Tanakhתנ״ך

David, Bathsheba, and Repentance

Sources examine the biblical narrative of David and Bathsheba, including textual exegesis of the episode itself, rabbinic discussions of its moral and legal dimensions, and David's subsequent repentance as reflected in the penitential psalms.

לְךָ לְבַדְּךָ חָטָאתִי וְהָרַע בְּעֵינֶיךָ עָשִׂיתִי

12 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The narrative in Shemuel Bet 11:1–27 presents Dovid seeing Batsheva bathing, sending messengers to take her, lying with her while she had just completed her ritual purification, and then receiving word that she was pregnant — after which the text notes that what Dovid had done was evil in the eyes of God.

The Gemara in Shabbat 56a opens a direct dispute on the question of sin: Rabbi Shmuel bar Nahmani in the name of Rabbi Yonatan holds that anyone who says Dovid sinned is simply mistaken, since the Divine Presence remained with him, and reinterprets Nathan's rebuke to mean Dovid sought to act but did not actually transgress — while Sanhedrin 107a preserves Rav's opposing teaching that Dovid brought himself to an ordeal and failed, implying genuine failure.

Rashi on Shemuel Bet 11:6 resolves the question within the framework of the first view, explaining that soldiers departing for war wrote conditional divorce documents, so that if Uriah died Batsheva would be retroactively divorced — meaning Dovid's primary guilt lay not in adultery but in arranging Uriah's death in battle.

The superscription of Tehillim 51:2 — composed after Nathan the prophet came to Dovid following the incident with Batsheva — and Dovid's own words there, "against You alone have I sinned," are taken up by the Abarbanel (Shemuel Bet 12:13), who explains that the sin was committed entirely in secret, unknown to Israel, which is why Dovid could say it was evil only before God; and Yoma 22b records that the fourfold punishment prophesied by Nathan — the death of the first child, the killing of Amnon, the rape of Tamar, and the rebellion of Avshalom — was already exacted, settling the account separately from Dovid's other transgressions.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Psalms 51

תהילים נ״א

Psalms 51:2

A classic penitential psalm traditionally read in connection with David's repentance after the Bathsheba affair, stressing confession, cleansing, and a broken heart.

בְּֽבוֹא־אֵ֭לָיו נָתָ֣ן הַנָּבִ֑יא כַּאֲשֶׁר־בָּ֝֗א אֶל־בַּת־שָֽׁבַע׃ חׇנֵּ֣נִי אֱלֹהִ֣ים כְּחַסְדֶּ֑ךָ כְּרֹ֥ב רַ֝חֲמֶ֗יךָ מְחֵ֣ה פְשָׁעָֽי׃ לְךָ֤ לְבַדְּךָ֨ ׀ חָטָאתִי֮ וְהָרַ֥ע בְּעֵינֶ֗יךָ עָ֫שִׂ֥יתִי לְ֭מַעַן תִּצְדַּ֥ק בְּדׇבְרֶ֗ךָ תִּזְכֶּ֥ה בְשׇׁפְטֶֽךָ׃

when Nathan the prophet came to him after he had come to Bathsheba. Have mercy upon me, O God, as befits Your faithfulness; in keeping with Your abundant compassion, blot out my transgressions. Against You alone have I sinned, and done what is evil in Your sight; so You are just in Your sentence, and right in Your judgment.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

II Samuel 11:1-27

שמואל ב י״א:א׳-כ״ז

II Samuel 11:1-27

The core narrative of David and Bathsheba: David sees Bathsheba, sends for her, and the episode leads to sin, concealment, and Uriah's death.

