Machshavaמחשבה

Distinctive Interpretive Insights of the Or HaChaim

A collection of biblical commentaries that exemplify the Or HaChaim's characteristic approach to textual interpretation, including his treatment of divine names, measure-for-measure justice, spiritual reward, and the symbolic dimensions of biblical narrative.

שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל ה׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ

18 sources · 17 verified

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What the sources say

The Or HaChaim's most characteristic move is reading a verse's seemingly redundant language as a window onto layered theological meaning: at Or HaChaim on Bereishit 22:2 he reads the three phrases describing Yitzchak — "your son," "your only one," "the one you love" — as alluding to the three modes of loving God commanded in Devarim 6:5 (with all one's heart, soul, and resources), so that the Akeidah becomes a single compressed demand for total devotion.

A similar precision governs his reading of the Shema: Or HaChaim on Devarim 6:4 argues that the doubled divine name is not mere repetition but encodes two distinct affirmations — accepting God as our exclusive sovereign even hypothetically, if other powers existed, and asserting that in fact He alone exists — making the declaration a dual commitment rather than a single one.

He extends this layered reading to communal identity as well, arguing at Or HaChaim on Shemot 19:6 that God's designation of Israel as a "kingdom of priests and a holy nation" signals a literal replacement of the celestial retinue: Israel steps into the role of the angelic priests and holy hosts, which is why God subsequently commands the building of an earthly sanctuary in their midst.

On the moral-psychological plane, Or HaChaim on Bereishit 37:2 insists that harm does not originate with God; rather, a person brings upon himself whatever befalls him — Jacob's very desire for tranquility was the cause of the Joseph crisis — establishing a principle of human self-causation as a theological axiom.

Finally, Or HaChaim on Vayikra 18:5 draws a distinction within the commandment-observing public itself: the change in the divine signature between two adjacent verses — "the Lord your God" versus simply "the Lord" — signals that the Torah addresses two different types of servants, those who act from love and those who act from fear, with the reward for love being doubly greater, though fear must precede love as a gate precedes a palace.

Source 1 · Acharonim
Verified

Or HaChaim on Genesis

Or HaChaim on Genesis 12:1

The passage explains that God spoke to Abraham before appearing to him visibly because Abraham uniquely recognized his Creator independently, and subsequently God tested Abraham's obedience before revealing Himself; it also explains that the command to leave "your land" implicitly includes leaving "your birthplace" and "your father's house," with each separation representing an increasing level of difficulty for which Abraham receives separate reward.

וַיֹּאמֶר ה׳ אֶל אַבְרָם וְגוֹ׳. טַעַם שֶׁדִּבֵּר אֵלָיו ה׳ קוֹדֶם הֵרָאוֹת לוֹ, מַה שֶׁלֹּא עָשָׂה כֵּן בְּכָל הַנִּבְרָאִים, שְׁנֵי טְעָמִים בַּדָּבָר: אוֹ לִהְיוֹת שֶׁהוּא עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם נִשְׁתַּדֵּל בְּהַכָּרַת בּוֹרְאוֹ מַה שֶׁלֹּא עָשָׂה אָדָם זוּלָתוֹ, וּבֶן חָמֵשׁ שָׁנִים הִכִּיר אֶת בּוֹרְאוֹ מֵעַצְמוֹ בְּהִתְחַכְּמוּתוֹ (נדרים לב:), לָזֶה לֹא הֻצְרַךְ לְהִגָּלוֹת אֵלָיו אֶלָּא אָמַר אֵלָיו דִּבְּרוֹתָיו וּכְבָר הֻכַּר אֶצְלוֹ הַמְדַבֵּר. אוֹ אֶפְשָׁר, כִּי לֶהֱיוֹתוֹ אָדָם רִאשׁוֹן בַּקְּדֻשָּׁה, אֲשֶׁר בַּעֲשָׂרָה דּוֹרוֹת שֶׁקָּדְמוּהוּ לֹא הָיָה אָדָם שֶׁהִכִּיר אֱלֹהוּתוֹ וְדִבֵּר אִתּוֹ אֱלֹהִים, לָזֶה נָהַג ה׳ עִמּוֹ בְּסֵדֶר זֶה שֶׁלֹּא הֶרְאָה שְׁכִינָתוֹ אֵלָיו עַד שֶׁבָּחַן אוֹתוֹ אִם מְקַיֵּם גְּזֵרוֹתָיו, וּלְאַחַר שֶׁקִּיֵּם דְּבָרָיו וְהָלַךְ לוֹ מֵאַרְצוֹ וְכוּ׳ אָז נִגְלָה אֵלָיו דִּכְתִיב (בראשית יב:ז) ״וַיֵּרָא ה׳ אֶל אַבְרָם״, מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן שְׁאָר הַנִּבְרָאִים שֶׁכְּבָר קָדְמָה וְנִשְׁתַּקְּעָה הָאֱמוּנָה בְּלִבָּם מֵאַבְרָהָם וְהֻשְׁרְשׁוּ בִּקְדֻשָּׁה הָיָה נִגְלֶה לָהֶם תְּחִלָּה. וְצֵא וּלְמַד מֵאָבוֹת וּמִמֹּשֶׁה בַּסְּנֶה. וְדֶרֶךְ זֶה מַסְכִּים לְדִבְרֵי רַזַ״ל (בראשית רבה פל״ט) שֶׁהֶעֱמִידוּ פָּסוּק (תהלים מה:יא) ״שִׁמְעִי בַת וּרְאִי״ וְגוֹ׳ בְּאַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ, בַּתְּחִלָּה שִׁמְעִי וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ וַיֹּאמֶר ה׳ אֶל וְגוֹ׳, וְאַחַר כָּךְ נִגְלָה אֵלָיו ״וַיֵּרָא״ וְגוֹ׳, וְהוּא אָמרוֹ ״וּרְאִי״. וְלֹא הָיוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם שְׁמִיעָה וּרְאִיָּה כְּאַחַת אֶלָּא בְּהֶפְסֵק בֵּינֵיהֶם. וְלָזֶה לֹא אָמַר הַכָּתוּב ״שִׁמְעִי וּרְאִי בַּת״ אוֹ ״בַּת שִׁמְעִי וּרְאִי״ וְהִפְסִיק בֵּין ״שִׁמְעִי״ לְ״וּרְאִי״. אָכֵן הַטַּעַם הוּא, לֶהֱיוֹת כִּי בְּעֵרֶךְ צַעַר הַפְּרֵידָה קָטָן הוּא צַעַר פְּרֵידָתוֹ מֵאַרְצוֹ מִפְּרֵידַת מוֹלַדְתּוֹ, וּפְרֵידָתוֹ מִמּוֹלַדְתּוֹ מִפְּרֵידָתוֹ מִבֵּית אָבִיו, לָזֶה סִדֵּר הַהַדְרָגוֹת מִמַּטָּה לְמַעְלָה, וְלִטּוֹל שָׂכָר עַל כָּל פְּרָט וּפְרָט, כְּדֶרֶךְ אָמְרוֹ (בראשית כב:ב) ״אֶת בִּנְךָ״ וְגוֹ׳, כִּי ה׳ יִשְׁתַּדֵּל לְהֵיטִיב בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְאוֹהֲבָיו.

