On Bilam’s prophecy of the star and scepter, the Ohr HaChaim treats the verse as a classic messianic text. He explains the rise of the future king and the defeat of Israel’s enemies in terms of final redemption.
אֶרְאֶנּוּ וְלֹא עַתָּה וְגוֹ׳. כָּפַל הַדְּבָרִים בְּמִלּוֹת שׁוֹנוֹת, גַּם כָּפַל לוֹמַר דָּרַךְ כּוֹכָב וְגוֹ׳ וְקָם שֵׁבֶט וְגוֹ׳, גַּם כָּפַל לוֹמַר וּמָחַץ וְגוֹ׳ וְקַרְקַר וְגוֹ׳. כָּל הַנְּבוּאָה בְּמֶלֶךְ הַמָּשִׁיחַ נֶאֶמְרָה, וְיִתְבָּאֵר עַל פִּי דִּבְרֵיהֶם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (סנהדרין צח.) שֶׁאָמְרוּ בְּפָסוּק ״בְּעִתָּהּ אֲחִישֶׁנָּה״ – זָכוּ אֲחִישֶׁנָּה, לֹא זָכוּ בְּעִתָּהּ, וְהוּא רָחוֹק מֻפְלָג, וְזֶה לְךָ הָאוֹת הֵן אָנוּ בִּתְחִלַּת מֵאָה הַשִּׁשִּׁית לָאֶלֶף הַשִּׁשִּׁי, וּכְנֶגֶד שְׁנֵי קִצִּים אֵלּוּ דִּבֵּר הַכָּתוּב. כְּנֶגֶד אִם זָכוּ אָמַר אֶרְאֶנּוּ, פֵּרוּשׁ לְדָבָר שֶׁאֲנִי עָתִיד לוֹמַר אֲבָל אֵינוֹ עַתָּה בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה אֶלָּא בִּזְמַן אַחֵר, וְיָכוֹל לִהְיוֹת שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָחוֹק כָּל כָּךְ, שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (דברים רבה ב,כג) אִם הָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל חוֹזְרִים בִּתְשׁוּבָה כַּמִּצְטָרֵךְ הָיוּ נִגְאָלִים מִיָּד אֲפִלּוּ לֹא יַעֲבֹר עֲלֵיהֶם אֶלָּא יוֹם אֶחָד בַּגָּלוּת, דִּכְתִיב ״יַעַנְךָ ה׳ בְּיוֹם צָרָה״. וּכְנֶגֶד קֵץ ״בְּעִתָּהּ״ אָמַר אֲשׁוּרֶנּוּ כְּמוֹ שֶׁצּוֹפֶה מֵרָחוֹק, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ וְלֹא קָרוֹב כִּי הַקֵּץ שֶׁל בְּעִתָּהּ אָרוֹךְ עַד לִמְאֹד בַּעֲווֹנוֹת. וְאָמְרוֹ דָּרַךְ וְגוֹ׳ פֵּרוּשׁ, זֹאת הִיא הַנְּבוּאָה שֶׁאָמַר עָלֶיהָ ״אֶרְאֶנּוּ״ וְגוֹ׳. וְכֶפֶל הָעִנְיָן וְשִׁנּוּי הַלָּשׁוֹן, יִתְבָּאֵר עַל פִּי דִּבְרֵיהֶם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (סנהדרין צח.) שֶׁאָמְרוּ שֶׁאִם תִּהְיֶה הַגְּאֻלָּה בְּאֶמְצָעוּת זְכוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל יִהְיֶה הַדָּבָר מֻפְלָא בְּמַעֲלָה וְיִתְגַּלֶּה הַגּוֹאֵל יִשְׂרָאֵל מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם בְּמוֹפֵת וְאוֹת, כָּאָמוּר בְּסֵפֶר הַזֹּהַר (ח״א קיט. וח״ג ריב:), מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן כְּשֶׁתִּהְיֶה הַגְּאֻלָּה מִצַּד הַקֵּץ וְאֵין יִשְׂרָאֵל רְאוּיִים לָהּ תִּהְיֶה בְּאֹפֶן אַחֵר, וְעָלֶיהָ נֶאֱמַר (זכריה ט:ט) שֶׁהַגּוֹאֵל יָבֹא ״עָנִי וְרוֹכֵב עַל חֲמוֹר״. וְהוּא מַה שֶׁאָמַר כָּאן כְּנֶגֶד גְּאֻלַּת ״אֲחִישֶׁנָּה״, שֶׁהִיא בְּאֶמְצָעוּת זְכוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁרָמַז בְּמַאֲמַר ״אֶרְאֶנּוּ וְלֹא עַתָּה״, אָמַר דָּרַךְ כּוֹכָב, שֶׁיִּזְרַח הַגּוֹאֵל מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם, גַּם רָמַז לַכּוֹכָב הַיּוֹצֵא בְּאֶמְצַע הַשָּׁמַיִם לְנֵס מֻפְלָא, כָּאָמוּר בְּסֵפֶר הַזֹּהַר (שם). וּכְנֶגֶד גְּאֻלַּת ״בְּעִתָּהּ״ שֶׁרָמַז בְּמַאֲמַר ״אֲשׁוּרֶנּוּ וְלֹא קָרוֹב״, אָמַר וְקָם שֵׁבֶט מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, פֵּרוּשׁ שֶׁיָּקוּם שֵׁבֶט אֶחָד מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל כְּדֶרֶךְ הַקָּמִים בָּעוֹלָם דֶּרֶךְ טֶבַע, עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרוֹ (דניאל ד:יד) ״וּשְׁפַל אֲנָשִׁים יְקִים עֲלַהּ״, שֶׁיָּבֹא עָנִי וְרוֹכֵב עַל חֲמוֹר וְיָקוּם וְיִמְלֹךְ וְיַעֲשֶׂה מַה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּסָמוּךְ.
אראנו ולא עתה, "I can see it, but it will not occur now, etc." Bileam again repeats the same message using different words each time. He also repeats the message about the Messiah but describes him differently each time, i.e. "star" and "sceptre." Bileam also varies the expressions with which he describes the exploits of this Messiah, i.e. מחץ, "smites," and קרקר, "destroys." The entire prophecy concerns the Messiah and is best understood in light of Sanhedrin 98 where the Talmud discusses the meaning of the apparently contradictory prophecy בעתה אחישנה, "at its appointed time I will hasten it" (Isaiah 60,22). The Talmud explains that the timing of the arrival of the Messiah depends on the conduct of the Jewish people. If they merit it, G'd will accelerate His timetable; if not, the Messiah will arrive at the time appointed for this event originally, a time far into the future. The fact that we are already into the sixth millenium shows you that up until now G'd did not accelerate His timetable. Bileam speaks of two possible messianic scenarios. When Bileam speaks of אראנו, "I can see it," he refers to the scenario of אחישנה, "I will hasten it." While it does not occur now, it may occur relatively soon. After all, our sages said in Devarim Rabbah 2,23 that if the Israelites were to become truly penitent they will be redeemed immediately even if they had spent only a single day in exile. They base this on the verse: "G'd will answer you on the DAY you are in trouble" (Psalms 20,2). Concerning the possibility that the redemption will only occur at the predetermined time, Bileam said אשורנו ולא קרוב, "I behold it though it is not soon." He commences the substance of his prophecy with the words דרך כוכב, "a star will step forth." The fact that Bileam repeats both the description of the substance of the prophecy and the message itself in different words can also be understood by Sanhedrin 98. The sages draw a picture of the process of redemption due to Israel's merits as being quite different from what it would be like if it had to occur only in order to honour G'd's timetable. In the former event the whole process would be orchestrated by Heaven, one miracle would follow another. The Zohar volume 1 page 119 as well as volume 3 page 212 describes these miracles in detail. If the redemption occurs only as a result of G'd's timetable decreeing that it cannot be delayed any further, it will be quite different, such as the prophet Zachariah 9,9 describes in a vision of the redeemer as being a poor man, riding on the lowly donkey. When Bileam spoke of the arrival of the Messiah as a result of Israel's merits, he described his arrival as similar to that of a star, i.e. a celestial figure making a prominent appearance in the sky. When Bileam spoke of "there arises a sceptre in Jacob," he referred to the other alternative, i.e. the Messiah arriving at the end of time. The redemption will then appear as almost a natural event, devoid of the kind of miracles G'd performed when the Israelites came out of Egypt. Daniel had a similar vision (Daniel 4,14) "and the lowliest of men He will raise up over it." A poor man riding on a donkey will be elevated to become the Messiah.