Expounds the Mishnah's list of fast-day tragedies and explains the historical setting and meaning of the seventeenth of Tammuz and Tish'ah Be'Av.
חֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים אֵירְעוּ אֶת אֲבוֹתֵינוּ בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר בְּתַמּוּז וְכוּ׳. נִשְׁתַּבְּרוּ הַלּוּחוֹת, מְנָלַן? דְּתַנְיָא: בְּשִׁשָּׁה לַחֹדֶשׁ נִיתְּנוּ עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: בְּשִׁבְעָה בּוֹ. מַאן דְּאָמַר בְּשִׁשָּׁה נִיתְּנוּ — בְּשִׁשָּׁה נִיתְּנוּ, וּבְשִׁבְעָה עָלָה מֹשֶׁה. בְּשִׁיבְסַר בְּתַמּוּז נְחֵית, אֲתָא וְתַבְרִינְהוּ לְלוּחוֹת, וּכְתִיב: ״וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר קָרַב אֶל הַמַּחֲנֶה וַיַּרְא אֶת הָעֵגֶל וַיַּשְׁלֵךְ מִיָּדָיו אֶת הַלֻּחוֹת וַיְשַׁבֵּר אֹתָם תַּחַת הָהָר״. בָּטַל הַתָּמִיד — גְּמָרָא. הוּבְקְעָה הָעִיר. בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר? וְהָכְתִיב: ״בַּחֹדֶשׁ הָרְבִיעִי בְּתִשְׁעָה לַחֹדֶשׁ וַיֶּחֱזַק הָרָעָב בָּעִיר״, וּכְתִיב בָּתְרֵיהּ: ״וַתִּבָּקַע הָעִיר וְגוֹ׳״! אָמַר רָבָא, לָא קַשְׁיָא: כָּאן — בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה, כָּאן — בַּשְּׁנִיָּה. דְּתַנְיָא: בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה הוּבְקְעָה הָעִיר בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּתַמּוּז, בַּשְּׁנִיָּה בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר בּוֹ. שָׂרַף אַפּוֹסְטְמוֹס אֶת הַתּוֹרָה — גְּמָרָא. הֶעֱמִיד צֶלֶם בַּהֵיכׇל, מְנָלַן? דִּכְתִיב: ״וּמֵעֵת הוּסַר הַתָּמִיד וְלָתֵת שִׁקּוּץ שֹׁמֵם״.
§ The mishna taught: Five calamitous matters occurred to our forefathers on the seventeenth of Tammuz, one of which was that the tablets were broken. The Gemara asks: From where do we derive that the tablets were broken on this day? As it is taught in a baraita: On the sixth of the month of Sivan the Ten Commandments were given to the Jewish people. Rabbi Yosei says: It was on the seventh of that month. The Gemara comments: According to the one who said that they were given on the sixth of Sivan, they were given on the sixth, and on the seventh Moses ascended to Mount Sinai. On the seventeenth of Tammuz, Moses descended, came, observed the people worshipping the Golden Calf, and broke the tablets. And it is written: “And it came to pass, as soon as he came near to the camp, that he saw the calf and the dancing, and Moses’ anger burned, and he cast the tablets out of his hands, and broke them beneath the mount” (Exodus 32:19). This shows that the tablets were shattered on the seventeenth of Tammuz. § The mishna taught that on the seventeenth of Tammuz the daily offering was nullified. The Gemara explains: It is a tradition that this occurred on that date. The mishna further taught that on the seventeenth of Tammuz the city walls of Jerusalem were breached. The Gemara asks: Was this tragedy something that occurred on the seventeenth of Tammuz? But isn’t it written: “In the fourth month, on the ninth of the month, the famine was severe in the city” (Jeremiah 52:6), and it is written immediately afterward: “Then a breach was made in the city” (Jeremiah 52:7), which clearly indicates that the city was breached on the ninth. Rava said: This is not difficult, as here the verse is referring to the First Temple, whereas there, in the mishna, it describes the destruction of the Second Temple, as it is taught in a baraita: Upon the destruction of the First Temple, the city walls were breached on the ninth of Tammuz; and at the destruction of the Second Temple they were breached on the seventeenth of Tammuz. The mishna further taught that on the seventeenth of Tammuz Apostemos publicly burned a Torah scroll. The Gemara explains: This, too, is a tradition. The mishna also stated that on the seventeenth of Tammuz Manasseh placed an idol in the Sanctuary. The Gemara asks: From where do we derive that this occurred on the seventeenth of Tammuz? As it is written: “And from the time that the daily offering shall be taken away and the abomination that causes appallment is set up” (Daniel 12:11), which indicates that an idol was placed in the Temple on the very day that the daily offering was suspended.