ויאמר ה׳ אל אברם, G'd said to Abram, etc. There are two reasons for the most unusual phenomenon of G'd speaking to Abraham without having first appeared to him in some kind of vision. 1) Abraham's constant endeavour to get to know his Creator, something no one had ever done before him. According to our tradition Abraham already recognised his Creator at the age of five without having received any guidance from a teacher. G'd therefore did not have to prove His existence to Abraham by appearing to him in a vision. He could take it for granted that Abraham was aware of who was speaking to him. 2) During the ten generations since Noach that preceded Abraham not a single human being had recognised his G'd so that G'd had found him worthy to speak to. G'd therefore decided to test Abraham before speaking to him. He did this by demanding of Abraham that he leave his home, etc. Only after he had successfully passed that test did G'd decide to reveal Himself to Abraham in a vision as we find in 12,7. G'd did not relate in this manner to later generations because those generations had already absorbed a measure of faith in G'd through the example of their patriarch Abraham. They were born into an environment of some sanctity, an advantage not enjoyed by Abraham. As a result, G'd was able to commence His communications with such people by granting them a vision before He spoke to them. In Psalms 45,11 the Psalmist refers to Abraham's experience when he says: "Take heed, lass, and note, incline your ear; forget your people and your father's house." Our sages declared that the first half of that verse שמעי, listen, applied to our patriarch Abraham, i.e. when G'd spoke to him in 12,1. The second half of the verse where the Psalmist speaks about דאי, i.e. a visual experience, refers to 12,7 when G'd is reported to have appeared to Abraham in a vision. The sound and the vision did not occur simultaneously. To signify this the Psalmist did not say שמעי וראי בת, but placed the word בת in the middle. The best proof for the correctness of our view is the comparison with Moses' experience at the burning bush (Exodus 3,2-4) when a visual phenomenon preceded G'd speaking to him. The Torah lists the departures according to the pain of leave-taking involved. It is less painful to leave one's country than to leave one's birthplace, and it is even more painful to leave one's family. Abraham is commanded to leave in an ascending order of the nostalgia involved. He complied with the most difficult part of the test by leaving his parental home. The manner in which the Torah describes the process indicates that Abraham received an additional reward for each stage. We have a similar description of the gradually increasing difficulty of complying with G'd's command when G'd told Abraham to take: "your son, your only one, the one you love," as an introduction to the עקדה in Genesis 21,2.

Source 2 · Acharonim
Verified

Or HaChaim on Exodus

Or HaChaim on Exodus 14:21

The passage explains that when Moses stretched out his hand, the sea split in a measured way so that only the deep waters were divided while the shallower portions remained, the east wind had previously frozen the depths to enable this partial splitting, and the entire process of the sea parting and Israel crossing took place throughout the night until dawn.

וַיֵּט מֹשֶׁה אֶת יָדוֹ וְגוֹ׳. הֲגַם שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב ״וַיּוֹלֶךְ ה׳ וְגוֹ׳ וַיָּשֶׂם אֶת הַיָּם לֶחָרָבָה״, לֹא שָׂם לֶחָרָבָה אֶלָּא מַיִם הָעֲמוּקִים, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִבָּקְעוּ כָּל מֵי הַיָּם וְיִצְטָרְכוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לָרֶדֶת לַמַּעֲמַקִּים וְיַאֲרִיכוּ בַּהֲלִיכָה וּבִיגִיעָה, וְלָזֶה הִקְדִּים רוּחַ קָדִים לְהַקְפּוֹת עִמְקֵי הַמַּיִם, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ (שמות טו:ח) ״קָפְאוּ תְהוֹמוֹת בְּלֶב יָם״, וְחֵלֶק שֶׁלֹּא נִקְפָּא נִבְקַע, וְאִם לֹא הָיָה טַעַם זֶה לֹא הָיָה צָרִיךְ לְרוּחַ קָדִים. וְיֵשׁ לָדַעַת אֵימָתַי הָיְתָה נְטִיַּת יָדוֹ שֶׁל מֹשֶׁה, אִם בִּתְחִלַּת הַלַּיְלָה אִם בְּסוֹפוֹ. וְהִנֵּה מִשֶּׁטַח הַכָּתוּב מוּכָח כִּי קֹדֶם הַבֹּקֶר הָיְתָה, וְקָשֶׁה דְּאִם כֵּן אֵין הֶכֵּר לִקְרִיעַת יַם סוּף שֶׁהָיְתָה עַל יְדֵי מֹשֶׁה. עַל כֵּן מֻכְרָח לוֹמַר שֶׁפֵּרוּשׁ הַכָּתוּב הוּא ״וַיֵּט מֹשֶׁה״ וְגוֹ׳, וּכְבָר הוֹלִיךְ ה׳ וְגוֹ׳ וַיָּשֶׂם אֶת הַיָּם לֶחָרָבָה, וְלָזֶה כְּשֶׁנָּטָה יָדוֹ בָּקְעוּ הַמַּיִם, וּכְפִי זֶה תֵּכֶף לִנְטִיַּת יָדוֹ נִבְקַע הַיָּם. וְזֶה מְכֻוָּן לְמַה שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי בְּפָסוּק (שמות יד:טו) ״מַה תִּצְעַק אֵלָי״ שֶׁלֹּא נָטָה יָדוֹ אֶלָּא אַחַר נְסִיעַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְתֵכֶף לִכְנִיסַת יִשְׂרָאֵל לַיָּם נָטָה יָדוֹ וּבָקְעוּ. וְכֵן הוּא בְּרַבּוֹת (שמות רבה כ״א) וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנוֹ: מִיָּד כֵּיוָן שֶׁהֵרִים מֹשֶׁה יָדוֹ עַל הַיָּם נִבְקַע, עַד כָּאן. אוֹ יִרְצֶה אָמְרוֹ וַיָּשֶׂם אֶת הַיָּם לֶחָרָבָה, פֵּרוּשׁ כָּל מֵי הַיָּם נִגְלְדוּ, וּבִנְטִיַּת יַד מֹשֶׁה נִבְקְעוּ הַמַּיִם הַגְּלוּדִים כְּשִׁעוּר שֶׁלֹּא יִצְטָרְכוּ לָרֶדֶת לְעִמְקֵי יָם, וּלְעוֹלָם רוּחַ קָדִים שָׂם כָּל מֵי הַיָּם לֶחָרָבָה. וְרִאשׁוֹן עִקָּר.

