Shabbatשבת

The Slit in Lechem Mishnah

Sources discuss the practice of making a slit or break in one of the two Shabbat loaves. The Talmud establishes the requirement for two loaves on Shabbat, while later authorities document varying customs regarding which loaf is broken and how the break is made.

מַנִּיחַ פְּרוּסָה בְּתוֹךְ הַשְּׁלֵמָה וּבוֹצֵעַ

4 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The foundation of lechem mishnah is established by the Gemara (Shabbat 117b), which derives from the double portion of manna that on Shabbat one is obligated to break bread over two loaves, and the Gemara (Shabbat 117b) further records that Rabbi Zeira would break bread over the full extent of his meal — meaning the loaves needed to remain whole through the blessing.

The practical tension this creates — needing the loaves whole for the blessing yet needing to cut them — is addressed by the Mishnah Berurah (274), which records that the meticulous are accustomed to making a mark with a knife before the blessing, so that the loaves remain technically whole during the brachah while the place of cutting is already indicated.

The requirement that the loaves be whole at the time of the blessing is itself grounded in the Gemara (Berakhot 39b), which rules that one places a piece inside a whole loaf and breaks them together — affirming that wholeness at the moment of breaking is the governing concern, and the slit is thus the practical accommodation that preserves that wholeness until after the brachah is recited.

Source 1 · Chazal
Verified

Berakhot 39b

ברכות ל״ט ב — ד"ה אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק

Berakhot 39b:6

The Gemara discusses the blessing over bread and the principle of reciting the berakhah on the better loaf in certain circumstances. This sugya is part of the broader background for how one handles bread at the table.

אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: וִירֵא שָׁמַיִם יוֹצֵא יְדֵי שְׁנֵיהֶן, וּמַנּוּ? — מָר בְּרֵיהּ דְּרָבִינָא, דְּמָר בְּרֵיהּ דְּרָבִינָא מַנִּיחַ פְּרוּסָה בְּתוֹךְ הַשְּׁלֵמָה וּבוֹצֵעַ. תָּנֵי תַּנָּא קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: מַנִּיחַ הַפְּרוּסָה בְּתוֹךְ הַשְּׁלֵמָה וּבוֹצֵעַ וּמְבָרֵךְ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַה שִּׁמְךָ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: שַׁלְמָן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: שָׁלוֹם אַתָּה וּשְׁלֵמָה מִשְׁנָתְךָ, שֶׁשַּׂמְתָּ שָׁלוֹם בֵּין הַתַּלְמִידִים.

With regard to the dispute between Rabbi Yoḥanan and Rav Huna, Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: A God-fearing individual fulfills both. And who is this God-fearing person? Mar, son of Ravina, as the Gemara relates that Mar, son of Ravina, would place the piece inside the whole loaf and break them together. Similarly, the Gemara relates that the tanna recited a baraita before Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak: One places the piece inside the whole loaf, then breaks the bread and recites a blessing. Rav Naḥman said to him: What is your name? He answered: Shalman. Rav Naḥman replied with a pun: You are peace [shalom] and the teaching that you recited is complete [shelema] as by means of this baraita the disputing opinions are reconciled and you established peace among students.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Shabbat 117b

שבת קי״ז ב — ד"ה אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא

Shabbat 117b:9

On Shabbat one must break bread over two loaves, as derived from the doubled manna collected on the sixth day, though the sages disagreed on whether both loaves must be broken together or if breaking one suffices.

אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא: לְעוֹלָם יַשְׁכִּים אָדָם לְהוֹצָאַת שַׁבָּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְהָיָה בַּיּוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי וְהֵכִינוּ אֵת אֲשֶׁר יָבִיאוּ״, לְאַלְתַּר. אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא: בְּשַׁבָּת חַיָּיב אָדָם לִבְצוֹעַ עַל שְׁתֵּי כִכָּרוֹת, דִּכְתִיב: ״לֶחֶם מִשְׁנֶה״. אָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי: חֲזֵינָא לֵיהּ לְרַב כָּהֲנָא דְּנָקֵט תַּרְתֵּי וּבָצַע חֲדָא. אָמַר: ״לָקְטוּ״ כְּתִיב. רַבִּי זֵירָא הֲוָה בָּצַע אַכּוּלַּהּ שֵׁירוּתֵיהּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבִינָא לְרַב אָשֵׁי: וְהָא מִיחְזֵי כְּרַעַבְתָנוּתָא? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כֵּיוָן דְּכׇל יוֹמָא לָא עָבֵיד, וְהָאִידָּנָא הוּא דְּקָעָבֵיד — לָא מִיחְזֵי כְּרַעַבְתָנוּתָא. רַבִּי אַמֵּי וְרַבִּי אַסִּי כִּי מִיקְּלַע לְהוּ רִיפְתָּא דְעֵירוּבָא — שָׁרוּ עִילָּוֵיהּ, אָמְרִי: הוֹאִיל וְאִיתְעֲבִיד בַּהּ חֲדָא מִצְוָה — לִיתְעֲבִיד בַּהּ מִצְוָה אַחֲרִינָא.

Rav Ḥisda said: A person should always rise early on Friday in order to prepare all of the expenditures for Shabbat, as it is written with regard to the collection of the manna: “And it shall be on the sixth day, and they will prepare that which they have brought” (Exodus 16:5), indicating that the children of Israel would begin preparing the food for Shabbat immediately upon collecting the manna in the morning. Apropos manna, the Gemara mentions other matters derived from it. Rabbi Abba said: On Shabbat a person is obligated to break bread in his meal over two loaves of bread, as it is written: “And it happened on the sixth day, they collected double the bread, two omer for each one” (Exodus 16:22). Rav Ashi said: I saw that Rav Kahana took two loaves in his hand and broke one, not both at once. He said in explanation that it is written: “They collected double the bread,” meaning that one collects and holds two loaves together, but need not break both. Rabbi Zeira would break off a piece that would suffice for his entire meal. Ravina said to Rav Ashi: Doesn’t that appear like gluttony? Rav Ashi said to him: Since on every other day he does not do this and now he is doing so, it does not appear like gluttony. Rabbi Ami and Rabbi Asi, when the bread from the eiruv would happen to become available to them, they would begin and recite the blessing over it. They said in explanation: Since one mitzva was performed with it, let an additional mitzva be performed with it.

Source 3 · Acharonim
Verified

Beit Yosef, Orach Chayim 274

בית יוסף, אורח חיים ער״ד

Beit Yosef, Orach Chayim 274

Collects earlier authorities on lechem mishneh and the manner of preparing the Shabbat loaves. It provides the source background for customs that grow around the two loaves.

כתב הכלבו בסימן כ"ד יש נוהגים לבצוע התחתון ולא העליון ואנו נוהגין לבצוע העליון עכ"ל וכ"כ הגה"מ פ"ח מהלכות חמץ ומצה שמן הככר העליון בוצע ואני ראיתי גדולים שבוצעין התחתון ושמעתי שכן נכון לעשות על פי הקבלה :

Source 4 · Acharonim
Verified

Mishnah Berurah 274

משנה ברורה ער״ד

Mishnah Berurah 274

Explains the practical details of lechem mishneh in Orach Chayim 274 and notes common customs connected with handling the loaves. This is a key companion source for understanding later minhagim around the Shabbat bread.

ורש"ל ושל"ה נהגו לחתוך שניהם כפירוש הרשב"א וכן הסכים הגר"א ואם מקפיד על ההוצאה עושה ג' חלות גדולות וג' קטנות ובכל סעודה בוצע אחת גדולה ואחת קטנה והעולם נוהגין כהשו"ע. ועיין לעיל בסימן קס"ז ס"א בהג"ה שלא יחתוך בככר עד אחר הברכה כדי שיהיו הככרות שלמות ע"ש והמדקדקים רגילים לרשום בסכין קודם ברכה: