Halachaהלכה

Suicide and the Sanctity of Life

Jewish sources establish the prohibition against taking one's own life as rooted in the fundamental sanctity of human existence. While halakhic texts address suicide primarily through legal categories and communal response, they also acknowledge complexities of intent, mental state, and duress that may affect how individual cases are understood.

כָּל הַמְאַבֵּד נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ אִבֵּד עוֹלָם מָלֵא

8 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The sources do not permit suicide on grounds of mental anguish; on the contrary, the Mishneh Torah (Hilkhot Rotze'ah 2:2-3) explicitly classifies a person who kills himself as a shedder of blood who bears the sin of bloodshed and is liable for death at the hands of Heaven, deriving this from Bereishit 9:5-6, which God applies to taking one's own life-blood.

The Gemara (Bava Kamma 91b) further establishes that a person is not even permitted to injure himself, and Rabbi Elazar HaKappar there reasons by a kal va-chomer that if a Nazirite who merely denied himself wine is called a sinner, one who causes himself far greater harm bears all the more guilt.

The Shulchan Arukh (Yoreh De'ah 345:2) does recognize that coercion or loss of mental capacity can reclassify an act so that the deceased is not treated as a wilful suicide, and the Arukh HaShulchan (Yoreh De'ah 345) extends this by noting that overwhelming fear or terror can so disrupt a person's mind that the act is treated as though it were done without full intent — but neither source frames mental anguish as a justification; they offer it only as grounds for charitable legal presumption after the fact.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Genesis 9:5-6

בראשית ט׳:ה׳-ו׳

Genesis 9:5-6

These verses emphasize the sanctity of human life and the prohibition of bloodshed. They are a foundational biblical backdrop for discussions of killing oneself or others.

וְאַ֨ךְ אֶת־דִּמְכֶ֤ם לְנַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶם֙ אֶדְרֹ֔שׁ מִיַּ֥ד כׇּל־חַיָּ֖ה אֶדְרְשֶׁ֑נּוּ וּמִיַּ֣ד הָֽאָדָ֗ם מִיַּד֙ אִ֣ישׁ אָחִ֔יו אֶדְרֹ֖שׁ אֶת־נֶ֥פֶשׁ הָֽאָדָֽם׃ שֹׁפֵךְ֙ דַּ֣ם הָֽאָדָ֔ם בָּֽאָדָ֖ם דָּמ֣וֹ יִשָּׁפֵ֑ךְ כִּ֚י בְּצֶ֣לֶם אֱלֹהִ֔ים עָשָׂ֖ה אֶת־הָאָדָֽם׃

But for your own life-blood I will require a reckoning: I will require it of every animal; of humankind, too, will I require a reckoning for human life, of everyone for each other! Whoever sheds human blood, By human [hands] shall their blood be shed; For in the image of God Was humankind made.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Job 3

איוב ג׳:א׳-כ״ו

Job 3:1-26

Job’s anguished wish for death is a major biblical expression of suffering and despair. The chapter is often relevant as a literary and moral frame for unbearable anguish without providing permission to act on it.

לָ֤מָּה לֹּ֣א מֵרֶ֣חֶם אָמ֑וּת מִבֶּ֖טֶן יָצָ֣אתִי וְאֶגְוָֽע׃ לָ֤מָּה יִתֵּ֣ן לְעָמֵ֣ל א֑וֹר וְ֝חַיִּ֗ים לְמָ֣רֵי נָֽפֶשׁ׃ הַֽמְחַכִּ֣ים לַמָּ֣וֶת וְאֵינֶ֑נּוּ וַֽ֝יַּחְפְּרֻ֗הוּ מִמַּטְמוֹנִֽים׃

Why did I not die at birth, Expire as I came forth from the womb? Why does [God] give light to the sufferer And life to the bitter in spirit; To those who wait for death but it does not come, Who search for it more than for treasure,

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5

משנה סנהדרין ד׳:ה׳

Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5

This mishnah states that one who destroys a single life is as if he destroyed an entire world, underscoring the unique sanctity of human life. It provides an important ethical backdrop for suicide discussions.