וַיְהִ֣י ׀ לְעֵ֣ת הָעֶ֗רֶב וַיָּ֨קׇם דָּוִ֜ד מֵעַ֤ל מִשְׁכָּבוֹ֙ וַיִּתְהַלֵּךְ֙ עַל־גַּ֣ג בֵּית־הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ וַיַּ֥רְא אִשָּׁ֛ה רֹחֶ֖צֶת מֵעַ֣ל הַגָּ֑ג וְהָ֣אִשָּׁ֔ה טוֹבַ֥ת מַרְאֶ֖ה מְאֹֽד׃ וַיִּשְׁלַ֣ח דָּוִ֔ד וַיִּדְרֹ֖שׁ לָאִשָּׁ֑ה וַיֹּ֗אמֶר הֲלוֹא־זֹאת֙ בַּת־שֶׁ֣בַע בַּת־אֱלִיעָ֔ם אֵ֖שֶׁת אוּרִיָּ֥ה הַֽחִתִּֽי׃ וַיִּשְׁלַח֩ דָּוִ֨ד מַלְאָכִ֜ים וַיִּקָּחֶ֗הָ וַתָּב֤וֹא אֵלָיו֙ וַיִּשְׁכַּ֣ב עִמָּ֔הּ וְהִ֥יא מִתְקַדֶּ֖שֶׁת מִטֻּמְאָתָ֑הּ וַתָּ֖שׇׁב אֶל־בֵּיתָֽהּ׃ וַתַּ֖הַר הָאִשָּׁ֑ה וַתִּשְׁלַח֙ וַתַּגֵּ֣ד לְדָוִ֔ד וַתֹּ֖אמֶר הָרָ֥ה אָנֹֽכִי׃

Late one afternoon, David rose from his couch and strolled on the roof of the royal palace; and from the roof he saw a woman bathing. The woman was very beautiful, and David sent someone to make inquiries about the woman. He reported, “She is Bathsheba daughter of Eliam [and] wife of Uriah the Hittite.” David sent messengers to fetch her; she came to him and he lay with her—she had just purified herself after her period—and she went back home. The woman conceived, and she sent word to David, “I am pregnant.”

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Yoma 22b

יומא כ״ב ב — ד"ה וְהָא אִיכָּא נָמֵי מַעֲשֶׂה דְּבַת שֶׁבַע

Yoma 22b:12

Chazal discuss David's conduct, emphasizing that his sin was not literal adultery in the legal sense because of the conditional divorce given to soldiers, while still faulting the episode morally.

וְהָא אִיכָּא נָמֵי מַעֲשֶׂה דְּבַת שֶׁבַע! הָתָם אִפְּרַעוּ מִינֵּיהּ, דִּכְתִיב: ״וְאֶת הַכִּבְשָׂה יְשַׁלֵּם אַרְבַּעְתָּיִם״, יֶלֶד, אַמְנוֹן, תָּמָר, וְאַבְשָׁלוֹם.

The Gemara asks: But were these his only two sins? There is also the incident of Bathsheba, in which he took another man’s wife as his own. The Gemara answers: There, in that case, punishment was exacted from him separately, so the matter is no longer listed among his sins, as it is written with regard to this incident: “And he shall restore the lamb fourfold” (II Samuel 12:6). The lamb was a metaphor for Bathsheba, and ultimately David was indeed given a fourfold punishment for taking Bathsheba: The first child born to Bathsheba and David died (see II Samuel 12:13–23); David’s son Amnon was killed; Tamar, his daughter, was raped by Amnon (see II Samuel 13); and his son Avshalom rebelled against him and was ultimately killed (see II Samuel 15–18).

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Sanhedrin 107a

סנהדרין ק״ז א — ד"ה אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב

Sanhedrin 107a:2

A famous rabbinic discussion of David's lapse, including the notion that his public reputation and the theological implications of the Bathsheba episode require nuance.

אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: לְעוֹלָם אַל יָבִיא אָדָם עַצְמוֹ לִידֵי נִסָּיוֹן, שֶׁהֲרֵי דָּוִד מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל הֵבִיא עַצְמוֹ לִידֵי נִסָּיוֹן וְנִכְשָׁל. אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, מִפְּנֵי מָה אוֹמְרִים ״אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם, אֱלֹהֵי יִצְחָק וֵאלֹהֵי יַעֲקֹב״, וְאֵין אוֹמְרִים ״אֱלֹהֵי דָוִד״? אָמַר: אִינְהוּ מִינְּסוּ לִי וְאַתְּ לָא מִינַּסֵּית לִי. אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, בְּחָנֵנִי וְנַסֵּנִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בְּחָנֵנִי ה׳ וְנַסֵּנִי וְגוֹ׳״. אֲמַר: מְינַסֵּינָא לָךְ, וְעָבֵידְנָא מִילְּתָא בַּהֲדָךְ, דִּלְדִידְהוּ לָא הוֹדַעְתִּינְהוּ, וְאִילּוּ אֲנָא קָא מוֹדַעְנָא לָךְ דִּמְנַסֵּינָא לָךְ בִּדְבַר עֶרְוָה. מִיָּד, ״וַיְהִי לְעֵת הָעֶרֶב וַיָּקׇם דָּוִד מֵעַל מִשְׁכָּבוֹ וְגוֹ׳״. ״וַיִּתְהַלֵּךְ עַל גַּג בֵּית הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיַּרְא אִשָּׁה רוֹחֶצֶת מֵעַל הַגָּג וְהָאִשָּׁה טוֹבַת מַרְאֶה מְאֹד״. בַּת שֶׁבַע הֲוָה קָא חָיְיפָא רֵישָׁא תּוּתֵי חַלְּתָא. אֲתָא שָׂטָן, אִידְּמִי לֵיהּ כְּצִיפַּרְתָּא. פְּתַק בֵּיהּ גִּירָא, פַּתְקַהּ לְחַלְּתָא, אִיגַּלַּיה וְחַזְיַיהּ. מִיָּד: ״וַיִּשְׁלַח דָּוִד וַיִּדְרֹשׁ לָאִשָּׁה וַיֹּאמֶר הֲלוֹא זֹאת בַּת שֶׁבַע בַּת אֱלִיעָם אֵשֶׁת אוּרִיָּה הַחִתִּי. וַיִּשְׁלַח דָּוִד מַלְאָכִים וַיִּקָּחֶהָ וַתָּבוֹא אֵלָיו וַיִּשְׁכַּב עִמָּהּ וְהִיא מִתְקַדֶּשֶׁת מִטֻּמְאָתָהּ וַתָּשׇׁב אֶל בֵּיתָהּ״. וְהַיְינוּ דִּכְתִיב: ״בָּחַנְתָּ לִבִּי פָּקַדְתָּ לַּיְלָה צְרַפְתַּנִי בַל תִּמְצָא זַמֹּתִי בַּל יַעֲבׇר פִּי״. אָמַר: אִיכּוֹ זְמָמָא נְפַל בְּפוּמֵּיהּ דְּמַאן דְּסָנֵי לִי, וְלָא אֲמַר כִּי הָא מִילְּתָא! דָּרֵשׁ רָבָא: מַאי דִּכְתִיב ״כִּי אֲנִי לְצֶלַע נָכוֹן וּמַכְאוֹבִי נֶגְדִּי תָמִיד״? רְאוּיָה הָיְתָה בַּת שֶׁבַע בַּת אֱלִיעָם לְדָוִד מִשֵּׁשֶׁת יְמֵי בְּרֵאשִׁית, אֶלָּא שֶׁבָּאת עָלָיו בְּמַכְאוֹב. וְכֵן תָּנָא דְּבֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל: רְאוּיָה הָיְתָה לְדָוִד בַּת שֶׁבַע בַּת אֱלִיעָם, אֶלָּא שֶׁאֲכָלָהּ פַּגָּה.