ויט משה את ידו, Moses inclined his hand, etc. Although the Torah reports that G'd made a strong east wind blow all night which dried out the sea, this referred only to the deep waters. G'd did not want the Israelites to have to descend to the very depths and to have to get tired by walking too far. This is why He first "froze" the deep parts of the sea by means of the east wind. If not for this consideration, G'd would have dispensed with the east wind altogether. It is of interest to know whether Moses inclined his hand as a signal for the sea to split at the beginning of the night or at the end of the night. From the wording of the verse we may almost prove that it was close to morning. This is difficult, however, because if it was so how could one discern that the splitting of the sea was brought about by Moses' action? We therefore have to understand the verse thus: "Moses inclined his hand after G'd had already made an east wind blow during the whole night which dried out the (deeper) parts of the sea;" as soon as Moses inclined his hand the waters split. This would then be in line with my commentary on verse 15 that all this occurred after Nachshon had waded into the sea in response to G'd's challenge to demonstrate an act of faith. Moses had held off with inclining his hand until after Nachshon was in the sea. The Israelites then followed when the sea split. This also conforms to the way Shemot Rabbah 21 describes what happened. Another way of explaining the sequence of events is this: when the Torah writes "He turned the sea into dry land," all the waters of the sea crystallised in such a way that the Israelites did not need to descend into the bed of the sea, whereas the east wind had dried out all the waters of the sea. I consider the first explanation as more likely to be correct.

Source 3 · Acharonim
Verified

Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy.6.4

Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy.6.4:1

The passage explains that the repetition of God's name in the Shema expresses two distinct reasons for accepting God's dominion: first, that He is our God who provides good and benefit to us out of love, and second, that He is one and unique, with either reason alone being sufficient to obligate us to serve Him.

שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל ה׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ וְגוֹ׳. טַעַם כֶּפֶל ה׳ שְׁתֵּי פְּעָמִים וְלֹא הִסְפִּיק לוֹמַר עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ ״ה׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ אֶחָד״, נִתְכַּוֵּן לִשְׁתֵּי הַדְרָגוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לַה׳, הָאַחַת שֶׁהוּא אֱלֹהֵינוּ, וְהַשְּׁנִיָּה שֶׁהוּא אֶחָד. וְהַכַּוָּנָה בָּזֶה כִּי אָנוּ מְקַבְּלִין אֱלֹהוּתוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ עָלֵינוּ לְמַה שֶּׁמִּמֶּנּוּ, הֲגַם שֶׁאִלּוּ הָיָה בַּמְּצִיאוּת שֶׁהָיוּ אֱלֹהוֹת הַרְבֵּה אֵין אָנוּ בּוֹחֲרִים אֶלָּא בְּשֵׁם זֶה הוי״ה הוּא אֱלֹהֵינוּ, וּבָזֶה נִכְלָל כַּמָּה פְּרָטִים: א׳ אַהֲבַת הַטּוֹב, אַהֲבַת הַמּוֹעִיל, אַהֲבַת הֶעָרֵב. וְעוֹד לוֹ שֶׁהוּא אֶחָד וְאֵין זוּלָתוֹ אֱלוֹהַּ בָּעוֹלָם, וְטַעַם זֶה גַּם כֵּן יַסְפִּיק לְהִתְחַיֵּב לְהִשְׁתַּעְבֵּד לוֹ וּלְמִצְווֹתָיו, הֲגַם שֶׁהָיָה בַּמְּצִיאוּת שֶׁלֹּא הָיוּ הַטְּעָמִים שֶׁמִּצִּדָּם בְּחַרְנוּהוּ לֶאֱלוֹהַּ. נִמְצֵינוּ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁבְּאֶחָד מִשְּׁנֵי הַטְּעָמִים יַסְפִּיק לְהִשְׁתַּעְבֵּד לְמַאֲמָרָיו וּלְמִצְווֹתָיו, אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן אָמַר ה׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ ה׳ אֶחָד בִּשְׁתֵּי חֲלוּקּוֹת שֶׁכָּל אֶחָד כְּדַאי לְעַצְמוֹ. וְאִם הָיָה אוֹמֵר הַכָּתוּב ״ה׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ אֶחָד״ הָיָה בְּנִשְׁמָע כִּי מַה שֶׁהֵם מְקַבְּלִין אֱלֹהוּתוֹ עֲלֵיהֶם הוּא לֶהֱיוֹתוֹ אֶחָד וְאֵין עוֹד מִלְּבַדּוֹ, יִתְחַיֵּב הָעֶבֶד לַעֲבֹד אֶת רַבּוֹ וְאֵין מָנוֹס מִמֶּנּוּ לִרְצוֹנוֹ וְשֶׁלֹּא לִרְצוֹנוֹ, וְלֹא כֵן אָנוּ עִם אֱלֹהֵינוּ, שֶׁאָנוּ חֲפֵצִים בֶּאֱלֹהוּתוֹ אַהֲבַת הַטּוֹב בְּמַה שֶׁהוּא טוֹב נוֹסָף עַל הֱיוֹתוֹ אֶחָד וּמְיֻחָד:

שמע ישראל ה׳ אלוקינו ה׳ אחד. "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our G'd, The Lord is One." Why did the Torah repeat itself instead of writing ה׳ אלקינו אחד, "the Lord our G'd is One?" The reason is that the Torah [or rather Israel in its declaration of faith, Ed.] referred to two aspects of G'd. 1) He is our G'd; 2) He is One, i.e. unique. This means that we accept G'd as our exclusive G'd even assuming there were more than one G'd in the world. We accept Him as the Tetragram with all that this implies regarding His various attributes. Furthermore, we express our conviction that He is indeed the only G'd, there is no other independent power in the universe. This by itself would be sufficient reason to serve Him even if He did not represent all the virtues we ascribe to Him. In other words, the thrust of this declaration of our accepting the rule of Heaven is that either of the two aspects of G'd, i.e. אלוקינו or אחד is sufficient by itself to establish our relationship with Him. If the Torah had not phrased our declaration of accepting His rule by repeating the word י־ה־ו־ה but had written ה׳ אלוקינו אחד, the implication would have been that the reason we accept G'd is that there is no alternative to Him, He being the only One. In such an event one cannot claim credit for serving the one and only master. By expressing this declaration in the manner recorded in the Torah, Israel makes plain that our acceptance of Him is not one that is due to a lack of choice. We have additional reasons for accepting Him, over and above the fact that He is indeed the only Master.

Source 4 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy

Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy 34:7

The passage explains that "at his death one hundred twenty years old" means that upon the departure of his soul the hundred twenty years were completed, and further suggests connecting "at his death" to the preceding statement "his eye had not dimmed" to indicate that even after death this condition is being described.

פֵּרוּשׁ, עִם יְצִיאַת נַפְשׁוֹ נִגְמְרוּ הַמֵּאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה. עוֹד נִתְכַּוֵּן לְהַסְמִיךְ ״בְּמֹתוֹ״ לְמַאֲמַר ״לֹא כָהֲתָה עֵינוֹ״, לְהָעִיר שֶׁאַחַר מִיתָה הוּא אוֹמֵר ״לֹא כָהֲתָה״ וְגוֹ׳.

This means that at the precise moment his soul left him Moses had completed 120 years. Another nuance the Torah may have in mind by writing the word "at his death" is that seeing the Torah reported only afterwards that neither Moses' eyesight nor his vigor had diminished that this statement was true up until the moment Moses died.

Source 5 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Genesis

Or HaChaim on Genesis 22:2

The passage explains that God's command to Abraham to take Isaac contains hints about three levels of love for God—love with all one's heart (symbolized by the beloved son), love with all one's soul (symbolized by the only son), and love with all one's might (symbolized by the son he loves more than all his possessions)—and that despite having Isaac at all these levels of importance, Abraham must still offer him as a sacrifice.

אֶת בִּנְךָ וְגוֹ׳. כָּאן רָמַז לְשָׁלֹשׁ אַהֲבוֹת שֶׁחִיְּבָה תּוֹרָה לְכָל אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל לֶאֱהוֹב הַבּוֹרֵא בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּכָל לֵב וּבְכָל נֶפֶשׁ וּבְכָל מְאוֹד (דברים ו:ה). בְּכָל לֵב – אֵין לְךָ דָּבָר שֶׁחָבִיב בְּלֵב אָדָם כְּאַהֲבַת הַבָּנִים, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ אֶת בִּנְךָ. וּכְנֶגֶד ״בְּכָל נַפְשְׁךָ״ אָמַר אֶת יְחִידְךָ, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁאֵין לוֹ אֶלָּא הוּא, הוּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ, כִּי מִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ בָּנִים חָשׁוּב כְּמֵת. וּכְנֶגֶד ״וּבְכָל מְאֹדֶךָ״ אָמַר אֲשֶׁר אָהַבְתָּ, פֵּרוּשׁ: אוֹתוֹ אָהַבְתָּ יוֹתֵר מִכָּל קִנְיָנֶיךָ וְכָל קִנְיָנָיו כְּנֶגְדּוֹ אַיִן, וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן הַעֲלֵהוּ לִי וְגוֹ׳. וְנִתְכַּוֵּן ה׳ לְפָרֵט כָּל זֶה לְהוֹדִיעוֹ שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁיֶּשְׁנוֹ אֶצְלוֹ בְּכָל הַהַדְרָגוֹת, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן חָפֵץ ה׳ שֶׁיַּקְרִיבֵהוּ לוֹ לְעוֹלָה.

את בנך את יחידך, "your son, your only one, the one you love, Isaac." Here the Torah alludes to three levels of love that G'd demands of each Jew, i.e. to love G'd with all his heart, all his soul, and all his financial resources (Deut. 6,5). The word בנך alludes to the heart; nothing is closer to a man's heart than the love for his children. Concerning love with one's soul, the Torah mentions יחידך; when a person has no children he is alone and considered as dead. Love with one's soul is therefore love with the only thing one has left to love with. The words אשר אהבת refer to one's possessions; G'd meant that Abraham loved Isaac more than all his other possessions. G'd's test consisted of Abraham demonstrating that though he loved Isaac from all these perspectives he was yet willing to give him up to G'd in the form of a total offering.

Source 6 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Numbers

Or HaChaim on Numbers 14:37

The passage explains that the men who spread the slander died through plague as a measure-for-measure punishment because they spoke evil and God struck them with pestilence, and notes that before God the Destroyer was given permission to strike those who spoke against God, unlike in another case where leprosy did not touch the afflicted until the Divine presence departed.

וַיָּמֻתוּ הָאֲנָשִׁים מוֹצִיאֵי דִבַּת וְגוֹ׳. פֵּרוּשׁ – וְהֵם מוֹצִיאֵי דִּבָּה מֵתוּ, עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרוֹ (תהילים ט:יז) ״בְּפֹעַל כַּפָּיו נוֹקֵשׁ רָשָׁע״. עוֹד יִרְצֶה לָתֵת טַעַם לָמָּה מֵתוּ בַּמַּגֵּפָה, לְפִי שֶׁהֵם הוֹצִיאוּ דִבָּה עַל הָאָרֶץ מִדָּה כְּנֶגֶד מִדָּה – הֵם דִּבְּרוּ דָבָר רַע וַה׳ הִכָּם בְּדֶבֶר. לִפְנֵי ה׳. פֵּרוּשׁ, וּכְבוֹד ה׳ עוֹמֵד שָׁם קוֹדֶם עֲלוֹתוֹ, וּמְשׁוּנָּה רְשׁוּת שֶׁנִּתְּנָה לַמַּשְׁחִית כָּאן מֵרְשׁוּת שֶׁנִּתְּנָה כְּשֶׁחָרָה אַף ה׳ בְּאַהֲרֹן וּמִרְיָם שֶׁלֹּא נָגְעָה צָרַעַת בָּהֶם עַד שֶׁהָלַךְ, מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן כָּאן שֶׁלְּפָנָיו נִתְּנָה רְשׁוּת לִנְגוֹף אוֹיְבֵי ה׳:

וימותו האנשים מוצאי דבת הארץ רעה, The men who had issued an evil report about the land died, etc. We have to understand this verse as follows: "The men who died were the ones who issued the evil report." We find a parallel construction in Psalms 9,17: בפועל כפיו נוקש רשע, "The wicked person is snared by his own deeds." The verse may also tell us why these people died by pestilence; this was an appropriate tit-for-tat because they had spread evil tales. The words davar, word, and dever, pestilence, are spelled identically. לפני השם, in the presence of G'd. The Torah means that they died before G'd's presence as represented by the cloud ascended again. The type of permission granted to the destructive forces in this instance differs from that given to the same forces when Aaron and Miriam had been guilty of slandering Moses. On that occasion the Tzoraat had not struck until after G'd departed. The fact that in this case G'd gave permission for the destructive forces to become active immediately indicates the seriousness of the sin of the spies.

Source 7 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy

Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy 11:13

The passage explains that the phrase "if you listen" refers to listening with a willing heart and emphasizes that the reward of mitzvot is ultimately in the world to come, though those who serve God properly may also merit physical sustenance in this world, and it interprets why "with all your heart and all your soul" is used here rather than "with all your might" since it is impossible for a community collectively to value money more than their lives.

וְהָיָה אִם שָׁמוֹעַ וְגוֹ׳. פֵּרוּשׁ וְהָיָה לְשׁוֹן שִׂמְחָה וּתְנַאי הוּא הַדָּבָר אִם תִּהְיֶה שִׂמְחָה שֶׁל מִצְוָה, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ אִם שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמְעוּ וְגוֹ׳ כְּאָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (שבת ל:) שֶׁלֹּא שִׁבַּח שְׁלֹמֹה אֶלָּא שִׂמְחָה שֶׁל מִצְוָה, אֲבָל שְׁאָר שְׂמָחוֹת עֲלֵיהֶם אָמַר (קהלת ב:ב) ״וּלְשִׂמְחָה מַה זֹּה עוֹשָׂה״, וְכָפַל לוֹמַר שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמְעוּ עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ברכות נה.) בְּפָסוּק (דניאל ב:כא) ״יָהֵב חָכְמְתָא לְחַכִּימִין״ שֶׁאֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נוֹתֵן חָכְמָה אֶלָּא לְמִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ חָכְמָה, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ ״אִם שָׁמוֹעַ״ פֵּרוּשׁ, שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לָכֶם לֵב שׁוֹמֵעַ, ״תִּשְׁמְעוּ״. לְאַהֲבָה וְגוֹ׳ וּלְעָבְדוֹ וְגוֹ׳ וְנָתַתִּי וְגוֹ׳. פֵּרוּשׁ, לְפִי מַה שֶׁקָּדַם לָנוּ כִּי שְׂכַר מִצְווֹת אֵינוֹ מִשְׁתַּלֵּם בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, הוֹדִיעַ הַכָּתוּב שֶׁאִם כִּי שְׂכַר מִצְווֹת אֵינוֹ מִשְׁתַּלֵּם בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, הוֹדִיעַ הַכָּתוּב שֶׁאִם יֹאהֲבוּ ה׳ וְגוֹ׳ בְּכָל לְבָבָם וְגוֹ׳ יִזְכּוּ גַּם בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, וְהוּא מַה שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּן בְּמַאֲמַר ״וְנָתַתִּי״ בְּתוֹסֶפֶת וָא״ו לְהָעִירְךָ שֶׁאֵין זֶה אֶלָּא תּוֹסֶפֶת עַל הָעִקָּר שֶׁהוּא שְׂכַר עוֹלָם הַנִּצְחִי וְהַקַּיָּם. גַּם רָמַז שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁהַמְּזוֹנוֹת הוּא בִּכְלַל הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁאֵינָם תְּלוּיִים בִּזְכוּת (מועד קטן כח:), אַף עַל פִּי כֵן כְּשֶׁיַּעַבְדוּ ה׳ כַּמִּצְטָרֵךְ אֵין הַמַּזָּל שׁוֹלֵט בָּהֶם וְיֹאכְלוּ וְיִשְׂבְּעוּ גַּם מִטּוּב הַגַּשְׁמִי.

והיה אם שמע תשמעו, "and it will be if you will surely hearken, etc." The meaning of the word והיה is usually that something joyful will occur. Moses tempers this by making the joy conditional on it being due to performance of G'd's commandments. Moses continues with the conditional אם [as opposd to the word כאשר "when," Ed.]. The reason is analogous to what we have learned in Shabbat 30 that the only kind of joy Solomon praised was the joy generated through מצוה-performance. Concerning all other kinds of joy Kohelet 2,2 applies, i.e. ולשמחה מה זה עושה, "and of joy, what does it accomplish?" Moses repeated the word שמע based on a comment in Berachot 55 on Daniel 2,21 "He gives wisdom to the wise and knowledgable." G'd does not grant wisdom unless a person has already acquired a measure of wisdom. When Moses says: "if you will hearken" he means if you already have a wise heart and are mentally prepared to hearken, G'd will grant you more such wisdom so that you will surely hearken to G'd." לאהבה…ולעבדו…ונתתי, "to love G'd..to serve Him;..and I will give the rain, etc." In view of previous statements to the effect that the reward for מצוה-performance is not paid in this life, Moses assures the people if their service is of a quality that is equivalent to their loving G'd with all their heart then they will also experience compensation in this life. This is the meaning of the conjunctive letter ו at the beginning of the word ונתתי in verse 14. Receiving rainfall at the appropriate time is not the reward for their מצוה-performance but is something additional, i.e. ו, plus. The reward itself is stored up for the Hereafter. Moses also hints that although a good livelihood is one of the three blessings which are within the province of mazzal and not of personal merit as we explained repeatedly (Moed Katan 28), when the nation serves the Lord in the above-mentioned manner Israel as a whole will rise above mazzal and everything which happens to it comes under the scrutiny of the personal providence of G'd.

Source 8 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

Or HaChaim on Exodus 19:6

The passage explores why God specifically says "and you" to Israel, interpreting this to mean that Israel will achieve the status of priests and a holy nation by becoming like the celestial retinue of God above, and that righteous individuals can attain such spiritual heights even while embodied in physical form through Torah.

אוֹ יִרְצֶה לוֹמַר לָהֶם כִּי מֵעַתָּה יִהְיוּ הֵם בִּבְחִינַת פָּמַלְיָא שֶׁל מַעְלָה, כִּי לְמַעְלָה יֵשׁ לְהָאָדוֹן מְשָׁרְתָיו וּמְשַׁמְּשִׁים לְפָנָיו בַּמָּרוֹם וְלָהֶם יִקָּרֵא כֹּהֲנִים, גַּם יֵשׁ לְפָנָיו צָבָא רָב הַנִּקְרָא קָדוֹשׁ דִּכְתִיב (דניאל ח:יג) ״אֶחָד קָדוֹשׁ״, וְאָמַר ה׳ כִּי אוֹתָם יַעֲשֶׂה ה׳ בִּמְקוֹם כֹּהֲנִים וּקְדוֹשִׁים הָעֶלְיוֹנִים, וְכֵן הָיָה שֶׁצִּוָּה לַעֲשׂוֹת לוֹ בַּיִת לִשְׁכּוֹן בְּתוֹכֵנוּ וּבָחַר מִמֶּנּוּ כֹּהֲנִים וְצִוָּה לָנוּ (ויקרא יא:מד) ״וִהְיִיתֶם קְדוֹשִׁים״. וּכְפִי זֶה אָמְרוֹ וְאַתֶּם חוֹזֵר הַדָּבָר לִכְלָלוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְהֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר תֵּבַת וְאַתֶּם, לְבַל יַחְשְׁבוּ כִּי דְּבָרָיו לָהֶם עַל הֶעָתִיד לָבֹא בַּעֲלוֹת הַנֶּפֶשׁ אַחַר הַפְּרֵדָה מֵהַגּוּף יַשִּׂיג הָרוּחָנִיּוּת מַעֲלוֹת הַסְּדוּרוֹת, אֲבָל בַּחַיִּים חַיּוּתוֹ תַּרְחִיק הַדַּעַת הַשָּׂגָה זוֹ, לָזֶה אָמַר וְאַתֶּם פֵּרוּשׁ, אַתֶּם בְּעַצְמְכֶם בַּעֲלֵי גְּוִיָּה תַּשִּׂיגוּ מַעֲלָה זוֹ. וּמָצִינוּ שֶׁהַצַּדִּיקִים הִשִּׂיגוּ מַעֲלָה זוֹ שֶׁנִּקְרָאִים מַלְאָכִים וּקְדוֹשִׁים, כִּי בְּאֶמְצָעוּת הַתּוֹרָה תִּגְדַּל וְתַעֲלֶה מַעֲלַת הָאָדָם עַד אֵין קֵץ לְמַעְלָה מֵהַמַּלְאָכִים (סנהדרין צג,א), וְזֶה לְךָ הָאוֹת כִּי ה׳ בָּחַר לְיוֹתֵר מַעֲלָה לִקְדֻשַּׁת מְקוֹם כְּבוֹדוֹ עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל, הָא לָמַדְתָּ כִּי הֵם לְמַעְלָה מֵהֶם כִּי מַעֲלִין בַּקֹּדֶשׁ וְכוּ׳. עוֹד יִרְמֹז לְפִי מַה שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי בְּפָסוּק ״וִהְיִיתֶם לִי סְגֻלָּה״, שֶׁיִּרְמֹז לְבֵרוּרֵי נִיצוֹצוֹת הַקְּדֻשָּׁה. אָמְרוֹ וְאַתֶּם וְגוֹ׳, לְהַגְדִּיל מַעֲלַת הַמְּבָרֵר מֵהַמִּתְבָּרֵר, כִּי הַמְּבָרֵר יִהְיֶה מַמְלֶכֶת שֶׁל כֹּהֲנִים וְשֶׁל גּוֹי קָדוֹשׁ, שֶׁהֵם שְׁתֵּי הַדְרָגוֹת הַקְּדֻשָּׁה הַמִּתְבָּרְרִים כַּנִּזְכָּר. וְחִלְּקָם לִשְׁנֵי חֲלָקִים, כִּי יֵשׁ בַּנִּבְרָרִים הַדְרָגוֹת עֶלְיוֹנִים וְהַדְרָגוֹת קְטַנִּים כְּפִי בְּחִינַת הַקְּדֻשָּׁה, וְהַכַּוָּנָה בָּזֶה כִּי בְּחִינַת מַלְכוּת יֵשׁ לָהֶם עַל הַמִּתְבָּרְרִים. וְצֵא וּלְמַד מִמֹּשֶׁה, כִּי לְצַד שֶׁהוֹצִיא יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם קָנָה מַלְכוּת עֲלֵיהֶם.

Another way of explaining this word is that it introduces a new reality; from this moment on Israel would be included in G'd's celestial retinue. In the celestial regions G'd has many servants who are all known as כהנים, priests. He also has a host which is described as קדוש, holy, as we know from Daniel 8,13. G'd is telling the Israelites that as of now He is substituting the Jewish people for these celestial servants known as ממלכת כהנים וגוי קדוש. We find proof of this when G'd instructs the Jewish people to build a terrestrial Sanctuary for Him in their midst. We find that G'd repeated this concept when He said to the Jewish people in Leviticus 11,44: "you will become holy." The word ואתם was designed to convince the Israelites that G'd did not speak about something which would occur at some time in the future when soul and body would be separated after death, but it would occur right now, i.e. ואתם, "to you" who are still body and soul combined. We have found that the righteous amongst Israel actually achieved this level, that they are called both "angels, and holy." Sanhedrin 93 teaches that man's ability to rise to lofty spiritual levels by means of the Torah is such that he can attain levels even superior to that of the celestial angels. There is another aspect to the meaning of being a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. We have explained in connection with the meaning of סגולה that there are sparks of holiness scattered throughout the globe and that it is the task of the Jewish people to attract these sparks and fuse them into a solid body of holiness. The Jewish people themselves have also been described as עם סגולה. The Torah wanted to be sure that we understand that the סגולה represented by the Jewish people, the "collectors of holy sparks" is greater than the סגולה of the sparks, i.e. the items to be collected. The Torah does this by conferring on the Jewish people the additional title "kingdom of priests and holy nation." Priesthood and Holiness are different degrees of sanctity; this is why the Torah refers to both these phenomena separately. The people who "collect" the sparks of sanctity which are scattered all over the earth qualify for the title "kingdom" just as Moses qualified for the title "king" as a result of his leading the people out of Egypt.

