Machshavaמחשבה

Love in Jewish Thought and Practice

Jewish sources explore love across multiple dimensions: as the soul's yearning for divine unity, as the foundation of interpersonal ethics and kindness, and as an emotional and spiritual force that transcends separation. The sources range from biblical partnership and desire to rabbinic teachings on imitating divine compassion to medieval philosophical and mystical accounts of love as transformative devotion.

דּוֹדִ֥י לִי֙ וַאֲנִ֣י ל֔וֹ

18 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The Torah's foundational demand is that love operate on two axes simultaneously: love of God with every faculty — Devarim 6:4–5 commands love "with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might" — and love of one's fellow as oneself, as Vayikra 19:18 states, grounding both imperatives in the declaration "I am God."

The Rishonim codify neighborly love as a concrete legal obligation extending even to the stranger: the Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 6:1–3) rules that every person is commanded to love each member of Israel as himself, caring for another's property and honor as one's own, while Vayikra 19:34 extends the identical formula — "you shall love each one as yourself" — to the resident stranger.

Sefer HaChinukh 243 cites Rabbi Akiva's ruling that this commandment is "a great principle in the Torah," because one who loves his fellow as himself will naturally refrain from theft, adultery, and exploitation — making love of neighbor the structural foundation of much of Torah observance.

Pirkei Avot 5:16 draws the essential distinction between love contingent on an external cause, which dissolves when that cause disappears, and unconditional love, exemplified by David and Yehonatan, which never ends — a distinction Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 32:2 applies to interpersonal love among Israel, arguing that true brotherhood is only possible when rooted in the shared divine source of all souls rather than in bodily self-interest.

Mesillat Yesharim 19 frames love and fear together as "the two pillars of true service of God, without which it cannot at all be established," and Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 41:14 reinforces this, teaching that love alone — like a single wing — cannot carry one's service upward, and that even a naturally hidden love of God must be consciously awakened and directed toward cleaving to Him in every act of Torah and commandment.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Genesis 2:18-24

בראשית ב׳:י״ח-כ״ד

Genesis 2:18-24

The first human bond is framed as an answer to loneliness: 'it is not good that man should be alone.' The passage culminates in the ideal of cleaving to one's spouse, making love relational, covenantal, and life-building.

וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהִ֔ים לֹא־ט֛וֹב הֱי֥וֹת הָֽאָדָ֖ם לְבַדּ֑וֹ אֶֽעֱשֶׂה־לּ֥וֹ עֵ֖זֶר כְּנֶגְדּֽוֹ׃ וַיֹּ֘אמֶר֮ הָֽאָדָם֒ זֹ֣את הַפַּ֗עַם עֶ֚צֶם מֵֽעֲצָמַ֔י וּבָשָׂ֖ר מִבְּשָׂרִ֑י לְזֹאת֙ יִקָּרֵ֣א אִשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֥י מֵאִ֖ישׁ לֻֽקְחָה־זֹּֽאת׃ עַל־כֵּן֙ יַֽעֲזׇב־אִ֔ישׁ אֶת־אָבִ֖יו וְאֶת־אִמּ֑וֹ וְדָבַ֣ק בְּאִשְׁתּ֔וֹ וְהָי֖וּ לְבָשָׂ֥ר אֶחָֽד׃

The ETERNAL God said, “It is not good for the Human to be alone; I will make a fitting counterpart for him.” Then the Human said, “This one at last Is bone of my bones And flesh of my flesh. This one shall be called the Woman, For from the Man was she taken.” Hence a man leaves his father and mother and clings to his wife, so that they become one flesh.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Song of Songs 2:16; 8:6-7

שיר השירים ב׳:ט״ז

Song of Songs 2:16

The Song presents love as exclusive, yearning, and powerful as death, with an intensity that cannot be quenched by waters. Chazal and later tradition often read it as both human love and an image of divine love.

דּוֹדִ֥י לִי֙ וַאֲנִ֣י ל֔וֹ הָרֹעֶ֖ה בַּשּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים׃

My beloved is mine And I am his Who browses among the lilies.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Leviticus 19:34

ויקרא י״ט:ל״ד

Leviticus 19:34

The Torah extends love and empathy to the ger, grounding love in shared memory of vulnerability and exile. It broadens love beyond in-group attachment.

