Tanakhתנ״ך

Was Malachi the Prophet Ezra?

Sources explore the traditional rabbinic debate over the identity of the prophet Malachi, including the view that Malachi was Ezra and alternative positions on his identity. Medieval commentators and Talmudic passages address this question within the context of post-exilic prophecy and the restoration of Torah.

מַלְאָכִי זֶה עֶזְרָא

7 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The opening pasuk of the book itself, Malachi 1:1, simply attributes the prophecy to "Malachi" without further identification, leaving open whether that name designates a distinct prophet or is a title applied to another figure.

The Gemara in Megillah 15a records the dispute directly: Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa holds that "Malachi is Ezra," while the Rabbis maintain that Malachi was his actual name and a separate individual — and Rav Naḥman sides with Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa, reasoning from the thematic parallel between Malachi's rebuke of intermarriage and Ezra's campaign against foreign wives.

the Abarbanel (Malachi 1:1) reinforces Rav Naḥman's reasoning by citing the verse in which Shekhanyah urges Ezra to dissolve the foreign marriages, identifying Ezra as the very figure who carried out Malachi's rebuke — whereas the Radak (Malachi 1:1) notes that Ezra is nowhere else called a prophet, only a scribe, and that Malachi is simply the last of the Second Temple prophets whose name was not recorded with a date.

Rashi in Rashi on Bava Batra 15a lists Malachi as a distinct member of the Men of the Great Assembly alongside Chaggai and Zekharyah, treating him as a separate prophet, which coheres with the Rabbinic position in Megillah 15a that Malachi was his own name.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Ezra 7:6-10

עזרא ז׳:ו׳-י׳

Ezra 7:6-10

Ezra ascended from Babylon as a skilled scribe in the Torah of Moses given by God of Israel, and the king granted all his requests through God's favor, because Ezra had devoted himself to study the Teaching of God, observe it, and teach laws and rules to Israel.

ה֤וּא עֶזְרָא֙ עָלָ֣ה מִבָּבֶ֔ל וְהֽוּא־סֹפֵ֤ר מָהִיר֙ בְּתוֹרַ֣ת מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־נָתַ֥ן יְהֹוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וַיִּתֶּן־ל֣וֹ הַמֶּ֗לֶךְ כְּיַד־יְהֹוָ֤ה אֱלֹהָיו֙ עָלָ֔יו כֹּ֖ל בַּקָּשָׁתֽוֹ׃ {פ} כִּ֤י עֶזְרָא֙ הֵכִ֣ין לְבָב֔וֹ לִדְרֹ֛שׁ אֶת־תּוֹרַ֥ת יְהֹוָ֖ה וְלַעֲשֹׂ֑ת וּלְלַמֵּ֥ד בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל חֹ֥ק וּמִשְׁפָּֽט׃ {ס}

that Ezra came up from Babylon, a scribe expert in the Teaching of Moses that the ETERNAL God of Israel had given, whose request the king had granted in its entirety, thanks to the benevolence of GOD toward him. For Ezra had dedicated himself to study the Teaching of GOD so as to observe it, and to teach laws and rules to Israel.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Malachi 1:1

מלאכי א׳:א׳

Malachi 1:1

The word of God came to Israel through Malachi as a pronouncement.

מַשָּׂ֥א דְבַר־יְהֹוָ֖ה אֶל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל בְּיַ֖ד מַלְאָכִֽי׃

A pronouncement: The word of GOD to Israel through Malachi.

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Bava Batra 15a

בבא בתרא ט״ו א — ד"ה יִרְמְיָה כָּתַב סִפְרוֹ וְסֵפֶר מְלָכִים וְקִינוֹת

Bava Batra 15a:2

Jeremiah authored his own book, Kings, and Lamentations; Hezekiah and his colleagues wrote Isaiah, Proverbs, Song of Songs, and Ecclesiastes; the members of the Great Assembly wrote Ezekiel, the Twelve Prophets, Daniel, and the Scroll of Esther; and Ezra wrote his own book and the genealogy section of Chronicles up to his time.

יִרְמְיָה כָּתַב סִפְרוֹ וְסֵפֶר מְלָכִים וְקִינוֹת. חִזְקִיָּה וְסִיעָתוֹ כָּתְבוּ (יִמְשָׁק סִימָן:) יְשַׁעְיָה, מִשְׁלֵי, שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים וְקֹהֶלֶת. אַנְשֵׁי כְּנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה כָּתְבוּ (קַנְדָּג סִימָן:) יְחֶזְקֵאל וּשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר, דָּנִיֵּאל וּמְגִילַת אֶסְתֵּר. עֶזְרָא כָּתַב סִפְרוֹ, וְיַחַס שֶׁל דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים עַד לוֹ.

Jeremiah wrote his own book, and the book of Kings, and Lamentations. Hezekiah and his colleagues wrote the following, and a mnemonic to remember which books they wrote is yod, mem, shin, kuf: Isaiah [Yeshaya], Proverbs [Mishlei], Song of Songs [Shir HaShirim], and Ecclesiastes [Kohelet]. The members of the Great Assembly wrote the following, and a mnemonic to remember these books is kuf, nun, dalet, gimmel: Ezekiel [Yeḥezkel ], and the Twelve Prophets [Sheneim Asar], Daniel [Daniel ], and the Scroll of Esther [Megillat Ester]. Ezra wrote his own book and the genealogy of the book of Chronicles until his period.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Megillah 15a

מגילה ט״ו א — ד"ה תַּנְיָא

Megillah 15a:5

The Gemara treats Ezra as a pivotal figure of the return from Babylon and the restoration of Torah, and the broader sugya situates post-exilic prophetic activity in his era. This supports chronological comparison between Ezra and Malachi.

תַּנְיָא, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קׇרְחָה: מַלְאָכִי זֶה עֶזְרָא, וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: מַלְאָכִי שְׁמוֹ. אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: מִסְתַּבְּרָא כְּמַאן דְּאָמַר מַלְאָכִי זֶה עֶזְרָא, דִּכְתִיב בִּנְבִיאוּת מַלְאָכִי: ״בָּגְדָה יְהוּדָה וְתוֹעֵבָה נֶעֶשְׂתָה בְיִשְׂרָאֵל וּבִירוּשָׁלִָם כִּי חִלֵּל יְהוּדָה קֹדֶשׁ ה׳ אֲשֶׁר אָהֵב וּבָעַל בַּת אֵל נֵכָר״.

It is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa said: Malachi is in fact Ezra. And the Rabbis say otherwise: Malachi was his real name, and it was not merely another name for Ezra or another prophet. Rav Naḥman said: It stands to reason that indeed, they are one and the same person, like the opinion of the one who said that Malachi is Ezra, since there is a similarity between them, as it is stated in Malachi’s prophecy: “Judah has dealt treacherously, and a disgusting thing has been done in Israel and in Jerusalem; for Judah has profaned the sanctity of the Lord which he loved, and has married the daughter of a strange god” (Malachi 2:11).

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Radak on Malachi 1:1

רד"ק על מלאכי א׳:א׳

Radak on Malachi 1:1

Radak discusses Malachi's identity and the possibility that 'Malachi' is a prophetic designation rather than a personal name. This is one of the main medieval discussions relevant to whether Malachi could be Ezra.

חגי זכריה ומלאכי הם שנבאו בבית שני ובחגי וזכריה נכתב זמן נבואתם ובמלאכי לא נכתב ואפשר שהיה האחרון שבהם וכן יראה כי לא נזכר בדבריו בנין הבית כמו שנזכרו חגי וזכריה כמו שכתוב והתנביאו חגי וזכריה בר עדוא נביאיא ואמר יושבי יהודאי בנין ומצלחין בנבואת חגי נביאיה וזכריה בר עדוא ורז"ל אמרו מלאכי זה עזרא ולא מצאנו בשום מקום שקראו נביא אלא עזרא הסופר:

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Abarbanel on Malachi 1:1

אברבנאל על מלאכי א׳:א׳

Abarbanel on Malachi 1:1

Abarbanel addresses who Malachi was and records traditional views about the prophet's identity. His introduction is relevant to discussions of Malachi being Ezra or another post-exilic figure.

תניא ר"ש בן קרחה אומר מלאכי זה עזרא וחכמים אומרים מלאכי שמו אמר רב נחמן בר יצחק מסתברא כמאן דאמר מלאכי זה עזרא דכתיב בנבואתיה דמלאכי בגדה יהודה ותועבה נעשה בישראל ומאן מפריש נשים נכריות מישראל זה עזרא דכתיב ויען שכניה בן יחיאל ויאמר לעזרא אנחנו מעלנו בה' ונשב נשים נכריות ע"כ:

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Rashi on Bava Batra 15a

רש"י על בבא בתרא ט״ו א:ב׳

Rashi on Bava Batra 15a:2

The passage explains that the Men of the Great Assembly, consisting of Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi along with Zerubbabel, Mordecai, and their colleagues, wrote down the prophecies of Ezekiel and compiled the smaller prophecies of Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi into one large book to preserve them from being lost.

אנשי כנסת הגדולה - חגי זכריה ומלאכי זרובבל ומרדכי וחבריהם: כתבו יחזקאל - שנתנבא בגולה ואיני יודע למה לא כתבו יחזקאל בעצמו אם לא מפני שלא נתנה נבואה ליכתב בחוצה לארץ וכתבום אלו לאחר שבאו לארץ וכן ספר דניאל שהיה בגולה וכן מגילת אסתר ושנים עשר מתוך שהיו נבואותיהם קטנות לא כתבום הנביאים עצמם איש איש ספרו ובאו חגי זכריה ומלאכי וראו שרוח הקדש מסתלקת שהיו הם נביאים אחרונים ועמדו וכתבו נבואותיהם וצרפו נבואות קטנות עמם ועשאום ספר גדול שלא יאבדו מחמת קטנם:

The men of the Great Assembly —Ḥaggai, Zekharya, Malakhi, Zerubavel, and Mordekhai and their comrades. they wrote Yeḥezkel — for he prophecied in exile. And I do not know why Yeḥezkel didn't wrote it himself, if not because prophecy is not allowed to be written outside of the Land, so they wrote them after they came to the land. And thus the book of Daniel, which was in exile, and thus the Scroll of Esther and the Twelve of whose prophecies were minor — the prophets did not write it together, but rather each wrote their own book, and Ḥaggai, Zekharya, and Malakhi came and saw that the Holy Spirit was withdrawing, that they were the last prophets, and they arose and wrote their prophecies and attached the minor prophecies with them, and made them a great big that would not be lost because of their small size.