Tanakhתנ״ך

Dragons and Leviathan in Jewish Tradition

Biblical and rabbinic sources examine references to great sea creatures and dragons, particularly Leviathan in Isaiah and Genesis. These sources combine literal zoological observation with mystical and prophetic interpretation, exploring how classical Jewish texts understood these extraordinary beings.

וְהָרַג אֶת־הַתַּנִּין אֲשֶׁר בַּיָּם

5 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The pasuk in Yeshayahu 27:1 names Leviathan — described as both an elusive serpent and a twisting serpent — alongside "the dragon that is in the sea," treating these as real creatures that God will one day slay with His great and mighty sword.

The Ramban (Bereishit 1:21) explains that the tanninim gedolim were of such extraordinary size that both Greek sources and Chazal reported some reaching lengths of five hundred parasangs, and he identifies them with Leviathan and its mate, which God created male and female before slaying the female and salting her away for the righteous in the World to Come.

The Gemara in Bava Batra 74b–75a records a first-person account of a massive sea serpent that encircled a ship, was decapitated, revived by a companion serpent, and attacked again before a bird finally slew it — presenting such a creature as a concrete, encountered reality rather than mere metaphor.

The Ibn Ezra (Yeshayahu 27:1) notes competing interpretations — some reading these creatures as real sea monsters, others as figurative references to earthly kings — while personally inclining toward understanding the tannin as a great sea beast, as in Yechezkel 29:3.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Isaiah 27:1

ישעיהו כ״ז:א׳

Isaiah 27:1

Isaiah speaks of God punishing Leviathan, the twisting serpent, and slaying the dragon in the sea, a key biblical verse for traditions about monstrous sea creatures.

בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֡וּא יִפְקֹ֣ד יְהֹוָה֩ בְּחַרְבּ֨וֹ הַקָּשָׁ֜ה וְהַגְּדוֹלָ֣ה וְהַחֲזָקָ֗ה עַ֤ל לִוְיָתָן֙ נָחָ֣שׁ בָּרִ֔חַ וְעַל֙ לִוְיָתָ֔ן נָחָ֖שׁ עֲקַלָּת֑וֹן וְהָרַ֥ג אֶת־הַתַּנִּ֖ין אֲשֶׁ֥ר בַּיָּֽם׃ {ס}

In that day GOD will punish With a great, cruel, mighty sword Leviathan the Elusive Serpent— Leviathan the Twisting Serpent; The Dragon of the sea will be slain.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Bava Batra 74b-75a

בבא בתרא ע״ד ב-ע״ה א

Bava Batra 74b-75a

This sugya contains the famous aggadot about Leviathan, including its immense size and the cosmic role of such creatures in divine creation and future redemption.

רַב יְהוּדָה הִינְדְּוָא מִשְׁתַּעֵי: זִימְנָא חֲדָא הֲוָה אָזְלִינַן בִּסְפִינְתָּא, וַחֲזֵינַן הָהוּא אֶבֶן טָבָא דַּהֲוָה הָדַיר לַהּ תַּנִּינָא. נָחֵית בַּר אָמוֹרָאֵי לְאֵתוּיַהּ, אֲתָא תַּנִּינָא קָא בָּעֵי לְמִבְלַע לַהּ לִסְפִינְתָּא. אֲתָא פִּישְׁקַנְצָא פַּסְקֵיהּ לְרֵישֵׁיהּ, אִתְהֲפִיכוּ מַיָּא וַהֲווֹ דְּמָא. אֲתָא תַּנִּינָא חַבְרֵיהּ, שַׁקְלַהּ וְתַלְיַהּ לֵיהּ וַחֲיָה. הֲדַר אֲתָא קָא בָּעֵי בָּלְעָא לִסְפִינְתָּא, הֲדַר אֲתָא צִיפְּרָא פַּסְקֵיהּ לְרֵישֵׁיהּ. שַׁקְלוּהָ לְהַהִיא אֶבֶן טָבָא שַׁדְיוּהָ לִסְפִינְתָּא; הֲוָה הָנֵי צִיפְּרֵי מְלִיחִי בַּהֲדַן, אוֹתְבִינְהוּ עֲלַיְיהוּ; שַׁקְלוּהָ וּפְרַחוּ לְהוּ בַּהֲדַהּ. (סִימָן: כׇּל, שָׁעָה, יַרְדֵּן) אָמַר רַב: יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: כֹּל מַה שֶּׁבָּרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּעוֹלָמוֹ – זָכָר וּנְקֵבָה בְּרָאָם. אַף לִוְיָתָן נָחָשׁ בָּרִיחַ וְלִוְיָתָן נָחָשׁ עֲקַלָּתוֹן – זָכָר וּנְקֵבָה בְּרָאָם, וְאִלְמָלֵי נִזְקָקִין זֶה לָזֶה – מַחְרִיבִין כָּל הָעוֹלָם כּוּלּוֹ. מָה עָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא? סֵירַס אֶת הַזָּכָר, וְהָרַג הַנְּקֵבָה וּמְלָחָהּ לַצַּדִּיקִים לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְהָרַג אֶת הַתַּנִּין אֲשֶׁר בַּיָּם״.