כְּאֶזְרָ֣ח מִכֶּם֩ יִהְיֶ֨ה לָכֶ֜ם הַגֵּ֣ר ׀ הַגָּ֣ר אִתְּכֶ֗ם וְאָהַבְתָּ֥ לוֹ֙ כָּמ֔וֹךָ כִּֽי־גֵרִ֥ים הֱיִיתֶ֖ם בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם אֲנִ֖י יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃

The strangers who reside with you shall be to you as your citizens; you shall love each one as yourself, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt: I the ETERNAL am your God.

Source 4 · Tanach
Verified

Leviticus 19:18

ויקרא י״ט:י״ח

Leviticus 19:18

'Love your fellow as yourself' becomes the classic Torah commandment of interpersonal love. It anchors ethical relationship in self-transcending concern for another.

לֹֽא־תִקֹּ֤ם וְלֹֽא־תִטֹּר֙ אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י עַמֶּ֔ךָ וְאָֽהַבְתָּ֥ לְרֵעֲךָ֖ כָּמ֑וֹךָ אֲנִ֖י יְהֹוָֽה׃

You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against members of your people. Love your fellow as yourself: I am GOD.

Source 5 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 6:4-5

דברים ו׳:ד׳-ה׳

Deuteronomy 6:4-5

The Shema commands loving God with all one's heart, soul, and might. This is a foundational biblical source for love as devotion, loyalty, and total self-giving.

וְאָ֣הַבְתָּ֔ אֵ֖ת יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ בְּכׇל־לְבָבְךָ֥ וּבְכׇל־נַפְשְׁךָ֖ וּבְכׇל־מְאֹדֶֽךָ׃

You shall love the ETERNAL your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might.

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Sotah 14a

סוטה י״ד א

Sotah 14a

The sages derive from God's practice in burying Moses that one should imitate divine kindness, including clothing the naked and visiting the sick. The passage is often used as a model for love expressed through chesed and imitation of God.

אֶלָּא, לְהַלֵּךְ אַחַר מִדּוֹתָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: מָה הוּא מַלְבִּישׁ עֲרוּמִּים, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיַּעַשׂ ה׳ אֱלֹהִים לְאָדָם וּלְאִשְׁתּוֹ כׇּתְנוֹת עוֹר וַיַּלְבִּשֵׁם״ — אַף אַתָּה הַלְבֵּשׁ עֲרוּמִּים. הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בִּיקֵּר חוֹלִים, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיֵּרָא אֵלָיו ה׳ בְּאֵלֹנֵי מַמְרֵא״ — אַף אַתָּה בַּקֵּר חוֹלִים. הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נִיחֵם אֲבֵלִים, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיְהִי אַחֲרֵי מוֹת אַבְרָהָם וַיְבָרֶךְ אֱלֹהִים אֶת יִצְחָק בְּנוֹ״ — אַף אַתָּה נַחֵם אֲבֵלִים. הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא קָבַר מֵתִים, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיִּקְבֹּר אוֹתוֹ בַּגַּי״ — אַף אַתָּה קְבוֹר מֵתִים.

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

Pirkei Avot 5:16

משנה אבות ה׳:ט״ז

Pirkei Avot 5:16

The משנה contrasts love that depends on something with love that does not depend on something, using Amnon and Tamar as the negative example. It distinguishes fragile instrumental love from enduring love.