לְפִיכָךְ נִבְרָא אָדָם יְחִידִי, לְלַמֶּדְךָ, שֶׁכָּל הַמְאַבֵּד נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ אִבֵּד עוֹלָם מָלֵא. וְכָל הַמְקַיֵּם נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ קִיֵּם עוֹלָם מָלֵא.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Bava Kama 91b

בבא קמא צ״א ב — ד"ה וְקָתָנֵי

Bava Kamma 91b:1

The sugya discusses self-injury and the permissibility of harming oneself, establishing an important talmudic basis for the prohibition against self-destruction. Later authorities use this kind of source when addressing suicide.

וְקָתָנֵי: הַחוֹבֵל בְּעַצְמוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ רַשַּׁאי – פָּטוּר! הָכִי קָאָמַר לֵיהּ: לָא מִבַּעְיָא בּוֹשֶׁת, דְּאָדָם רַשַּׁאי לְבַיֵּישׁ אֶת עַצְמוֹ; אֶלָּא אֲפִילּוּ חֲבָלָה, דְּאֵין אָדָם רַשַּׁאי לְחַבֵּל בְּעַצְמוֹ – אֲחֵרִים שֶׁחָבְלוּ בּוֹ, חַיָּיבִין. אֶלָּא הַאי תַּנָּא הוּא – דְּתַנְיָא: אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר הַקַּפָּר בְּרַבִּי, מָה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְכִפֶּר עָלָיו מֵאֲשֶׁר חָטָא עַל הַנָּפֶשׁ״? וְכִי בְּאֵיזֶה נֶפֶשׁ חָטָא זֶה? אֶלָּא שֶׁצִּיעֵר עַצְמוֹ מִן הַיַּיִן. וַהֲלֹא דְּבָרִים קַל וְחוֹמֶר – וּמָה זֶה, שֶׁלֹּא צִיעֵר עַצְמוֹ אֶלָּא מִן הַיַּיִן, נִקְרָא חוֹטֵא; הַמְצַעֵר עַצְמוֹ מִכׇּל דָּבָר, עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה!

and it teaches: With regard to one who injures himself, although it is not permitted for him to do so, he is nevertheless exempt from any sort of penalty, indicating that the prohibition is in effect even with regard to humiliation. The Gemara answers: This is what Rabbi Akiva said to the man: It is not necessary to say with regard to humiliation, where it is permitted for a person to humiliate himself, that someone else who humiliated him is liable. But even with regard to injury, where it is not permitted for a person to injure himself, others who injured him are liable. Rather, it is this tanna, as it is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Elazar HaKappar the Distinguished said: What is the meaning when the verse states with regard to a nazirite: “And he shall atone for him for sinning by the soul” (Numbers 6:11)? And with which soul did this person sin by becoming a nazirite? Rather, in that he afflicted himself by abstaining from wine he is considered to have sinned with his own soul, and he must bring a sin-offering for the naziriteship itself, for causing his body to suffer. And are these matters not inferred a fortiori: And just as this person who afflicted himself by abstaining only from wine is nevertheless called a sinner, one who afflicts himself by abstaining from everything, through fasting or other acts of mortification, all the more so is he described as a sinner? Consequently, Rabbi Elazar HaKappar holds that one may not harm himself in any manner.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Murderer and the Preservation of Life 2:2-3

משנה תורה, הלכות רוצח ושמירת נפש ב׳:ב׳-ג׳

Mishneh Torah, Murderer and the Preservation of Life 2:2-3

These halakhot establish the severity of taking life and the duty to preserve life. They are the main codified starting point for any discussion of suicide and self-destruction, even though they do not discuss mental anguish specifically.