Rav Yehuda from India relates: Once we were traveling in a ship and we saw a certain precious stone that was encircled by a snake. A diver descended to bring it up, and the snake came and sought to swallow the ship. A raven came and cut off its head, and the water turned into blood due to the enormousness of the snake. Another snake came, took the precious stone, and hung it on the dead snake, and it recovered. It returned and again sought to swallow the ship, and yet again a bird came and cut off its head, took that precious stone, and threw it onto the ship. We had with us these salted birds; we placed the stone on them, and they took the stone and flew away with it. § The Gemara provides a mnemonic for the following statements of Rav Yehuda citing Rav: Everything; time; Jordan. Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: Everything that the Holy One, Blessed be He, created in His world, He created male and female. Even leviathan the slant serpent and leviathan the tortuous serpent He created male and female. And if they would have coupled and produced offspring, they would have destroyed the entire world. What did the Holy One, Blessed be He, do? He castrated the male and killed the female, and salted the female to preserve it for the banquet for the righteous in the future. As it is stated: “And He will slay the serpent that is in the sea” (Isaiah 27:1).

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Chullin 60b

חולין ס׳ ב — ד"ה אָמַר רַב חָנָן בַּר רָבָא

Chullin 60b:7

The Gemara discusses the creation of the world’s creatures and includes lore about unusual beings and great sea animals, relevant for how Chazal imagined extraordinary creatures.

אָמַר רַב חָנָן בַּר רָבָא: ״הַשְּׁסוּעָה״ בְּרִיָּה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ הִיא, שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהּ שְׁנֵי גַּבִּין וּשְׁנֵי שִׁדְרָאוֹת. וְכִי מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ קְנִיגִי הָיָה אוֹ בַּלִּיסְטָרִי הָיָה? מִכָּאן תְּשׁוּבָה לָאוֹמֵר אֵין תּוֹרָה מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: עַוִּים מִתֵּימָן בָּאוּ, וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָן עַוִּים? שֶׁעִיוְּתוּ אֶת מְקוֹמָן. דָּבָר אַחֵר: עַוִּים, שֶׁאִיוּוּ לֶאֱלֹהוֹת הַרְבֵּה. דָּבָר אַחֵר: עַוִּים, שֶׁכׇּל הָרוֹאֶה אוֹתָם אוֹחַזְתּוֹ עֲוִית. אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: וְאִית לְהוּ שִׁיתַּסְרֵי דָּרֵי שִׁינֵּי לְכׇל חַד וְחַד.

§ In one of the passages discussing kosher and non-kosher animals, the Torah states: “Nevertheless, these you shall not eat of them that only chew the cud, or of them that have split hooves that are cloven [hashesua]: The camel, and the hare, and the hyrax” (Deuteronomy 14:7). Rav Ḥanan bar Rava said: “Hashesua” is not a redundant description of the split hooves but a distinct creature, which has two backs and two spines and therefore looks like an entirely cloven animal. One might ask: But was Moses our teacher a hunter, or was he an archer, who was familiar with the most exotic animals? Rather, from here there is a refutation to those who say that the Torah is not from Heaven, since Moses could not have known of the existence of such an animal save by divine revelation. This is also taught in a baraita: The Avvim came from Teiman. And why were they called Avvim and not Teimanim? Because they corrupted [ivvetu] and destroyed their place of origin when they left. Alternatively, they were called Avvim since they desired [ivvu] many deities. Alternatively, they were called Avvim since they were so fearsome that all who saw them were seized by convulsions [avit]. Rav Yosef said: And each one of them has sixteen rows of teeth.

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on Genesis 1:21

רמב"ן על בראשית א׳:כ״א

Ramban on Genesis 1:21

Ramban explains the 'great sea creatures' as significant creations of God and relates them to the grandeur and hidden order of the natural world, offering a classical peshat-plus-midrash approach.

וַיִּבְרָא אֱלֹהִים אֶת הַתַּנִּינִם הַגְּדֹלִים בַּעֲבוּר גֹּדֶל הַנִּבְרָאִים הָאֵלֶּה שֶׁיֵּשׁ מֵהֶם אָרְכָּם פַּרְסָאוֹת רַבּוֹת, הִגִּידוּ הַיְּוָנִים בְּסִפְרֵיהֶם שֶׁיָּדְעוּ מֵהֶם אֲרֻכִּים חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת פַּרְסָה, וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ גַּם כֵּן הִפְלִיגוּ בָּהֶם (עיין ב"ב עג), בַּעֲבוּר זֶה יִחֵס בָּהֶם הַבְּרִיאָה לֵאלֹהִים כִּי הוּא שֶׁהִמְצִיאָם מֵאַיִן מִבְּרֵאשִׁית וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ אָמְרוּ (בבא בתרא עד) כִּי הַתַּנִּינִים הַגְּדוֹלִים הוּא לִוְיָתָן וּבַת זוּגוֹ, שֶׁבְּרָאָם זָכָר וּנְקֵבָה וְהָרַג הַנְּקֵבָה וּמְלָחָהּ לַצַּדִּיקִים לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא.

See also

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Ibn Ezra on Isaiah 27:1

אבן עזרא על ישעיהו כ״ז:א׳

Ibn Ezra on Isaiah 27:1

Ibn Ezra treats Leviathan and the dragon imagery in Isaiah as prophetic metaphor and cosmic language, a useful peshat-oriented source on whether 'dragons' are literal.

לויתן. הוא התלי ונקרא בריח בעבור שהוא מבריח מן הקצה אל הקצה: ועל לויתן. גם הוא בים, והוא צורת נחש, כי גם צורת נחש בים, ועקלתון שם התאר: והתנין הוא הגדול אשר בים: ויש אומרים כי לויתן נחש בריח גם עקלתון הם ביבשה, והטעם על מלכי הארץ, והתנין הוא מלך מצרים, כאשר הוא כתוב בספר יחזקאל (יחזקאל כ"ט ג'), ויש אומרים מלך צור, והישר בעיני רבי משה הכהן שהוא (רמז) כמו ויכחד כל גיבורי חיל ונגיד ושר (דברי הימים ב' ל"ב כ"א):

Leviathan. The Theli ; (תלי) it has the epithet בריח stretching, because it stretches from one end to the other. [I think it is a sea monster]. Even Leviathan, that crooked serpent. This is likewise an animal that lives in the sea; it is like a serpent, for there are also serpent-like animals in the sea. עקלתון Crooked. It is an adjective. And the dragon that is in the sea. That is, The great dragon in the sea. (Ez. 29:3). Some are of opinion that the Leviathan, the stretching serpent, and the Leviathan, the crooked serpent, are both land animals, and are used figuratively for the kings of the land; while the dragon that is in the sea, is used for the king of Egypt (Comp. Ez. 29:3), or as others believe, for the king of Tyre. R. Moses Hakkohen thinks, that this verse refers to the élite of soldiers, princes, and nobles.

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