כָּל אַהֲבָה שֶׁהִיא תְלוּיָה בְדָבָר, בָּטֵל דָּבָר, בְּטֵלָה אַהֲבָה. וְשֶׁאֵינָהּ תְּלוּיָה בְדָבָר, אֵינָהּ בְּטֵלָה לְעוֹלָם. אֵיזוֹ הִיא אַהֲבָה הַתְּלוּיָה בְדָבָר, זוֹ אַהֲבַת אַמְנוֹן וְתָמָר. וְשֶׁאֵינָהּ תְּלוּיָה בְדָבָר, זוֹ אַהֲבַת דָּוִד וִיהוֹנָתָן:

Source 8 · Chazal
Verified

Berakhot 54a

ברכות נ״ד א — ד"ה חַיָּיב אָדָם לְבָרֵךְ עַל הָרָעָה כְּשֵׁם

Berakhot 54a:6

This sugya includes the blessing for seeing a place where a miracle happened and discusses 'veshilahtem levarek' love of God expressed through blessing and gratitude, though more centrally it contains a cluster of berachot around experiences of awe and benefit. It supports love as recognition and thanksgiving in the religious life.

חַיָּיב אָדָם לְבָרֵךְ עַל הָרָעָה כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמְּבָרֵךְ עַל הַטּוֹבָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְאָהַבְתָּ אֵת ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּכׇל לְבָבְךָ וְגוֹ׳״. ״בְּכָל לְבָבְךָ״ — בִּשְׁנֵי יְצָרֶיךָ, בְּיֵצֶר טוֹב וּבְיֵצֶר הָרָע. ״וּבְכׇל נַפְשְׁךָ״ — אֲפִילּוּ הוּא נוֹטֵל אֶת נַפְשְׁךָ. ״וּבְכׇל מְאֹדֶךָ״ — בְּכָל מָמוֹנְךָ. דָּבָר אַחֵר: ״בְּכָל מְאֹדֶךָ״ — בְּכָל מִדָּה וּמִדָּה שֶׁהוּא מוֹדֵד לְךָ הֱוֵי מוֹדֶה לוֹ.

The mishna articulates a general principle: One is obligated to recite a blessing for the bad that befalls him just as he recites a blessing for the good that befalls him, as it is stated: “And you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your might” (Deuteronomy 6:5). The mishna explains this verse as follows: “With all your heart” means with your two inclinations, with your good inclination and your evil inclination, both of which must be subjugated to the love of God. “With all your soul” means even if God takes your soul. “And with all your might” means with all your money, as money is referred to in the Bible as might. Alternatively, it may be explained that “with all your might” means with every measure that He metes out to you; whether it is good or troublesome, thank Him.

Source 9 · Chazal
Verified

Pirkei Avot 1:12

משנה אבות א׳:י״ב

Pirkei Avot 1:12

Hillel teaches being of Aaron's disciples, loving peace and pursuing peace, loving people, and bringing them close to Torah. Love here is active, communal, and peace-making.

הִלֵּל וְשַׁמַּאי קִבְּלוּ מֵהֶם. הִלֵּל אוֹמֵר, הֱוֵי מִתַּלְמִידָיו שֶׁל אַהֲרֹן, אוֹהֵב שָׁלוֹם וְרוֹדֵף שָׁלוֹם, אוֹהֵב אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת וּמְקָרְבָן לַתּוֹרָה:

Hillel and Shammai received [the oral tradition] from them. Hillel used to say: be of the disciples of Aaron, loving peace and pursuing peace, loving mankind and drawing them close to the Torah.

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 6:1-3

משנה תורה, הלכות דעות ו׳:א׳-ג׳

Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 6:1-3

Rambam rules that one must love every fellow Jew as oneself and avoid speech or conduct that harms others. He places love within a disciplined ethical program of behavior, not merely feeling.

מִצְוָה עַל כָּל אָדָם לֶאֱהֹב אֶת כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל כְּגוּפוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט יח) "וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ כָּמוֹךָ". לְפִיכָךְ צָרִיךְ לְסַפֵּר בְּשִׁבְחוֹ וְלָחוּס עַל מָמוֹנוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר הוּא חָס עַל מָמוֹן עַצְמוֹ וְרוֹצֶה בִּכְבוֹד עַצְמוֹ. וְהַמִּתְכַּבֵּד בִּקְלוֹן חֲבֵרוֹ אֵין לוֹ חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא:

Each man is commanded to love each and every one of Israel as himself as [Leviticus 19:18] states: "Love your neighbor as yourself." Therefore, one should speak the praises of [others] and show concern for their money just as he is concerned with his own money and seeks his own honor. Whoever gains honor through the degradation of a colleague does not have a share in the world to come.

Source 11 · Rishonim
Verified

Duties of the Heart, Third Treatise on Service of God 10

חובות הלבבות, שער שלישי - שער עבודת האלוהים י׳ — ד"ה וְכֵן שְׁתֵּי מִדּוֹת הָאַהֲבָה וְהַשִּׂנְאָה מְקוֹם

Duties of the Heart, Third Treatise on Service of God 10:16

Bahya develops love of God as a central spiritual state that transforms worship into joyful devotion. Love is tied to contemplation, gratitude, and the soul's longing for its source.

וְכֵן שְׁתֵּי מִדּוֹת הָאַהֲבָה וְהַשִּׂנְאָה מְקוֹם הָאַהֲבָה לְמִי שֶׁמַּסְכִּים עִמָּךְ עַל עֲבוֹדַת הָאֱלֹהִים וְעַל מִי (מה) שֶׁיְּשַׂמְּחֵךְ בְּאַחֲרִית עִנְיָנֵךְ. וּמְקוֹם הַשִּׂנְאָה לְמִי שֶׁעוֹבֵר עַל רְצוֹן הָאֱלֹהִים וְעָמַד כְּנֶגֶד אַנְשֵׁי הָאֱמֶת וֶהֱבִיאֵךְ אֶל מָה שֶׁמַּקְצִיף בּוֹרְאֵךְ כמ״ש (משלי כח) עֹזְבֵי תוֹרָה יְהַלְלוּ רָשָׁע וְשֹׁמְרֵי תוֹרָה יִתְגָּרוּ בָם.

So with the two qualities, love and hate. Love is in place towards one who is in agreement with you in the service of G-d, and through whom you will secure abiding joy at the end of your earthly existence. Hatred is proper against one who transgresses the will of G-d, stood up against men of truth and misled you to what angers your Creator, as it is said: "They that forsake the law praise the wicked; but such as keep the law contend with them" (Prov. 28:4).

Source 12 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh 243

ספר החינוך רמ״ג — ד"ה מִצְוַת אַהֲבַת יִשְׂרָאֵל – לֶאֱהֹב כָּל

Sefer HaChinukh 243:1

The mitzvah of loving the fellow Jew is explained as shaping one's inner life and actions so that one seeks the good of others. The Chinukh emphasizes habituating the heart through deeds.

מִצְוַת אַהֲבַת יִשְׂרָאֵל – לֶאֱהֹב כָּל אֶחָד מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל אַהֲבַת נֶפֶשׁ, כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁנַּחְמֹל עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְעַל מָמוֹנוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָדָם חוֹמֵל עַל עַצְמוֹ וּמָמוֹנוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט יח) וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ כָּמוֹךָ. וְאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (שבת לא א) דַּעֲלָךְ סְנִי לְחַבְרָךְ לָא תַּעֲבֵד. וְאָמְרוּ בַּסִּפְרָא (קדושים ד יב) אָמַר רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא זֶה כְּלָל גָּדוֹל בַּתּוֹרָה, כְּלוֹמַר, שֶׁהַרְבֵּה מִצְוֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה תְּלוּיוֹת בְּכָךְ, שֶׁהָאוֹהֵב חֲבֵרוֹ כְּנַפְשׁוֹ לֹא יִגְנֹב מָמוֹנוֹ וְלֹא יִנְאַף אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ, וְלֹא יוֹנֵהוּ בְּמָמוֹן וְלֹא בִּדְבָרִים, וְלֹא יַסִּיג גְּבוּלוֹ, וְלֹא יַזִּיק לוֹ בְּשׁוּם צַד, וְכֵן כַּמָּה מִצְוֹת אֲחֵרוֹת תְּלוּיוֹת בָּזֶה. יָדוּעַ [גָּלוּי] הַדָּבָר לְכָל בֶּן דַּעַת. וְדִינֵי מִצְוָה זוֹ, כְּלוּלִים הֵם בְּתוֹךְ הַמִּצְוָה, שֶׁכְּלַל הַכֹּל הוּא שֶׁיִּתְנַהֵג הָאָדָם עִם חֲבֵרוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְנַהֵג עִם עַצְמוֹ לִשְׁמֹר מָמוֹנוֹ וּלְהַרְחִיק מִמֶּנּוּ כָּל נֶזֶק. וְאִם יְסַפֵּר עָלָיו דְּבָרִים יְסַפְּרֵם לְשֶׁבַח וְיָחוּס עַל כְּבוֹדוֹ וְלֹא יִתְכַּבֵּד בִּקְלוֹנוֹ, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ירושלמי חגיגה פ"ב ה"א) הַמִּתְכַּבֵּד בִּקְלוֹן חֲבֵרוֹ אֵין לוֹ חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, וְהַמִּתְנַהֵג עִם חֲבֵרוֹ דֶּרֶךְ אַהֲבָה וְשָׁלוֹם וְרֵעוּת וּמְבַקֵּשׁ תּוֹעַלְתָּם וְשָׂמֵחַ בְּטוּבָם עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר (ישעיהו מט ג): יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר בְּךָ אֶתְפָּאָר.