§ Apropos Ahithophel, the Gemara relates the events that led to his death. Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: A person should never bring himself to undergo an ordeal, as David, king of Israel, brought himself to undergo an ordeal and failed. David said before God: Master of the Universe, for what reason does one say in prayer: God of Abraham, God of Isaac, and God of Jacob, and one does not say: God of David? God said to David: They have undergone ordeals before Me, and you have not undergone an ordeal before Me. David said before Him: Examine me and subject me to an ordeal, as it is stated: “Examine me, Lord, and subject me to an ordeal; try my kidneys and my heart” (Psalms 26:2). God said to him: I will subject you to an ordeal, and I will perform a matter for you that I did not perform for the Patriarchs, as for them, I did not inform them of the nature of the ordeal, while I am informing you that I will subject you to an ordeal involving a matter of a married woman, with whom relations are forbidden. Immediately, it is written: “And it came to pass one evening that David rose from his bed” (II Samuel 11:2). The verse states: “And he walked upon the roof of the king’s house; from the roof he saw a woman bathing, and the woman was very fair to look upon” (II Samuel 11:2). Bathsheba was shampooing her head behind a beehive, which concealed her from sight. Satan came and appeared to David as a bird. David shot an arrow at the bird, the arrow severed the beehive, Bathsheba was exposed, and David saw her. Immediately, it is written: “And David sent and inquired after the woman. And one said: Is not this Bathsheba, daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah the Hittite? And David sent messengers, and took her, and she came to him, and he lay with her, for she was purified from her impurity, and then she returned to her house” (II Samuel 11:3–4). And that is the meaning of that which is written: “You have proved my heart; You have visited me in the night: You have tried me, but You find nothing; let no presumptuous thought pass my lips” (Psalms 17:3). David said: Oh, that a muzzle would have fallen upon the mouth of the one who hates me, a euphemism for his own mouth, and I would not have said anything like that and I would have withstood the ordeal. Rava taught: What is the meaning of that which is written: “For I am ready to stumble [letzela] and my pain is always before me” (Psalms 38:18)? Bathsheba, daughter of Eliam, was designated as fit for David from the six days of Creation. Rava interprets that the term letzela is referring to Eve, who was taken from the side [tzela] of Adam, the first man, and explains that she was destined for him, just as Eve was destined for Adam. But she came to him through pain. And likewise, the school of Rabbi Yishmael taught: Bathsheba, daughter of Eliam, was designated as fit for David, but he partook of her unripe, before the appointed time. David would have ultimately married her in a permitted manner after the death of Uriah.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Shabbat 56a

שבת נ״ו א — ד"ה אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר

Shabbat 56a:4

The sugya about 'Whoever says David sinned is mistaken' frames the Bathsheba story as a case requiring careful reading, and distinguishes between legal guilt and moral failure.

אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן: כׇּל הָאוֹמֵר דָּוִד חָטָא אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא טוֹעֶה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיְהִי דָּוִד לְכׇל דְּרָכָיו מַשְׂכִּיל וַה׳ עִמּוֹ וְגוֹ׳״. אֶפְשָׁר חֵטְא בָּא לְיָדוֹ וּשְׁכִינָה עִמּוֹ?! אֶלָּא מָה אֲנִי מְקַיֵּים ״מַדּוּעַ בָּזִיתָ אֶת דְּבַר ה׳ לַעֲשׂוֹת הָרַע״ — שֶׁבִּיקֵּשׁ לַעֲשׂוֹת וְלֹא עָשָׂה. אָמַר רַב: רַבִּי דְּאָתֵי מִדָּוִד מְהַפֵּךְ וְדָרֵישׁ בִּזְכוּתֵיהּ דְּדָוִד. ״מַדּוּעַ בָּזִיתָ אֶת דְּבַר ה׳ לַעֲשׂוֹת הָרַע״ — רַבִּי אוֹמֵר: מְשׁוּנָּה רָעָה זוֹ מִכׇּל רָעוֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה, שֶׁכָּל רָעוֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה כְּתִיב בְּהוּ ״וַיַּעַשׂ״, וְכָאן כְּתִיב ״לַעֲשׂוֹת״ — שֶׁבִּיקֵּשׁ לַעֲשׂוֹת וְלֹא עָשָׂה.

Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said that Rabbi Yonatan said: Anyone who says that David sinned with Bathsheba is nothing other than mistaken, as it is stated: “And David succeeded in all his ways; and the Lord was with him” (I Samuel 18:14). Is it possible that sin came to his hand and nevertheless the Divine Presence was with him? However, how then do I establish the meaning of the rebuke of the prophet Nathan: “Why have you despised the word of the Lord, to do that which is evil in My sight? Uriah the Hittite you have smitten with the sword, and his wife you have taken to be your wife, and him you have slain with the sword of the children of Ammon” (II Samuel 12:9), indicating that David sinned? The Gemara answers: David sought to do evil and have relations with Bathsheba while she was still married to Uriah but did not do so. Rav said: Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, who descends from the house of David, seeks to teach the verse in favor of David. With regard to that which is written: “Why have you despised the commandment of the Lord to do evil,” Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said: This evil mentioned with regard to David is different from all other evils in the Torah; as with regard to all other evils in the Torah, it is written: And he did evil, and here it is written: To do evil. This unique phrase indicates that David sought to do evil but did not actually do so. His intentions were improper; however, his actions were proper.

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

recovered from “Rashi on II Samuel 11:2

Rashi on II Samuel

רש"י על שמואל ב י״א — ד"ה שְׁלַח אֵלַי אֶת אוּרִיָּה

Rashi on II Samuel 11:6

Rashi comments on the opening details of the Bathsheba narrative, clarifying the text's plain meaning and the sequence of David's seeing and sending.

שְׁלַח אֵלַי אֶת אוּרִיָּה. שֶׁהָיָה מִתְכַּוֵּין שֶׁיִּשְׁכַּב עִם אִשְׁתּוֹ, וִיהֵא סָבוּר שֶׁמִּמֶּנּוּ הִיא מְעֻבֶּרֶת: וְנִכָּה וָמֵת. כְּדֵי שֶׁתְּהֵא מְגֹרֶשֶׁת לְמַפְרֵעַ, וְנִמְצָא שֶׁלֹּא בָּא עַל אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ, שֶׁכָּל הַיּוֹצֵא לַמִּלְחָמָה, כּוֹתֵב גֵּט לְאִשְׁתּוֹ עַל תְּנַאי, אִם יָמוּת בַּמִּלְחָמָה (שבת נו א):

Send me Urioh. [Dovid] intended that he [Urioh] lie with his wife in order that it be thought that from him [Urioh] she was pregnant. And he will be struck and killed. In order for [Batsheva] to be divorced [from Urioh] retroactively. the result would be that [Dovid] did not cohabit with a married woman. Because all [soldiers] who went out to war wrote a conditional divorce document for their wife should they die in battle.

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Abarbanel on II Samuel 12:13

Abarbanel on II Samuel 12:13

David acknowledged his sin to the prophet Natan by saying "I have sinned to God," indicating the transgression was against God alone, though the passage notes the difficulty that David also sinned against Uriah by causing his death; David himself stated in Psalms that he sinned only to God and did evil in His sight, and the passage explains that David's sin—whether with Bathsheba or in killing Uriah the Hittite—was committed in secret and unknown to people, which is why it is described as evil in God's eyes rather than in the eyes of Israel, and why David said he sinned to God rather than to man.

וספר הכתוב שדוד בשמעו דברי נתן הודה בחטאו ואמר חטאתי לה', ויורה שלא היה החטא כי אם לה', והוא קשה שגם כן חטא לאוריה אשר המיתו, ואתה תראה שגם כן אמר זה בספר תהלים (תהלים נ"א ה') לך לבדך חטאתי והרע בעיניך עשיתי למען תצדק בדברך תזכה בשפטך, ועל זה העון אמרו, כמ"ש בראש המזמור בבוא אליו נתן הנביא כאשר בא אל בת שבע. ומה שאחשוב אני בזה הוא שחטא דוד היה בסתר, אם שכיבתו עם בת שבע בראשונה, ואם הריגת אוריה החתי שהיתה במצותו ולא היה אדם יודע מזה דבר, ולזה אמר למעלה וירע הדבר אשר עשה דוד בעיני ה', שהיה רע בעיניו ית' ולא בעיני ישראל שלא ידעו מהדבר כלל, ואמר נתן הנביא כי אתה עשית בסתר להיות הדבר נסתר ונעלם מעיני כל אדם, ומפני זה אמר דוד חטאתי לה'

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Radak on II Samuel 11:2

רד"ק על שמואל ב י״א:ב׳

Radak on II Samuel 11:2

Radak reads the episode carefully at the level of peshat, explaining the story's chronology and the moral seriousness of David's actions.

