Machshavaמחשבה

Breaking of the Tablets and Jerusalem's Destruction

Jewish sources explore spiritual and theological connections between the breaking of the first tablets at Sinai and the destruction of Jerusalem's walls. These sources examine how both events reflect Israel's spiritual state, the loss of divine protection, and the promise of future restoration through repentance and the internalization of Torah.

בי"ז בתמוז ירד מרע"ה עם הלוחות ראשונות

10 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The breaking of the first Tablets on the seventeenth of Tammuz is itself the calendrical anchor: the Gemara (Yoma 4b) calculates that Moshe descended and shattered the Tablets specifically on the seventeenth of Tammuz, the same date on which, according to tradition, the walls of Jerusalem were breached — establishing a shared day of calamity between the two events.

Rav Aḥa bar Ya'akov (Eruvin 54a) derives from the word חָרוּת — 'engraved' — that had the first Tablets not been broken, no nation or tongue would ever have ruled over Israel, since the word can be read as חֵירוּת, 'freedom'; the breaking of the Tablets thus opened the door to the very foreign dominion that culminated in the destruction of Jerusalem and its walls.

The Sefat Emet points toward an ultimate restoration: the Sefat Emet (Bamidbar, Balak 24) records in the name of the Ari z"l that the seventeenth of Tammuz is destined to become a festival when Israel repairs the sin of the Golden Calf and the light of the first Tablets shines again, linking the rectification of the Tablets' breaking to the future redemption of Jerusalem.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Jeremiah 31:30-33

ירמיהו ל״א:ל׳-ל״ג

Jeremiah 31:30-33

Yirmiyahu speaks of a renewed covenant in which Torah will be internalized within Israel. Later sources connect this future repair to the first covenant's fracture, including the broken tablets.

הִנֵּ֛ה יָמִ֥ים בָּאִ֖ים נְאֻם־יְהֹוָ֑ה וְכָרַתִּ֗י אֶת־בֵּ֧ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל וְאֶת־בֵּ֥ית יְהוּדָ֖ה בְּרִ֥ית חֲדָשָֽׁה׃ לֹ֣א כַבְּרִ֗ית אֲשֶׁ֤ר כָּרַ֙תִּי֙ אֶת־אֲבוֹתָ֔ם בְּיוֹם֙ הֶחֱזִיקִ֣י בְיָדָ֔ם לְהוֹצִיאָ֖ם מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם אֲשֶׁר־הֵ֜מָּה הֵפֵ֣רוּ אֶת־בְּרִיתִ֗י וְאָנֹכִ֛י בָּעַ֥לְתִּי בָ֖ם נְאֻם־יְהֹוָֽה׃ כִּ֣י זֹ֣את הַבְּרִ֡ית אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶכְרֹת֩ אֶת־בֵּ֨ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל אַחֲרֵ֨י הַיָּמִ֤ים הָהֵם֙ נְאֻם־יְהֹוָ֔ה נָתַ֤תִּי אֶת־תּֽוֹרָתִי֙ בְּקִרְבָּ֔ם וְעַל־לִבָּ֖ם אֶכְתְּבֶ֑נָּה וְהָיִ֤יתִי לָהֶם֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים וְהֵ֖מָּה יִֽהְיוּ־לִ֥י לְעָֽם׃

See, a time is coming—declares GOD—when I will make a new covenant with the House of Israel and the House of Judah. It will not be like the covenant I made with their ancestors, when I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt, a covenant that they broke, though I espoused them—declares GOD. But such is the covenant I will make with the House of Israel after these days—declares GOD: I will put My Teaching into their inmost being and inscribe it upon their hearts. Then I will be their God, and they shall be My people.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Exodus 32:15-19

שמות ל״ב:ט״ו-י״ט

Exodus 32:15-19

Moshe descends with the luchot, sees the calf, and shatters the tablets at the foot of the mountain. This is the foundational biblical source for the breaking of the Luchos.

וַֽיְהִ֗י כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר קָרַב֙ אֶל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֔ה וַיַּ֥רְא אֶת־הָעֵ֖גֶל וּמְחֹלֹ֑ת וַיִּֽחַר־אַ֣ף מֹשֶׁ֗ה וַיַּשְׁלֵ֤ךְ מִיָּדָו֙ אֶת־הַלֻּחֹ֔ת וַיְשַׁבֵּ֥ר אֹתָ֖ם תַּ֥חַת הָהָֽר׃

As soon as Moses came near the camp and saw the calf and the dancing, he became enraged; and he hurled the tablets from his hands and shattered them at the foot of the mountain.

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Eikhah Rabbah, Petichta:30

Eikhah Rabbah, Petichta:30

When God commanded Nebuchadnezzar to destroy the Temple, Nebuchadnezzar sought to limit his destructiveness and instead sent Nebuzaradan to besiege Jerusalem for three and a half years; God then caused the walls of Jerusalem to sink one and a half handbreadths each day until they were completely submerged, allowing the enemies to enter.