The commandment of love of Israel: To love [with] love of the soul each one of Israel — meaning to say that we have compassion for an Israelite and for his money, [just] like a person has compassion for himself and for his [own] money; as it stated (Leviticus 19:18), “you shall love your neighbor as yourself.” And they, may their memory be blessed, said (Shabbat 31a), “What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow.” And they said in Sifra, Kedoshim, Chapter 4:12, “Rabbi Akiva said, ‘This is a great principle in the Torah’” — meaning to say that many commandments are dependent upon it. As one that loves his fellow like himself will not steal his money, have adultery with his wife, cheat his money from him nor hurt him from any angle. And so [too,] are there several other commandments dependent on this — the thing is well-known [revealed] to all who have intellect. And the laws of this commandment are included in the commandment, as the general principle of everything is that a man behave with his fellow in the way that a man behaves [with] himself — to guard his money and to distance all injury from him. And if he recounts things about him, he recounts them for praise, and he relates to his honor; and he does not become honored through his disgrace — and as they, may their memory be blessed, said (Talmud Yerushalmi Chagigah 2:1), “One who is honored by the disgrace of his fellow has no share in the world to come, but one who treats his fellow with love, peace and neighborliness, seeks their benefit and is happy about their good, the verse states about him, ‘Israel, through you will I be glorified’ (Isaiah 49:3).”

Source 13 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 6:4

משנה תורה, הלכות דעות ו׳:ד׳

Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 6:4

Rambam explains that love is shown by seeking the good of others and avoiding humiliation, anger, or grievance. This passage presents love as concrete action and restraint.

אַחַת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא בִּכְלַל רֵעִים וְאַחַת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא גֵּר וְהַתּוֹרָה אָמְרָה (דברים י יט) "וַאֲהַבְתֶּם אֶת הַגֵּר". צִוָּה עַל אַהֲבַת הַגֵּר כְּמוֹ שֶׁצִּוָּה עַל אַהֲבַת עַצְמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ו ה) "וְאָהַבְתָּ אֵת ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ".

Source 14 · Acharonim
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Mesillat Yesharim 19

מסילת ישרים י״ט — ד"ה הַחֵלֶק הַשֵּׁנִי מִן הַחֲסִידוּת הוּא בְּאֹפֶן

Mesillat Yesharim 19:35

In the chapter on loving God, Ramchal presents love as the culmination of spiritual development and the source of eager service. Love is the soul's delight in closeness to God.

הַחֵלֶק הַשֵּׁנִי מִן הַחֲסִידוּת הוּא בְּאֹפֶן הָעֲשִׂיָּה, וְהִנֵּה גַּם זֶה נִכְלָל בִּשְׁנֵי עִנְיָנִים, אָמְנָם תַּחְתֵּיהֶם נִכְלָלִים פְּרָטִים רַבִּים, וּשְׁנַיִם הָרָאשִׁיִּים הֵם הַיִּרְאָה וְהָאַהֲבָה, שְׁנֵי עַמּוּדֵי הָעֲבוֹדָה הָאֲמִתִּית שֶׁזּוּלָתָם לֹא תִּכּוֹן כְּלָל. וּבִכְלַל הָאַהֲבָה הַשִּׂמְחָה, הַדְּבֵקוּת, וְהַקִּנְאָה, וְעַתָּה נְבָאֲרֵם אֶחָד אֶחָד.