מעל הגג. הוא ראה אותה מעל הגג שהיתה רוחצת בביתה:

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Ralbag on II Samuel 11:2-5

רלב"ג על שמואל ב י״א:ב׳-ה׳

Ralbag on II Samuel 11:2-5

Ralbag analyzes the episode in an ethical and literary way, highlighting the progression from sight to desire to action and the human causes of the fall.

והיא מתקדשת מטומאתה. ר"ל שהיא היתה אז רוחצת להיות טהורה מטומאתה: ותאמר הרה אנכי.

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

Radak on II Samuel 12:7-14

רד"ק על שמואל ב י״ב:ז׳-י״ד

Radak on II Samuel 12:7-14

Radak on Nathan's rebuke and David's punishment, discussing why the rebuke is framed as a prophetic indictment and how the consequences unfold.

כאילו אתה הכיתו כיון שצוית את יואב לשומו במקום הסכנה: ואותו הרגת בחרב בני עמון.

Source 11 · Acharonim
Verified

Be'er HaGolah, Well 5 10:3

Be'er HaGolah, Well 5 10:3

The passage states that although Scripture recounts how David sinned with Bathsheba and killed Uriah the Hittite, God brought about these events because He foresaw both the sin with Bathsheba and the prohibited killing of Uriah.

אמנם מה שהכתוב (ש"ב יא, ב-כז) מספר מעשה בת שבע שחטא דוד, וגם שהרג את אוריה החתי. רק מפני שצפה השם יתברך החטא בבת שבע, וצפה גם כן שיהרוג את אוריה באיסור, סיבב זה השם יתברך.

Source 12 · Acharonim
Verified

Malbim on II Samuel 11:1-27

מלבי"ם על שמואל ב י״א:א׳-כ״ז

Malbim on II Samuel 11:1-27

Malbim reads the narrative with attention to fine distinctions in the text, often noting where David's choices depart from ideal kingship and how the story unfolds step by step.

ויהי לתשובת השנה, ירמוז שעל ידי שישב המלך בביתו ולא הלך בעצמו ללחום מלחמת ה' בא מעשה זו לידו, ולבל תאמר שהיה יגע ורפה ידים ממלחמה הקודמת, אמר שהיה לתשובת השנה, ולבל תחשוב שלא היה עת ראוי לצאת מפני הקור והגשם אמר לעת צאת המלכים, כי היה בחדש סיון שכל מלכי ארץ יוצאים ופניהם בקרב, ולבל תאמר שהיתה מלחמה קטנה שאין כבוד המלך לצאת בה בעצמו אמר כי שלח את יואב שר הצבא ואת עבדיו שהם כל שרי החיל והגבורים ואת כל ישראל, ובזה היה ראוי שילך מלכם לפניהם, והם השחיתו את בני עמון ויצורו על רבה שזה נמשך זמן רב ובכ"ז ודוד יושב בירושלים ולא בא לעזרת ה' בגבורים: ויהי ר"ל וגם בביתו לא היה טרוד בצרכי העם כי קם ממשכבו לעת הערב וכבר אמרו חז"ל (בירושלמי פ"ק דברכות ובמדרש) כשהיה דוד סועד סעודת עצמו היה ישן עד תשע שעות וכשהיה סועד סעודת מלכים היה ישן עד הערב, וא"כ סעד אז סעודת מלכים ומתענג בתענוגים, וגם אחר כך לא עסק בצרכי צבור רק הלך לטייל על גג בית המלך, ובזה בא לידי עבירה שראה אשה רחצת, ולא עצם עיניו מראות ברע, הגם שראה מעל הגג, באופן שהוצרך לכוון לראות: