Tanakhתנ״ך

Covenant and Circumcision Throughout Scripture

These sources trace the theme of brit (covenant) from the patriarchal covenants through Israel's national covenant at Sinai to the Davidic dynasty and the prophetic vision of renewal. They examine how circumcision functions as the physical sign and seal of covenant, and explore covenant as both a divine-human partnership and an internalizable commitment.

גְּדוֹלָה מִילָה שֶׁנִּכְרְתוּ עָלֶיהָ שְׁלֹשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה בְרִיתוֹת

15 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The covenant theme begins with a universal scope: in Bereishit 9:8-17 God establishes a covenant with all of humanity and every living creature, sealing it with the rainbow as a permanent sign, before it narrows to the particular relationship with Avraham.

That particular covenant with Avraham is then formalized in Bereishit 17:1-14, where circumcision is designated as the bodily sign of an everlasting covenant extending to all future generations — a point the Mishnah elaborates when Mishnah Nedarim 3:11 counts thirteen covenants sealed over milah in that very passage.

The covenant is subsequently extended to the entire nation at Sinai: Shemot 19:3-6 frames it conditionally — keep the covenant and you become a treasured possession and a kingdom of priests — and Shemot 24:3-8 seals that national commitment with blood dashed on the people, explicitly called 'the blood of the covenant.'

Devarim 29:9-14 dramatically universalizes the covenant's reach in time, declaring it binding not only on those present but on all future generations, tying it back to the sworn promise to Avraham, Yitzchak, and Yaakov — a memory Tehillim 105:8-10 celebrates as God's eternal mindfulness of that same patriarchal covenant.

The prophets project the covenant forward: Yirmiyahu 31:30-33 envisions a future 'new covenant' in which God's Teaching will be inscribed on hearts rather than tablets, while Hoshea 2:20-22 images the ultimate covenantal bond in the language of eternal betrothal with righteousness, justice, and faithfulness.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Jeremiah 31:30-33

Jeremiah 31:30-33:2

The prophet speaks of a new covenant written on the heart, presenting covenant as inwardized rather than merely external.

הִנֵּ֛ה יָמִ֥ים בָּאִ֖ים נְאֻם־יְהֹוָ֑ה וְכָרַתִּ֗י אֶת־בֵּ֧ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל וְאֶת־בֵּ֥ית יְהוּדָ֖ה בְּרִ֥ית חֲדָשָֽׁה׃ כִּ֣י זֹ֣את הַבְּרִ֡ית אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶכְרֹת֩ אֶת־בֵּ֨ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל אַחֲרֵ֨י הַיָּמִ֤ים הָהֵם֙ נְאֻם־יְהֹוָ֔ה נָתַ֤תִּי אֶת־תּֽוֹרָתִי֙ בְּקִרְבָּ֔ם וְעַל־לִבָּ֖ם אֶכְתְּבֶ֑נָּה וְהָיִ֤יתִי לָהֶם֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים וְהֵ֖מָּה יִֽהְיוּ־לִ֥י לְעָֽם׃

See, a time is coming—declares GOD—when I will make a new covenant with the House of Israel and the House of Judah. But such is the covenant I will make with the House of Israel after these days—declares GOD: I will put My Teaching into their inmost being and inscribe it upon their hearts. Then I will be their God, and they shall be My people.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 30:11-20

Deuteronomy 30:11-20:5

Covenant is framed as a life-and-death choice, with blessings and curses tied to Israel's fidelity and return to God.

רְאֵ֨ה נָתַ֤תִּי לְפָנֶ֙יךָ֙ הַיּ֔וֹם אֶת־הַֽחַיִּ֖ים וְאֶת־הַטּ֑וֹב וְאֶת־הַמָּ֖וֶת וְאֶת־הָרָֽע׃ הַעִדֹ֨תִי בָכֶ֣ם הַיּוֹם֮ אֶת־הַשָּׁמַ֣יִם וְאֶת־הָאָ֒רֶץ֒ הַחַיִּ֤ים וְהַמָּ֙וֶת֙ נָתַ֣תִּי לְפָנֶ֔יךָ הַבְּרָכָ֖ה וְהַקְּלָלָ֑ה וּבָֽחַרְתָּ֙ בַּחַיִּ֔ים לְמַ֥עַן תִּֽחְיֶ֖ה אַתָּ֥ה וְזַרְעֶֽךָ׃

See, I set before you this day life and prosperity, death and adversity. I call heaven and earth to witness against you this day: I have put before you life and death, blessing and curse. Choose life—if you and your offspring would live—

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

II Samuel 7:12-16

II Samuel 7:12-16:2

God makes an everlasting covenant with David's house, promising the durability of the dynasty and linking covenant to kingship and messianic hope.

ה֥וּא יִבְנֶה־בַּ֖יִת לִשְׁמִ֑י וְכֹנַנְתִּ֛י אֶת־כִּסֵּ֥א מַמְלַכְתּ֖וֹ עַד־עוֹלָֽם׃ אֲנִי֙ אֶֽהְיֶה־לּ֣וֹ לְאָ֔ב וְה֖וּא יִֽהְיֶה־לִּ֣י לְבֵ֑ן אֲשֶׁר֙ בְּהַ֣עֲוֺת֔וֹ וְהֹֽכַחְתִּיו֙ בְּשֵׁ֣בֶט אֲנָשִׁ֔ים וּבְנִגְעֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י אָדָֽם׃ וְחַסְדִּ֖י לֹא־יָס֣וּר מִמֶּ֑נּוּ כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר הֲסִרֹ֙תִי֙ מֵעִ֣ם שָׁא֔וּל אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֲסִרֹ֖תִי מִלְּפָנֶֽיךָ׃ וְנֶאְמַ֨ן בֵּיתְךָ֧ וּמַֽמְלַכְתְּךָ֛ עַד־עוֹלָ֖ם לְפָנֶ֑יךָ כִּֽסְאֲךָ֔ יִהְיֶ֥ה נָכ֖וֹן עַד־עוֹלָֽם׃

He shall build a house for My name, and I will establish his royal throne forever. I will be a father to him, And he shall be a son to Me. When he does wrong, I will chastise him With the rod of mortals And the blows of humankind. “But I will never withdraw My favor from him as I withdrew it from Saul, whom I removed to make room for you. Your house and your kingship shall ever be secure before you; your throne shall be established forever.”

Source 4 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 29:9-14

Deuteronomy 29:9-14:3

Moshe renews the covenant with all of Israel, including future generations, highlighting the enduring and collective nature of the covenant.

לְעׇבְרְךָ֗ בִּבְרִ֛ית יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ וּבְאָלָת֑וֹ אֲשֶׁר֙ יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ כֹּרֵ֥ת עִמְּךָ֖ הַיּֽוֹם׃ לְמַ֣עַן הָקִֽים־אֹתְךָ֩ הַיּ֨וֹם ׀ ל֜וֹ לְעָ֗ם וְה֤וּא יִֽהְיֶה־לְּךָ֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּר־לָ֑ךְ וְכַאֲשֶׁ֤ר נִשְׁבַּע֙ לַאֲבֹתֶ֔יךָ לְאַבְרָהָ֥ם לְיִצְחָ֖ק וּֽלְיַעֲקֹֽב׃ וְלֹ֥א אִתְּכֶ֖ם לְבַדְּכֶ֑ם אָנֹכִ֗י כֹּרֵת֙ אֶת־הַבְּרִ֣ית הַזֹּ֔את וְאֶת־הָאָלָ֖ה הַזֹּֽאת׃ כִּי֩ אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֨ר יֶשְׁנ֜וֹ פֹּ֗ה עִמָּ֙נוּ֙ עֹמֵ֣ד הַיּ֔וֹם לִפְנֵ֖י יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵ֑ינוּ וְאֵ֨ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֵינֶ֛נּוּ פֹּ֖ה עִמָּ֥נוּ הַיּֽוֹם׃

to enter into the covenant of the ETERNAL your God, which the ETERNAL your God is concluding with you this day, with its sanctions; in order to establish you this day as God’s people and in order to be your God, as promised you and as sworn to your fathers Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. I make this covenant, with its sanctions, not with you alone, but both with those who are standing here with us this day before the ETERNAL our God and with those who are not with us here this day.

Source 5 · Tanach
Verified

Exodus 19:3-6

Exodus 19:3-6:3

At Sinai, Israel is offered covenantal status as a kingdom of priests and a holy nation, making national election and responsibility central to the relationship with God.

וְעַתָּ֗ה אִם־שָׁמ֤וֹעַ תִּשְׁמְעוּ֙ בְּקֹלִ֔י וּשְׁמַרְתֶּ֖ם אֶת־בְּרִיתִ֑י וִהְיִ֨יתֶם לִ֤י סְגֻלָּה֙ מִכׇּל־הָ֣עַמִּ֔ים כִּי־לִ֖י כׇּל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ וְאַתֶּ֧ם תִּהְיוּ־לִ֛י מַמְלֶ֥כֶת כֹּהֲנִ֖ים וְג֣וֹי קָד֑וֹשׁ אֵ֚לֶּה הַדְּבָרִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר תְּדַבֵּ֖ר אֶל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

Now then, if you will obey Me faithfully and keep My covenant, you shall be My treasured possession among all the peoples. Indeed, all the earth is Mine, but you shall be to Me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.’ These are the words that you shall speak to the children of Israel.”

Source 6 · Tanach
Verified

Genesis 9:8-17

Genesis 9:8-17:2

God establishes a covenant with Noah and all living creatures, promising never again to destroy the world by flood and setting the rainbow as the sign of that covenant.

וַאֲנִ֕י הִנְנִ֥י מֵקִ֛ים אֶת־בְּרִיתִ֖י אִתְּכֶ֑ם וְאֶֽת־זַרְעֲכֶ֖ם אַֽחֲרֵיכֶֽם׃ וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֗ים זֹ֤את אֽוֹת־הַבְּרִית֙ אֲשֶׁר־אֲנִ֣י נֹתֵ֗ן בֵּינִי֙ וּבֵ֣ינֵיכֶ֔ם וּבֵ֛ין כׇּל־נֶ֥פֶשׁ חַיָּ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִתְּכֶ֑ם לְדֹרֹ֖ת עוֹלָֽם׃ אֶת־קַשְׁתִּ֕י נָתַ֖תִּי בֶּֽעָנָ֑ן וְהָֽיְתָה֙ לְא֣וֹת בְּרִ֔ית בֵּינִ֖י וּבֵ֥ין הָאָֽרֶץ׃

“I now establish My covenant with you and your offspring to come, God further said, “This is the sign that I set for the covenant between Me and you, and every living creature with you, for all ages to come. I have set My bow in the clouds, and it shall serve as a sign of the covenant between Me and the earth.

Source 7 · Tanach
Verified

Psalms 105:8-10

Psalms 105:8-10:1

The psalm recalls God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as an eternal promise remembered across generations.

זָכַ֣ר לְעוֹלָ֣ם בְּרִית֑וֹ דָּבָ֥ר צִ֝וָּ֗ה לְאֶ֣לֶף דּֽוֹר׃ אֲשֶׁ֣ר כָּ֭רַת אֶת־אַבְרָהָ֑ם וּשְׁב֖וּעָת֣וֹ לְיִשְׂחָֽק׃ וַיַּעֲמִידֶ֣הָ לְיַעֲקֹ֣ב לְחֹ֑ק לְ֝יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל בְּרִ֣ית עוֹלָֽם׃

[God] is ever mindful of the covenant, the promise given for a thousand generations, that was made with Abraham, sworn to Isaac, and confirmed in a decree for Jacob, for Israel, as an eternal covenant,

Source 8 · Tanach
Verified

Hosea 2:20-22

Hosea 2:20-22:2

God betroths Israel anew in covenantal language, combining marital imagery with enduring loyalty and compassion.

וְאֵרַשְׂתִּ֥יךְ לִ֖י לְעוֹלָ֑ם וְאֵרַשְׂתִּ֥יךְ לִי֙ בְּצֶ֣דֶק וּבְמִשְׁפָּ֔ט וּבְחֶ֖סֶד וּֽבְרַחֲמִֽים׃ וְאֵרַשְׂתִּ֥יךְ לִ֖י בֶּאֱמוּנָ֑ה וְיָדַ֖עַתְּ אֶת־יְהֹוָֽה׃ {פ}

And I will espouse you forever: I will espouse you with righteousness and justice, And with goodness and mercy, And I will espouse you with faithfulness; Then you shall be devoted to GOD.

Source 9 · Tanach
Verified

Genesis 17:1-14

Genesis 17:1-14:2

The covenant of circumcision is given to Abraham and his descendants as an eternal sign of their bond with God, tying covenant to bodily marking and lineage.