FEAR OF G-D: The second division of piety relates to manner of performance. This too divides into two areas which, however, contain many details. These two primary areas are fear and love - the two pillars of true service of G-d, without which it cannot at all be established. Included in love [of G-d] is joy, clinging, and jealousy. We will now clarify them one by one.

Source 15 · Hasidic
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Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 41:22

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 41:22

The unification of one's soul with the divine light of God—to be unified with Him—is something every Jew truly desires with complete heart and soul, arising from a natural love hidden in the heart of all Israel to cleave to God, and to never be separated or cut off from His unity and oneness, even to the point of actual self-sacrifice.

אֲבָל יִחוּד נַפְשׁוֹ וְהִתְכַּלְלוּתָהּ בְּאוֹר ה׳ – לִהְיוֹת לַאֲחָדִים, בָּזֶה חָפֵץ כָּל אָדָם מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל בֶּאֱמֶת לַאֲמִיתּוֹ לְגַמְרֵי בְּכָל לֵב וּבְכָל נֶפֶשׁ, מֵאַהֲבָה הַטִּבְעִית הַמְסוּתֶּרֶת בְּלֵב כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל לְדָבְקָה בַּה׳, וְלֹא לִיפָּרֵד וְלִהְיוֹת נִכְרָת וְנִבְדָּל חַס וְשָׁלוֹם מִיִּחוּדוֹ וְאַחְדּוּתוֹ יִתְבָּרֵךְ בְּשׁוּם אוֹפֶן, אֲפִילוּ בִּמְסִירַת נֶפֶשׁ מַמָּשׁ.

Source 16 · Hasidic
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Sefat Emet, Vayechi 5641

שפת אמת, בראשית, ויחי י״א — ד"ה כבר כ' במ"א ענין חיות יעקב

Sefat Emet, Genesis, Vayechi 11:3

The Sefat Emet connects the soul's attachment to God with the verse 'and Jacob lived,' reading love as vitality that overcomes distance and exile. The teaching emphasizes inner cleaving and renewal.

כבר כ' במ"א ענין חיות יעקב במצרים שהוא רשימה קדושה שהניח שם יעקב אבינו רק שהוא בדרך נסתר ונק' פרשה סתומה והם הארות הנמצאים ג"כ בגלות לכ"א כפי מה שזוכה וע"י הביטול להכלל האספו והוא בש"ק ג"כ כמ"ש נותנין לו נחלה בלי מצרים נחלת יעקב כו' וכמ"ש במ"א. ובמד' הקיש גאולה לפרנסה מה פרנסה בכל יום אף גאולה כו'. פי' יעקב אבינו פעל זאת להיות נשאר כח וחיות שיוכל איש ישראל בכל יום למצוא הארת הקדושה גם בגלות וזה ק"ש ותפלה בחי' שמע ישראל. שהוא שזוכין ע"י הביטול להכלל למצוא חיות הנ"ל. וכמ"ש אמו"ז ז"ל ע"פ דרשוני וחיו ע"ש. וכ' ויראו אחי יוסף כי מת אביהם שהם ראו זאת. אבל בחי' יוסף הי' למעלה מהם. וראה כי עודנו חי והי' דבוק בנקודת חיותו של יעקב לכן באו אליו. וכמ"ש במ"א במ"ש ויקרא אל יוסף כו' דרשו חז"ל שהי' סיפוק בידו. והענין הוא שקיבל יוסף הצדיק על שכמו להיות עומד במקום יעקב אבינו. וע"י שקיבל עליו זאת הי' יכול יעקב לעלות ליקבר במערה. ולכן וישתחו ישראל כו' ע"ש. וז"ש נתתי לך שכם אחד כמ"ש משכמו ומעלה גבוה כו' פי' שהעמיד אותו למעלה מבחי' השבטים:

We have explained elsewhere (Vayechi תרל"ט) that when the pasuk states "Vayechi Yaakov," and Yaakov lived in Mitzrayim, it refers to a hidden effect of holiness that Yaakov left there. This is why the parsha is called “blocked,” as the lights found in exile are hidden but can be accessed by anyone who nullifies themselves to the klal (all of Bnei Yisrael). This concept is highlighted in Yaakov’s instruction to “gather together,” which is especially auspicious on Shabbos. The Gemara (Shabbos 118a) states that on Shabbos, we merit to receive the limitless inheritance of Yaakov. The Midrash states that redemption is juxtaposed to sustenance, both occurring daily. Yaakov ensured that a life energy remains, allowing every Jew to find the light of holiness even in the darkness of exile. This is the essence of Krias Shma and prayer, “Shma Yisrael,” where through nullification to the klal, one finds this life force. The Chidushei Harim explained that through seeking Hashem, one finds life. When Yaakov died, the brothers feared the loss of this light, but Yosef, being on a higher level, remained connected to Yaakov's life force. This is why they sought Yosef, who had accepted the responsibility of standing in Yaakov’s place, allowing Yaakov to be buried in the cave of Machpela. Yaakov's bowing to Yosef and giving him a "שכם אחד" (shoulder above his brothers) signifies Yosef’s elevated status among the tribes.

Source 17 · Hasidic
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Tanya 32

תניא, חלק ראשון; ליקוטי אמרים ל״ב — ד"ה כִּי מֵאַחַר שֶׁגּוּפוֹ נִמְאָס וּמְתוֹעָב אֶצְלוֹ

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 32:2

The Alter Rebbe famously identifies love of fellow Jews with loving another as oneself, since all souls share one spiritual root. The chapter connects unity, compassion, and practical kindness.

כִּי מֵאַחַר שֶׁגּוּפוֹ נִמְאָס וּמְתוֹעָב אֶצְלוֹ, וְהַנֶּפֶשׁ וְהָרוּחַ מִי יוֹדֵעַ גְּדוּלָּתָן וּמַעֲלָתָן בְּשָׁרְשָׁן וּמְקוֹרָן בֵּאלֹקִים חַיִּים. בְּשֶׁגַּם שֶׁכּוּלָּן מַתְאִימוֹת, וְאָב אֶחָד לְכוּלָּנָה, וְלָכֵן נִקְרְאוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל ״אַחִים״ מַמָּשׁ, מִצַּד שׁוֹרֶשׁ נַפְשָׁם בַּה׳ אֶחָד רַק שֶׁהַגּוּפִים מְחוּלָּקִים. וְלָכֵן, הָעוֹשִׂים גּוּפָם עִיקָּר וְנַפְשָׁם טְפֵלָה – אִי אֶפְשָׁר לִהְיוֹת אַהֲבָה וְאַחֲוָה אֲמִיתִּית בֵּינֵיהֶם, אֶלָּא הַתְּלוּיָה בְדָבָר לְבַדָּהּ. וְזֶהוּ שֶׁאָמַר הִלֵּל הַזָּקֵן עַל קִיּוּם מִצְוָה זוֹ: ״זֶהוּ כָּל הַתּוֹרָה כוּלָּהּ, וְאִידָךְ פֵּירוּשָׁא הוּא כוּ׳״. כִּי יְסוֹד וְשׁוֹרֶשׁ כָּל הַתּוֹרָה – הוּא לְהַגְבִּיהַּ וּלְהַעֲלוֹת הַנֶּפֶשׁ עַל הַגּוּף מַעְלָה מַּעְלָה עַד עִיקָּרָא וְשָׁרְשָׁא דְּכָל עָלְמִין וְגַם, לְהַמְשִׁיךְ אוֹר־אֵין־סוֹף בָּרוּךְ־הוּא בִּכְנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר לְקַמָּן, דְּהַיְינוּ, בִּמְקוֹר נִשְׁמוֹת כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְמֶהֱוֵי אֶחָד בְּאֶחָד דַּוְקָא, וְלֹא כְּשֶׁיֵּשׁ פֵּירוּד חַס וְשָׁלוֹם בַּנְּשָׁמוֹת, דְּ״קוּדְשָׁא־בְּרִיךְ־הוּא לָא שַׁרְיָא בַּאֲתַר פְּגִים״, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁאוֹמְרִים: ״בָּרְכֵנוּ אָבִינוּ כּוּלָּנוּ כְּאֶחָד בְּאוֹר פָּנֶיךָ״, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר בַּאֲרִיכוּת:

For, whereas one despises and loathes one’s body, while as for the soul and spirit, who can know their greatness and excellence in their root and source in the living G–d? Being, moreover, all of a kind and all having one Father—therefore, all Israelites are called real brothers by virtue of the source of their souls in the One G–d; only the bodies are separated. Hence in the case of those who give major consideration to their bodies while regarding their souls as of secondary importance, there can be no true love and brotherhood among them, but only [a love] which is dependent on a [transitory] thing. This is what Hillel the Elder meant when he said in regard to the fulfillment of this commandment, “This is the whole Torah, while the rest is but commentary,” and so on. For the basis and root of the entire Torah are to raise and exalt the soul high above the body, reaching to the Source and Root of all the worlds, and also to bring down the Light of the En Sof, blessed is He, upon the community of Israel, as will be explained later, i.e., into the fountainhead of the souls of all Israel, to become “One into One.” This is impossible if there is, G–d forbid, disunity among the souls, for the Holy One, blessed is He, does not dwell in an imperfect place, as we pray, “Bless us, our Father, all of us as one, with the light of Your Countenance,” as has been explained at great length elsewhere.

Source 18 · Hasidic
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Tanya 41

תניא, חלק ראשון; ליקוטי אמרים מ״א — ד"ה וְכֵן הַיִּרְאָה לְבַדָּהּ – הִיא כָּנָף

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 41:14

This chapter describes awe and love of God as the inner motivation for mitzvah observance, especially through meditation on divine greatness. Love becomes the driving force of avodah.

וְכֵן הַיִּרְאָה לְבַדָּהּ – הִיא כָּנָף אֶחָד, וְלָא פָרְחָא בָּהּ לְעֵילָּא, אַף שֶׁנִּקְרֵאת ״עֲבוֹדַת עֶבֶד״. וְצָרִיךְ לִהְיוֹת גַּם כֵּן בְּחִינַת ״בֵּן״, לְעוֹרֵר הָאַהֲבָה הַטִּבְעִית עַל כָּל פָּנִים, הַמְסוּתֶּרֶת בְּלִבּוֹ, שֶׁתְּהֵא בְּהִתְגַּלּוּת מוֹחוֹ עַל כָּל פָּנִים, לִזְכּוֹר אַהֲבָתוֹ לַה׳ אֶחָד בְּמַחֲשַׁבְתּוֹ וּבִרְצוֹנוֹ, לְדָבְקָה בּוֹ יִתְבָּרֵךְ. וְזֹאת תִּהְיֶה כַּוָּונָתוֹ בְּעֵסֶק הַתּוֹרָה אוֹ הַמִּצְוָה הַזּוֹ, לְדָבְקָה בוֹ נַפְשׁוֹ הָאֱלֹהִית וְהַחִיּוּנִית וּלְבוּשֵׁיהֶן, כַּנִּזְכָּר לְעֵיל.

Without any fear at all, however, it does not soar on high through love alone, just as a bird cannot fly with one wing, for fear and love are the two wings [as has been explained in the Tikkunim]. Similarly, fear alone is but one wing, and one’s service cannot ascend on high with it, although it is termed the “service of a servant,” for there must also be the filial quality, in order to awaken, at least, the natural love that is hidden in his heart, to become conscious of it in his mind at any rate, to be aware of his love of the One G–d in his thought and desire to cleave to Him, blessed be He. This should be his kavanah when occupying himself with the Torah or the particular commandment, that his divine soul as well as his vivifying soul, together with their “garments,” shall cleave to Him, as has been explained above.