתה נביא, ויוסר הספק ממחשבותם והנה כתוב מפורש, היום הזה ראינו כי ידבר אלהים את האדם וחי (דבר' ה כא), ועוד כתוב שם כי מי כל בשר אשר שמע קול אלהים חיים מדבר מתוך האש כמונו ויחי (שם שם כג), ושם כתוב קרב אתה ושמע (שם שם כד) וזהו וגם בך יאמינו לעולם:

WHEN I SPEAK WITH THEE. The Decalogue. They will then believe that God in truth speaks with a person and he lives. [AND MAY ALSO BELIEVE THEE.] That you are a prophet. All doubt will be removed from their minds. It is explicitly written, we have seen this day that God doth speak with man, and he liveth (Deut. 5:21). It is also written there, For who is there of all flesh, that hath heard the voice of the living God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as we have, and lived? (Deut. 5:23). And it is there written, Go thou near, and hear (Deut. 5:24). This is what Scripture means by and may also believe thee for ever.

Source 12 · Rishonim
Verified

Ibn Ezra on Numbers 11:17

אבן עזרא על במדבר י״א:י״ז

Ibn Ezra on Numbers 11:17

Ibn Ezra explains the divine sharing of spirit with the elders under Moshe’s leadership. The source reflects how spiritual guidance is distributed through a Torah-ordered structure that still depends on Moshe’s central authority.

ואצלתי. כטעם אקח מאשר אצלך ודע כי הרוח כמו החכמה ואם תנתן מחכמת ראובן לשמעון לא תחסר חכמת ראובן רק נשארה כאשר היא והמשל בנר:

AND I WILL TAKE OF THE SPIRIT. The meaning of ve-atzalti (and I will take of the spirit) is, I will take from that which you possess. Note that spirit means wisdom. If some of the wisdom of Reuben is given to Simeon, Reuben’s wisdom is not diminished. It remains as is. Let the light of a candle serve as an example.