וְאֶתְּנָ֥ה בְרִיתִ֖י בֵּינִ֣י וּבֵינֶ֑ךָ וְאַרְבֶּ֥ה אוֹתְךָ֖ בִּמְאֹ֥ד מְאֹֽד׃ וַהֲקִמֹתִ֨י אֶת־בְּרִיתִ֜י בֵּינִ֣י וּבֵינֶ֗ךָ וּבֵ֨ין זַרְעֲךָ֧ אַחֲרֶ֛יךָ לְדֹרֹתָ֖ם לִבְרִ֣ית עוֹלָ֑ם לִהְי֤וֹת לְךָ֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים וּֽלְזַרְעֲךָ֖ אַחֲרֶֽיךָ׃ זֹ֣את בְּרִיתִ֞י אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּשְׁמְר֗וּ בֵּינִי֙ וּבֵ֣ינֵיכֶ֔ם וּבֵ֥ין זַרְעֲךָ֖ אַחֲרֶ֑יךָ הִמּ֥וֹל לָכֶ֖ם כׇּל־זָכָֽר׃ וּנְמַלְתֶּ֕ם אֵ֖ת בְּשַׂ֣ר עׇרְלַתְכֶ֑ם וְהָיָה֙ לְא֣וֹת בְּרִ֔ית בֵּינִ֖י וּבֵינֵיכֶֽם׃

I will establish My covenant between Me and you, and I will make you exceedingly numerous.” I will maintain My covenant between Me and you, and your offspring to come, as an everlasting covenant throughout the ages, to be God to you and to your offspring to come. Such shall be the covenant between Me and you and your offspring to follow that you shall keep: every male among you shall be circumcised. You shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin, and that shall be the sign of the covenant between Me and you.

Source 10 · Tanach
Verified

Exodus 24:3-8

Exodus 24:3-8:4

The covenant is formally ratified through the giving of the Torah and the covenantal blood ceremony, emphasizing acceptance and binding obligation.

וַיִּקַּ֤ח מֹשֶׁה֙ חֲצִ֣י הַדָּ֔ם וַיָּ֖שֶׂם בָּאַגָּנֹ֑ת וַחֲצִ֣י הַדָּ֔ם זָרַ֖ק עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ׃ וַיִּקַּח֙ סֵ֣פֶר הַבְּרִ֔ית וַיִּקְרָ֖א בְּאׇזְנֵ֣י הָעָ֑ם וַיֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ כֹּ֛ל אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהֹוָ֖ה נַעֲשֶׂ֥ה וְנִשְׁמָֽע׃ וַיִּקַּ֤ח מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶת־הַדָּ֔ם וַיִּזְרֹ֖ק עַל־הָעָ֑ם וַיֹּ֗אמֶר הִנֵּ֤ה דַֽם־הַבְּרִית֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר כָּרַ֤ת יְהֹוָה֙ עִמָּכֶ֔ם עַ֥ל כׇּל־הַדְּבָרִ֖ים הָאֵֽלֶּה׃

Moses took one part of the blood and put it in basins, and the other part of the blood he dashed against the altar. Then he took the record of the covenant and read it aloud to the people. And they said, “All that GOD has spoken we will faithfully do!” Moses took the blood and dashed it on the people and said, “This is the blood of the covenant that GOD now makes with you concerning all these commands.”

Source 11 · Chazal
Verified

Onkelos Leviticus 26:42

Onkelos Leviticus 26:42

God declares that He will remember His covenants with Yaakov, Yitzchok, and Avrohom, and will also remember the land.

וְדָכִירְנָא יָת קְיָמִי דְעִם יַעֲקוֹב וְאַף יָת קְיָמִי דְעִם יִצְחָק וְאַף יָת קְיָמִי דְעִם אַבְרָהָם אֲנָא דָכִיר וְאַרְעָא אֲנָא דָכִיר:

I will [then] remember My covenant with Yaakov and also My covenant with Yitzchok and also My covenant with Avrohom, I will remember and I will remember the land.

Source 12 · Chazal
Verified

Mishnah Nedarim 3:11

Mishnah Nedarim 3:11

Rabbi Yishmael states that circumcision is great because thirteen covenants were made upon it; the anonymous Rabbi teaches that circumcision is great because Abraham was not called complete until he circumcised himself, and alternatively, that without circumcision the Holy One would not have created the world, as evidenced by the verse stating that if not for God's covenant day and night, He would not have established the laws of heaven and earth.

שֶׁאֵינִי נֶהֱנֶה לְזֶרַע אַבְרָהָם, אָסוּר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וּמֻתָּר בְּאֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם. רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר, גְּדוֹלָה מִילָה שֶׁנִּכְרְתוּ עָלֶיהָ שְׁלֹשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה בְרִיתוֹת. רַבִּי אוֹמֵר, גְּדוֹלָה מִילָה, שֶׁכָּל הַמִּצְוֹת שֶׁעָשָׂה אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ לֹא נִקְרָא שָׁלֵם, עַד שֶׁמָּל, שֶׁנֱּאֶמַר (בראשית יז), הִתְהַלֵּךְ לְפָנַי וֶהְיֵה תָמִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, גְּדוֹלָה מִילָה, שֶׁאִלְמָלֵא הִיא, לֹא בָרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת עוֹלָמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה לג), כֹּה אָמַר ה' אִם לֹא בְרִיתִי יוֹמָם וָלָיְלָה, חֻקּוֹת שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ לֹא שָׂמְתִּי:

Source 13 · Chazal
Verified

Bereshit Rabbah 44:1

Bereshit Rabbah 44:1

Midrash elaborates on God's covenant with Abraham, linking brit to chosenness, destiny, and the meaning of Divine promises to the patriarchs.

אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה הָיָה דְבַר ה' אֶל אַבְרָם בַּמַּחֲזֶה לֵאמֹר וגו' (בראשית טו, א), (תהלים יח, לא): אִמְרַת ה' צְרוּפָה, שֶׁצֵּרְפוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּכִבְשַׁן הָאֵשׁ. מָגֵן הוּא לְכֹל הַחוֹסִים בּוֹ, (בראשית טו, א): אַל תִּירָא אַבְרָם אָנֹכִי מָגֵן לָךְ.

Source 14 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Circumcision 3:4

Mishneh Torah, Circumcision 3:4

One who circumcises converts recites a blessing acknowledging that circumcision and the extraction of covenant blood were commanded, and teaches that without the covenant blood the heavens and earth could not be sustained, citing Jeremiah 33:25.

הַמָּל אֶת הַגֵּרִים מְבָרֵךְ. בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְיָ׳‎ אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו וְצִוָּנוּ לָמוּל אֶת הַגֵּרִים וּלְהַטִּיף מִמֶּנּוּ דַּם בְּרִית שֶׁאִלְמָלֵא דַּם הַבְּרִית לֹא נִתְקַיְּמוּ שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה לג כה) ״אִם לֹא בְרִיתִי יוֹמָם וָלָיְלָה חֻקּוֹת שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ לֹא שָׂמְתִּי״:

When circumcising converts, one should recite the blessing: Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to circumcise converts and to extract from them the blood of the covenant, for were it not for the blood of the covenant the existence of the heavens and the earth could not be maintained, as [Jeremiah 33:25] states: "Were it not for My covenant, day and night, I would not have established the laws of heaven and earth."

Source 15 · Acharonim
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Malbim on Genesis 17:2

Malbim on Genesis 17:2

The passage distinguishes between God's first covenant with Avraham (concerning the gift of the land), which was unilateral from God's side alone, and this new covenant, which establishes mutual obligation on both parties—whereby Avraham becomes obligated to partner with God in the work of creation by perfecting and repairing it, beginning with his own body, and through this partnership he will be abundantly multiplied with a greatness that surpasses all deeds, as he alone walks the path of perfection over all creation.

ואתנה בריתי ביני ובינך. שבברית הראשון על מתנת הארץ כתיב ביום ההוא כרת ה' את אברם ברית. והיה הברית רק מצד הנותן לא מצד אברהם, אבל ברית הזה תהיה ביני ובינך, בענין שיחול החיוב על שני הצדדים הכורתים ברית, כי גם אברהם התחייב א"ע להיות שותף לה' במעשה בראשית להשלים את הבריאה ולתקנה, וראשית התקון יתחיל בעולמו הקטן שהוא גופו, ובזה ארבה אותך במאד מאד, רבוי זה מענין גדולה שתגדל על כל המעשים, כי אתה לבדך תלך מהלך השלמות על כל היצור