אֲבָל הַשּׂוֹכֵר הוֹרֵג לַהֲרֹג אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ אוֹ שֶׁשָּׁלַח עֲבָדָיו וַהֲרָגוּהוּ. אוֹ שֶׁכְּפָתוֹ וְהִנִּיחוֹ לִפְנֵי הָאֲרִי וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ וַהֲרָגַתְהוּ חַיָּה. וְכֵן הַהוֹרֵג אֶת עַצְמוֹ. כָּל אֶחָד מֵאֵלּוּ שׁוֹפֵךְ דָּמִים הוּא. וַעֲוֹן הֲרִיגָה בְּיָדוֹ וְחַיָּב מִיתָה לַשָּׁמַיִם. וְאֵין בָּהֶן מִיתַת בֵּית דִּין: וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁכֵּן הוּא הַדִּין. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ט ו) "שֹׁפֵךְ דַּם הָאָדָם בָּאָדָם דָּמוֹ יִשָּׁפֵךְ" זֶה הַהוֹרֵג בְּעַצְמוֹ שֶׁלֹּא עַל יְדֵי שָׁלִיחַ. (בראשית ט ה) "אֶת דִּמְכֶם לְנַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם אֶדְרשׁ" זֶה הוֹרֵג עַצְמוֹ. (בראשית ט ה) "מִיַּד כָּל חַיָּה אֶדְרְשֶׁנּוּ" זֶה הַמּוֹסֵר חֲבֵרוֹ לִפְנֵי חַיָּה לְטָרְפוֹ. (בראשית ט ה) "מִיַּד הָאָדָם מִיַּד אִישׁ אָחִיו אֶדְרשׁ אֶת נֶפֶשׁ הָאָדָם" זֶה הַשּׂוֹכֵר אֲחֵרִים לַהֲרֹג אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ. וּבְפֵרוּשׁ נֶאֱמַר בִּשְׁלָשְׁתָּן לְשׁוֹן דְּרִישָׁה הֲרֵי דִּינָם מָסוּר לַשָּׁמַיִם:

But a person who hires a murderer to kill a colleague, one who sends his servants and they kill him, one who binds a colleague and leaves him before a lion or the like and the beast kills him, and a person who commits suicide are all considered to be shedders of blood; the sin of bloodshed is upon their hands, and they are liable for death at the hands of God. They are not, however, liable for execution by the court. Which source indicates that this is the law? Genesis 9:6 states: "When a person sheds the blood of a man, by a man his blood shall be shed." This refers to a person who kills a colleague by himself, without employing an agent. The verse continues: "Of the blood of your own lives I will demand an account." This refers to a person who commits suicide.6 "From the hand of every wild beast will I demand an account" Ibid. 9:5 This refers to a person who places a person before a wild beast so that he will devour him. "From the hand of a man, from the hand of one's brother, will I demand an account for the soul of a man" ibid.. This refers to a person who hires others to kill a colleague. In all of the three last instances, the verse uses the expression "will I demand an account," indicating that their judgment is in heaven's hands.

Source 6 · Acharonim
Verified

Arukh HaShulchan, Yoreh De'ah 345

ערוך השולחן, יורה דעה שמ״ה

Arukh HaShulchan, Yoreh De'ah 345

Arukh HaShulchan discusses the laws and assumptions surrounding a self-inflicted death, including the principle that one should not hastily classify a person as a suicide. This helps assess cases of overwhelming mental suffering and doubt about intent.

דמי יוכל לדעת, דאולי יצא מדעתו, או אנוס היה מפני איזה יראה ופחד? לכן יניחו סתם, לא בכיבוד ולא בבזיון. אבל קרובים מחוייבים בכל דבר, ויש להם לדון אולי אינו חייב בזה, כמו שאמר רבי עקיבא: אבל עשה ולא אמר, או אמר ולא ראינו בעצמנו שעשה, אף שנמצא במיתה זו – מכל מקום אולי שגעון נתהוה בו. וכן כשעשה מפני יראה, אף שהיה לו להבין דמילתא זוטרתי היא יראתו, כמו בבן גורגוס שהיה לו להבין מה יעשה לו אביו, מכל מקום היראה בלבלתו והוי כשלא מדעת.

Source 7 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 345

שולחן ערוך, יורה דעה שמ״ה — ד"ה איזהו מאבד עצמו לדעת כגון שאמר

Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 345:2

This siman is the classic practical-halakhic locus on laws of a suicide, including communal response and the presumption that one who dies by self-inflicted death may still have acted under diminished intent or duress. It is central for framing cases where severe suffering may affect status and judgment.

איזהו מאבד עצמו לדעת כגון שאמר הרי הוא עולה לראש הגג וראוהו שעלה מיד דרך כעס או שהיה מיצר ונפל ומת הרי זה בחזקת שאיבד עצמו לדעת אבל אם ראוהו חנוק ותלוי באילן או הרוג ומושלך על גבי סייפו הרי הוא בחזקת כל המתים ומתעסקים עמו ואין מונעין ממנו דבר: הגה מי שגנב וגזל ועל ידי זה נהרג בדין מלכות מתאבלים עליו אם אין בו סכנה מפני אימת המלכות ולא מקרי מאבד לדעת (מהרי"ו סימן קי"ד) : קטן המאבד עצמו לדעת חשוב כשלא לדעת וכן גדול המאבד עצמו לדעת והוא אנוס כשאול המלך אין מונעין ממנו כל דבר:

Who is [considered] a wilful suicide? — For example, if one stated that he is going up to the roof-top, and they saw him go up at once in anger; or he was in distress, and [then] fell down and died, — [the law is that] such a person is presumed to have committed suicide wilfully. But if they discovered him strangled and hung upon a tree, or [they found him] killed and thrown upon his sword, he is presumed to be like all [other] dead, and they attend to him and withhold not from him anything. Gloss: One who stole or robbed, as a result of which was executed by government law, is to be mourned for, if no danger will [result] through him on account of the fear of the government; and he is not designated a wilful suicided. A minor who commits suicide wilfullly, is considered as though it were [done] unintentionally. And likewise, one who was of age, and committed suicide wilfully, [being under pressure, as [in the case of] King Saul, — [the law is that] they withhold not from him a thing.

Source 8 · Hasidic
Verified

Tanya 26

תניא, חלק ראשון; ליקוטי אמרים כ״ו — ד"ה בְּרַם

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 26:1

This chapter discusses sadness, depression, and how a person should respond to oppressive inner states. While not a halakhic ruling, it is a useful Chassidic source on despair and spiritual struggle.