בֵּין כְּדִבְרֵי אֵלּוּ וּבֵין כְּדִבְרֵי אֵלּוּ הַכֹּל מוֹדִים שֶׁנְּבוּכַדְנֶצַּר הָיָה אֶחָד מֵהֶם, אֶלָּא כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עֲלֵה וְהַחֲרֵב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, אָמַר לָא בָעֵי אֶלָּא מְצַמְצְמָא יָתִי מֶעֱבַד לִי כְּמָא דַּעֲבַד לְסָבִי, מֶה עָשָׂה, בָּא וְיָשַׁב בְּדַפְנֵי שֶׁל אַנְטוֹכְיָא וְשָׁלַח נְבוּזַרְאֲדָן רַב טַבָּחִים לְהַחֲרִיב אֶת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם וְעָשָׂה שָׁם שָׁלשׁ שָׁנִים וּמֶחֱצָה, בְּכָל יוֹם מַקִּיף אֶת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם וְלֹא הָיָה יָכוֹל לְכָבְשָׁהּ, בִּקֵּשׁ לַחֲזֹר נָתַן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּלִבּוֹ הִתְחִיל מְמַדֵּד בַּחוֹמָה וְהָיְתָה שׁוֹקַעַת בְּכָל יוֹם טְפָחַיִם וּמֶחֱצָה עַד שֶׁשָּׁקְעָה כֻּלָּהּ, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁשָּׁקְעָה כֻּלָּהּ נִכְנְסוּ הַשֹּׂוֹנְאִים לִירוּשָׁלַיִם

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Jerusalem Talmud Taanit 2:2

תלמוד ירושלמי תענית ב׳:ב׳

Jerusalem Talmud Taanit 2:2

Rebbi Aḥa bar Isaac transmits that an individual must make a commemoration on the Ninth of Av, reciting a prayer that acknowledges Jerusalem's destruction by enemies, recalls that God gave the city to Israel in love, and affirms that just as God destroyed it in fire, God will rebuild it in fire—concluding with a verse stating God will be a wall of fire around Jerusalem and glory within it.

רִבִּי אָחָא בַּר יִצְחָק בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי חוֹנָה רוּבָה דְצִיפּוֹרִין. יָחִיד בְּתִשְׂעָה בְאַב צָרִיךְ לְהַזְכִּיר מֵעֵין הַמְּאוֹרָע. וּמָהוּ אוֹמֵר. רַחֵם יי אֱלֹהֵינוּ בְּרַחֲמֶיךָ הָרַבִּים וּבַחֲסָדֶיךְ הַנֶּאֱמָנִים עָלֵינוּ וְעַל יִשְׂרָאֵל עַמָּךְ וְעַל יְרושָׁלִַם עִירָךְ וְעַל צִיּוֹן מִשְׁכַּן כְּבוֹדָךְ. וְעַל הָעִיר הַאֲבֵילָה הֶהָרוּסָה הַשּׁוֹמֵמָה הַנְּתוּנָה בְיַד זָרִים הָרְמוּסָה בְכַף עָרִיצִים וִיבַלְּעוּהָ לֶגְיוֹנוֹת וִיחַלְּלוּהָ עוֹבְדֵי פְסִילִים. כִּי לְיִשְׂרָאֵל עַמָּךְ נְתַתָּהּ בִּאַהֲבָה לְנַחֲלָה וּלְזֶרַע יְשׁוּרוּן יְרוּשָּׁה הוֹרַשְׁתָּהּ. כִּי בָאֵשׁ הֶחֱרַבְתָּהּ וּבָאֵשׁ אַתָּה עָתִיד לִבְנוֹתָהּ. כָּאָמוּר וַאֲנִי אֶהְיֶה לָּהּ נְאֻם יי חוֹמַת אֵשׁ סָבִיב וּלְכָבוֹד אֶהְיֶה בְתוֹכָהּ.

Rebbi Aḥa bar Isaac in the name of the older Rebbi Huna of Sepphoris: An individual must mention the occasion on the Ninth of Av. What does he say? “Have mercy, Eternal, our God, in Your great mercy and your trusted kindness, towards us, Your people Israel, Your city Jerusalem, Zion the dwelling place of Your glory, and on the mourning, destroyed, and desolate city that is given into the hand of strangers, trampled down by haughty peoples, that was raped by legions and desecrated by idol worshippers, when You had given her to Your people Israel in love as property, and let her be inherited by the seed of Yeshurun, for in fire You destroyed her and in fire You will build her in the future as it has been said: But I shall be for her, says the Eternal, a wall of fire around, and Glory I shall be in her midst.”

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Eruvin 54a

עירובין נ״ד א — ד"ה וְאָמַר רַבִּי

Eruvin 54a:19

Rabbi Eliezer teaches that had the first tablets not been broken, Torah would never have been forgotten from Israel because it would have been engraved on their hearts; Rav Aḥa bar Ya'akov adds that had the tablets not been broken, no nation or tongue would have ruled over Israel, deriving this from reading the word ḥarut (engraved) as ḥeirut (freedom).

וְאָמַר רַבִּי (אֱלִיעֶזֶר): מַאי דִּכְתִיב ״חָרוּת עַל הַלּוּחוֹת״, אִלְמָלֵי לֹא נִשְׁתַּבְּרוּ לוּחוֹת הָרִאשׁוֹנוֹת — לֹא נִשְׁתַּכְּחָה תּוֹרָה מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל. רַב אַחָא בַּר יַעֲקֹב אָמַר: אֵין כׇּל אוּמָּה וְלָשׁוֹן שׁוֹלֶטֶת בָּהֶן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״חָרוּת״ — אַל תִּיקְרֵי ״חָרוּת״, אֶלָּא חֵירוּת.

And, lastly, Rabbi Eliezer said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “And the tablets were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, engraved upon the tablets” (Exodus 32:16)? This teaches that had the first tablets, the subject of this verse, not been broken, the Torah would never have been forgotten from the Jewish people, as the Torah would have been engraved upon their hearts. Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov said: Had the tablets not been broken, no nation or tongue would ever have ruled over them, as it is stated: “Engraved”; do not read it engraved [ḥarut] but rather freedom [ḥeirut].

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Yoma 4b

יומא ד׳ ב — ד"ה וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא סָבַר לַהּ כְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי

Yoma 4b:5

According to Rabbi Akiva's calculation, Moses received the Torah on the seventh of Sivan, spent forty days on the mountain, and descended on the seventeenth of Tammuz, when he shattered the tablets; however, according to Rabbi Yosei HaGelili, who counts six additional days of sequestering before the forty days on the mountain, the tablets would not have been shattered until the twenty-third of Tammuz.

וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא סָבַר לַהּ כְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי, דְּאָמַר: בְּשִׁבְעָה בַּחֹדֶשׁ נִיתְּנָה תּוֹרָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל. בִּשְׁלָמָא לְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, הַיְינוּ דְּמַשְׁכַּחַתְּ לַהּ בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר בְּתַמּוּז נִשְׁתַּבְּרוּ הַלּוּחוֹת: עֶשְׂרִין וְאַרְבְּעָה דְּסִיוָן, וְשִׁיתְּסַר דְּתַמּוּז, מָלוּ לְהוּ אַרְבְּעִין יוֹמִין דַּהֲוָה בָּהָר, וּבְשִׁבְסַר בְּתַמּוּז נְחֵית וַאֲתָא וְתַבְרִינְהוּ לְלוּחוֹת. אֶלָּא לְרַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי, דְּאָמַר: שִׁשָּׁה דִפְרִישָׁה וְאַרְבְּעִין דְּהַר, עַד עֶשְׂרִין וּתְלָת בְּתַמּוּז לָא אִתַּבּוּר לוּחוֹת! אָמַר לְךָ רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי: אַרְבְּעִין דְּהַר בַּהֲדֵי שִׁשָּׁה דִפְרִישָׁה.

And Rabbi Akiva holds in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, who said that on the seventh of the month the Torah was given to the Jewish people. That is why Moses was summoned on the seventh of the month immediately after the revelation of the Ten Commandments. The Gemara asks: Granted, according to the opinion of Rabbi Akiva that the Torah was given on the seventh of Sivan and Moses then proceeded to climb the mountain and remain there for forty days, that explains the calculation that you find: On the seventeenth of Tammuz the tablets were shattered, according to the standard tradition. How so? Calculate twenty-four days until the end of Sivan and sixteen days of Tammuz; they total the forty days that he was on the mountain. On the seventeenth of Tammuz he descended from the mountain and came and shattered the tablets. However, according to Rabbi Yosei HaGelili, who said: There were six days of sequestering after the Torah was given and an additional forty days that Moses was on the mountain, the tablets were not shattered until the twenty-third of Tammuz, contrary to the standard tradition. Rabbi Yosei HaGelili could have said to you: The forty days that Moses was on the mountain include the six days of sequestering.

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

Menachot 99b

מנחות צ״ט ב — ד"ה שֶׁבִּיטּוּלָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה זֶהוּ יִסּוּדָהּ

Menachot 99b:1

The Gemara teaches that the broken tablets were placed in the Ark together with the whole tablets, a key source for the sanctity and enduring significance of the shattered luchot.

שֶׁבִּיטּוּלָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה זֶהוּ יִסּוּדָהּ, דִּכְתִיב: ״אֲשֶׁר שִׁבַּרְתָּ״, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמֹשֶׁה: יִישַׁר כֹּחֲךָ שֶׁשִּׁבַּרְתָּ.

the apparent dereliction of the study of Torah is its foundation, e.g., if one breaks off his studies in order to participate in a funeral or a wedding procession. This is derived from a verse, as it is written: “And the Lord said to Moses: Hew for yourself two tablets of stone like the first, and I will write upon the tablets the words that were on the first tablets, which [asher] you broke” (Exodus 34:1). The word “asher” is an allusion to the fact that that the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Moses: Your strength is true [yishar koḥakha] in that you broke the tablets, as the breaking of the first tablets led to the foundation of the Torah through the giving of the second tablets.

Source 8 · Hasidic
Verified

Shem MiShmuel, Ki Tisa 1:4

Shem MiShmuel, Ki Tisa 1:4

The passage explains that the Luchos were written with letters carved through completely so that the writing and stone were unified as one, reflecting Israel's elevated spiritual state at that time when they resembled the Luchos themselves—wholly holy with no separation between matter and form—which is why death did not apply to them, but after the sin of the golden calf Israel lost this exalted status and became subject to death as a means of spiritual purification.

וישבר אותם, להבין למה לו לשבר אותם הלא הי' ביכלתו להחזיק אותם אצלו שלא ליתנם להם לא לשברם, וע' באוה"ח, וממנ"פ אם הי' שליח לקבלה הועילו כבר הקידושין, ומה כוונתם ז"ל באמרם שידונו כפנוי', ואם הי' שליח להולכה א"כ הי' לו עצה שלא ליתנם להם, ועוד הלא כבר שמע שמחל להם השי"ת, כמ"ש וינחם וגו', והענין כתיב חרות על הלוחות ודרשו חז"ל חירות ממה"מ, ולכאורה זה הי' תיכף בעשרת הדברות אך כוונתם ז"ל דהלוחות אף שמעשה אלקים המה היו אבנים גשמיות וכתובים באצבע אלקים, והיו חקוקים משני עבריהם, והיינו שלא היו כשאר כתב שהכתב מלמעלה רק נחקק, להורות שהכתב והאבנים אחת היו, וישראל היו אז במעלה העליונה וכמ"ש ז"ל לא הי' ישראל ראוין לאותו מעשה, והיו הם ג"כ החומר והצורה בקדושה אחת כעין הלוחות, ולכך לא הי' שייך אצלם מיתה וידועין דברי האריז"ל דענין מיתה שבאדם הוא שמאחר ששורה על הגוף טומאת מה"מ בורחת ממנו הנשמה הקדושה שאינה יכולה לסבול הטומאה, וישראל שהיו אז בדוגמת הלוחות והי' הכל קודש לא הי' מקום לשרות טומאת מה"מ כדי שע"י כך תברח הנשמה, גם לא היו צריכין לתיקון המיתה שהרי כבר נתקדש הגוף בקדושת הנשמה, אבל אחר מעשה העגל שאבדו המעלה הלז ושוב צריכין לתיקון המיתה שיתעכל זוהמת הנחש בעפר

Source 9 · Hasidic
Verified

Sefat Emet, Numbers, Balak 24

שפת אמת, במדבר, בלק כ״ד

Sefat Emet, Numbers, Balak 24

On the seventeenth of Tammuz, Moses descended with the first Luchos, and although they were broken, the fragments remained in the Aron since all gifts given by the Holy One to Israel are eternal; in the name of the Arizal, it is taught that in the future world, the seventeenth of Tammuz will become a festival when Israel repairs the sin and the first Luchos will shine again.

בי"ז בתמוז ירד מרע"ה עם הלוחות ראשונות והגם שנשברו איתא שברי לוחות מונחין בארון כי כל המתנות שנתן הקב"ה לבנ"י הם לעולם. ואיתא בשם האר"י ז"ל חג לה' מחר כי לעתיד לבוא יהי' י"ז בתמוז חג כשיתקנו בנ"י החטא יאירו הלוחות ראשונות.

Source 10 · Hasidic
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Sefat Emet, Deuteronomy, Eikev 19

שפת אמת, דברים, עקב י״ט

Sefat Emet, Deuteronomy, Eikev 19

A midrash interprets "cast away stones" in Ecclesiastes as referring to the breaking of the Luchos, understanding "gather stones together" as corresponding to the writing of the Luchos on the second set; the passage explains that after the sin, the Luchos were given from below under the heavens, in the manner of the forty-eight times that are under the sun.

ובמדרש בעת ההוא אמר ה"א פסל לך כו' לכל זמן ועת כו' עת להשליך אבנים זה שבירת הלוחות. כנוס אבנים פסל לך ע"ש. והענין הוא כי אחר החטא ניתנו הלוחות מלמטה תחת השמים והוא בדרך הכ"ח עתים שתחת השמש.

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