בְּרַם, כְּגוֹן דָּא צָרִיךְ לְאוֹדוֹעֵי כְּלָל גָּדוֹל: כִּי כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּצָּחוֹן לְנַצֵּחַ דָּבָר גַּשְׁמִי, כְּגוֹן: שְׁנֵי אֲנָשִׁים הַמִּתְאַבְּקִים זֶה עִם זֶה לְהַפִּיל זֶה אֶת זֶה, הִנֵּה, אִם הָאֶחָד הוּא בְּעַצְלוּת וּכְבֵדוּת – יְנוּצַּח בְּקַל וְיִפּוֹל גַּם אִם הוּא גִּבּוֹר יוֹתֵר מֵחֲבֵירוֹ, כָּכָה מַמָּשׁ בְּנִצְחוֹן הַיֵּצֶר, אִי אֶפְשָׁר לְנַצְּחוֹ בְּעַצְלוּת וּכְבֵדוּת – הַנִּמְשָׁכוֹת מֵעַצְבוּת וְטִמְטוּם הַלֵּב כָּאֶבֶן, כִּי אִם, בִּזְרִיזוּת – הַנִּמְשֶׁכֶת מִשִּׂמְחָה וּפְתִיחַת הַלֵּב, וְטָהֳרָתוֹ מִכָּל נִדְנוּד דְּאָגָה וָעֶצֶב בָּעוֹלָם. אַךְ הָעַצְבוּת מִמִּילֵּי דִשְׁמַיָּא צָרִיךְ לָשִׁית עֵצוֹת בְּנַפְשׁוֹ לִיפָּטֵר מִמֶּנָּה, אֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר בִּשְׁעַת עֲבוֹדָה, שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לַעֲבוֹד ה׳ בְּשִׂמְחָה וּבְטוּב לֵבָב, אֶלָּא אֲפִילוּ מִי שֶׁהוּא בַּעַל עֲסָקִים וְדֶרֶךְ אֶרֶץ, אִם נוֹפֵל לוֹ עֶצֶב וּדְאָגָה מִמִּילֵּי דִשְׁמַיָּא בִּשְׁעַת עֲסָקָיו, בְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁהוּא תַּחְבּוּלַת הַיֵּצֶר – כְּדֵי לְהַפִּילוֹ אַחַר כָּךְ בְּתַאֲווֹת חַס וְשָׁלוֹם, כַּנּוֹדָע, שֶׁאִם לֹא כֵן, מֵאַיִן בָּאָה לוֹ עַצְבוּת אֲמִיתִּית מֵחֲמַת אַהֲבַת ה׳ אוֹ יִרְאָתוֹ, בְּאֶמְצַע עֲסָקָיו. וְהִנֵּה, בֵּין שֶׁנָּפְלָה לוֹ הָעַצְבוּת בִּשְׁעַת עֲבוֹדָה בְּתַלְמוּד תּוֹרָה אוֹ בִּתְפִלָּה, וּבֵין שֶׁנָּפְלָה לוֹ שֶׁלֹּא בִּשְׁעַת עֲבוֹדָה, זֹאת יָשִׂים אֶל לִבּוֹ: כִּי אֵין הַזְּמַן גְּרָמָא כָּעֵת לְעַצְבוּת אֲמִיתִּית, אֲפִילוּ לְדַאֲגַת עֲוֹנוֹת חֲמוּרִים חַס וְשָׁלוֹם, רַק לָזֹאת צָרִיךְ קְבִיעוּת עִתִּים וּשְׁעַת הַכּוֹשֶׁר בְּיִשּׁוּב הַדַּעַת, לְהִתְבּוֹנֵן בִּגְדוּלַּת ה׳ אֲשֶׁר חָטָא לוֹ, כְּדֵי שֶׁעַל יְדֵי זֶה יִהְיֶה לִבּוֹ נִשְׁבָּר בֶּאֱמֶת בִּמְרִירוּת אֲמִיתִּית.

Truly this should be made known as a cardinal principle, that as with a victory over a physical obstacle, such as in the case of two individuals who are wrestling with each other, each striving to throw the other—if one is lazy and sluggish he will easily be defeated and thrown, even though he be stronger than the other, exactly so is it in the conquest of one’s evil nature; it is impossible to conquer it with laziness and heaviness, which originate in sadness and in a heart that is dulled like a stone, but rather with alacrity which derives from joy and from a heart that is free and cleansed from any trace of worry and sadness in the world. As for the sadness which is connected with heavenly matters, one must seek ways and means of freeing oneself from it, to say nothing of the time of Divine service, when one must serve G–d with gladness and a joyful heart. But even if he is a man of commerce and worldly affairs, should there enter into him any melancholy or anxiety about heavenly matters during the time of his business affairs, it is clearly a machination of evil impulse in order to lure him afterward into lusts, G–d forbid, as is known. For were it not so, whence would a genuine sadness, which is one that is derived from love or fear of G–d, come to him in the midst of his business affairs? Thus, whether the melancholy enc­roaches on him during Divine service, in study or prayer, or not during Divine service, he should tell himself that now is not the time for genuine anxiety, not even for worry over serious transgressions, G–d forbid. For, for this, one needs appointed times and a propitious occasion, with calmness of mind to reflect on the greatness of G–d, against Whom one has sinned, so that thereby one’s heart may truly be rent with sincere contrition.