Source 9 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

Or HaChaim on Exodus 20:1:3

One who accepts the Torah upon himself must accept all of the Torah, for whoever accepts the Torah while rejecting even a single commandment does not truly have the Torah.

עוֹד יִרְצֶה בְּאָמְרוֹ אֵת כָּל הַדְּבָרִים, לוֹמַר כִּי אֵין חֵפֶץ בִּמְקַבֵּל תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא אִם יְקַבֵּל כָּל הַתּוֹרָה, וְכָל הַמְקַבֵּל עָלָיו תּוֹרָה חוּץ מִמִּצְוָה אַחַת אֵין לוֹ תּוֹרָה (בכורות ל:).

When the Torah writes: את כל הדברים, this is a reminder that one cannot accept Torah piecemeal. Anyone who accepts all of the Torah's commandments bar one is considered as having rejected the whole Torah (Bechorot 30).

Source 10 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Numbers

Or HaChaim on Numbers 16:30

The passage explains that when Moses said "if a creation," he was referring to the earth's mouth that God had already created but which had been sealed shut, and now God would recreate it with the ability to open and swallow the wicked ones, possibly as recompense for when it previously opened to swallow a righteous person.

כָּפַל לוֹמַר בְּרִיאָה יִבְרָא ה׳, יִתְבָּאֵר עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (סנהדרין לז:) בְּפָסוּק ״אָרוּר וְכוּ׳ הָאֲדָמָה אֲשֶׁר פָּצְתָה אֶת פִּיהָ״, שֶׁמֵּאוֹתוֹ יוֹם נִסְתַּם וְנֶחְתַּם פִּי הָאָרֶץ, וּכְשֶׁהִיא רוֹצָה לוֹמַר שִׁירָה לִפְנֵי ה׳ כְּדֶרֶךְ כָּל הַנִּבְרָאִים שֶׁאוֹמְרִים שִׁירָה לִפְנֵי הַבּוֹרֵא הִיא אוֹמֶרֶת בִּכְנָפֶיהָ וְכָאן כְּשֶׁרָצָה מֹשֶׁה לְהַעֲנִישׁ הָרְשָׁעִים הָהֵם אָמַר וְאִם בְּרִיאָה, פֵּרוּשׁ, אוֹתָהּ בְּרִיאָה שֶׁכְּבָר בָּרָא ה׳ שֶׁהִיא פִּי הָאָרֶץ, וְעַל יְדֵי מַעֲשֶׂה נִסְתַּם וְהָיָה כְּלֹא הָיָה, עַתָּה יַחְזֹר ה׳ לִבְרֹא אוֹתָהּ הַבְּרִיאָה שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לָהּ פֶּה, וּפָצְתָה הָאָרֶץ אֶת פִּיהָ שֶׁהָיָה לָהּ מִקּוֹדֶם וּבָלְעָה אוֹתָם. וְאוּלַי כִּי זֶה יִהְיֶה לָהּ תִּקּוּן לְמַה שֶׁפָּצְתָה לִבְלֹעַ אִישׁ צַדִּיק, עַתָּה תִּפְצֶה פִּיהָ לִבְלֹעַ אוֹיְבֵי ה׳.

Source 11 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

Or HaChaim on Exodus 25:8

The passage explains that the commandment to build a sanctuary is a perpetual obligation applicable to all times and places where Israel dwells, with God's instruction using the term "sanctuary" to indicate this is an eternal law rather than time-specific, and the phrase "I will dwell among them" emphasizes that God will dwell within the people of Israel surrounding the sanctuary, fulfilling Israel's desire to have God's presence among them as they witnessed at Mount Sinai.

וְנִרְאֶה כִּי אָמְרוֹ וְעָשׂוּ לִי מִקְדָּשׁ הִיא מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה כּוֹלֶלֶת כָּל הַזְּמַנִּים, בֵּין בַּמִּדְבָּר בֵּין בִּכְנִיסָתָן לָאָרֶץ בְּכָל זְמַן שֶׁיִּהְיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל שָׁם לְדוֹרוֹת. עוֹד יִרְצֶה בְּאָמְרוֹ וְעָשׂוּ לִי מִקְדָּשׁ כִּי מֵעֵת שֶׁעוֹשִׂים אוֹתוֹ לִשְׁמוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ, כְּאָמְרוֹ ״לִי״, הֲגַם שֶׁעֲדַיִן לֹא שָׁרְתָה בּוֹ שְׁכִינָה, הֲרֵי הוּא מִקְדָּשׁ וְדִין קֹדֶשׁ יֵשׁ לוֹ. וְלֹא אָמַר ״בְּתוֹכוֹ״, לוֹמַר שֶׁהַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יַקְדִּישׁוּ לְשָׁכְנוֹ יִהְיֶה בְּתוֹךְ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁיַּקִּיפוּ הַמִּשְׁכָּן בְּאַרְבָּעָה דְּגָלִים. וְאוּלַי כִּי דְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ הֵם תְּשׁוּבָה לְמַה שֶׁחָשְׁקוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל (במדבר רבה ב,ה) בִּרְאוֹתָם בְּהַר סִינַי שֶׁהָיָה בָּרוּךְ הוּא מֻקָּף בְּדִגְלֵי הַמַּלְאָכִים וְהוּא אוֹת בְּתוֹכָם, וְחִשְׁקוֹ אַהַב לִהְיוֹת כֵּן בְּתוֹכָם, וְלָזֶה בָּאָה הַתְּשׁוּבָה מִבּוֹחֵן לְבָבוֹת וְאָמַר וְעָשׂוּ לִי מִקְדָּשׁ וְשָׁכַנְתִּי כְּמוֹ כֵן בְּתוֹכָם.

Source 12 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Leviticus 19:2

Or HaChaim on Leviticus 19:2

Discussing Leviticus 19:2, Ohr HaChaim reflects on the call to holiness for the Jewish nation, interpreting it as a call to emulate divine attributes and live a life dedicated to spiritual goals.

Source 13 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

Or HaChaim on Exodus 12:2

The passage explains that Nissan is designated as the first and most distinguished month specifically for Israel, symbolizing their elevation from degradation and God's revelation to them, with multiple layers of meaning embedded in the biblical language about this month.

הַחֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּה לָכֶם וְגוֹ׳. טַעַם כֶּפֶל ״רֹאשׁ חֳדָשִׁים רִאשׁוֹן הוּא״ וְגוֹ׳, נִתְכַּוֵּן לוֹמַר כִּי חֹדֶשׁ זֶה הוּא רֹאשׁ, פֵּרוּשׁ מֻבְחָר שֶׁבֶּחֳדָשִׁים, עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרוֹ (שמות ל:כג) ״בְּשָׂמִים רֹאשׁ״. וְדִקְדֵּק לוֹמַר לָכֶם, כִּי אֵינוֹ מְשֻׁבָּח וּמְעֻלֶּה שֶׁבֶּחֳדָשִׁים אֶלָּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל. וְתִמְצָא שֶׁאָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ראש השנה יא.) בְּנִיסָן נִגְאֲלוּ בְּנִיסָן עֲתִידִין לִגָּאֵל, כִּי הַחֹדֶשׁ מְסֻיָּם לְטוֹבַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְעַל זֶה ״רִאשׁוֹן הוּא״, רָאוּי לִהְיוֹת לָכֶם שֶׁיִּהְיוּ מוֹנִים מִנִּיסָן לְצַד מַעֲלָתוֹ. עוֹד יִרְמֹז בְּאָמְרוֹ הַחֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּה וְלֹא אָמַר חֹדֶשׁ זֶה, לִרְמֹז עַל הַיָּדוּעַ, שֶׁהוּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, דִּכְתִיב (שמות טו:ב) ״זֶה אֵלִי״, כִּי יִהְיֶה זֶה ״לָכֶם״ שֶׁיִּגָּלֶה לָהֶם, כְּאָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (מכילתא בשלח יד): רָאֲתָה שִׁפְחָה עַל הַיָּם וְכוּ׳.

החודש הזה לכם ראש חדשים, "This month shall be for you the beginning of the months." Why did the Torah repeat ראש חדשים and ראשון הוא? I believe the meaning of ראש is that the month of Nissan will be particularly important, the choicest of the months. We find the word ראש used in this sense in Exodus 30,23 when the most important of the spices in the making of oil for anointing is discussed. The Torah stressed the word לכם, for you, to tell us that this month would be special only for the Jewish people. Our sages pointed out in Rosh Hashanah 11 that Israel was redeemed from Egypt in Nissan and that the future redemption would again occur in that month. This is so because this month is a harbinger of good tidings for Israel. It is appropriate that Israel should begin the count of the months of the year by making Nissan the first month. Another reason that the Torah writes החודש הזה instead of writing חודש זה, is to allude to something or someone we are already familiar with. The reference to this known entity is G'd who is described in 15,2 as זה קלי, "this (One) is my G'd." The Torah alludes to the promise that it is this G'd who will orchestrate the redemption.

Source 14 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy

Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy 4:4:1

The passage explains that the phrase "and you who cleave" uses the additional vav to distinguish those who cleave to God from those who followed Baal Peor, and notes that the use of the definite article "the cleaving ones" is significant because this concept of cleaving had not been previously established in the text.

צָרִיךְ לָדַעַת לָמָּה אָמַר וְאַתֶּם בְּתוֹסֶפֶת וָא״ו כְּמוֹסִיף עַל עִנְיָן רִאשׁוֹן, וְלֹא יִדְמוּ הַנִּדְבָּקִים בַּה׳ לַהוֹלְכִים אַחֲרֵי בַעַל פְּעוֹר. עוֹד אָמְרוֹ הַדְּבֵקִים בְּה״א הַיְדִיעָה, וְלֹא מָצִינוּ שֶׁקָּדַם זִכְרוֹן דְּבֵקוּת זֶה שֶׁיֻּצְדַּק לוֹמַר עָלָיו הַדְּבֵקִים.

it contrasts the people whom Moses faced with those who served the Baal Pe-or. Another problem is why Moses speaks of הדבקים, "the ones who have cleaved," using the letter ה at the beginning of the word to indicate that the people he spoke about had been mentioned on a previous occasion.

Source 15 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Numbers

Or HaChaim on Numbers 11:15

Moses asks God to kill him rather than force him to bear alone the burden of leading the Israelites, fearing that if he dies at their hands they will be punished, and God's killing him would merely be completing what is already inevitable.

וְאִם כָּכָה אַתְּ עֹשֶׂה לִּי וְגוֹ׳. פֵּרוּשׁ, חָשׁ כִּי יֹאמַר ה׳ אֵלָיו לָשֵׂאת בְּעַל כָּרְחוֹ, הֲגַם שֶׁלֹּא יוּכַל, עַל מְנָת כֵּן יַעֲבֹד ה׳ עַד יְצִיאַת נְשָׁמָה, דִּכְתִיב (דברים ו:ה) ״בְּכָל נַפְשְׁךָ״. לָזֶה אָמַר וְאִם וְגוֹ׳ הָרְגֵנִי נָא, פֵּרוּשׁ, עַתָּה מָסַר נַפְשׁוֹ וְלֹא יִשָּׂא עוֹד הַמַּשָּׂא לְבַדּוֹ. וְנָתַן הַטַּעַם וְאַל אֶרְאֶה בְּרָעָתִי, פֵּרוּשׁ, דָּבָר הַגּוֹרֵם רַע לַנֶּפֶשׁ שֶׁעָלָיו יַקְפִּידוּ הַצַּדִּיקִים. וְהָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָלֶיהָ צָעַק לִבּוֹ הִיא שֶׁאִם יַהַרְגוּהוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל יִתְחַיְּבוּ כְּלָיָה וְנִמְצָא שֶׁגָּרְמוּ לוֹ לְהַעֲנִישָׁם. גַּם לָזֶה יֵחָשֵׁב תַּחֲלוּאֵי הַנֶּפֶשׁ, עַל דֶּרֶךְ מַאֲמַר (משלי יז:כו) ״גַּם עֲנוֹשׁ לַצַּדִּיק״ וְגוֹ׳. וְכָפַל לוֹמַר הָרְגֵנִי נָא הָרֹג, לוֹמַר שֶׁהָרוּג הוּא אִם לֹא יַהַרְגֵהוּ ה׳, כִּי וַדַּאי שֶׁיַּהַרְגוּהוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְאִם כֵּן כְּשֶׁה׳ הוֹרֵג אוֹתוֹ אֵינוֹ הוֹרֵג אֶלָּא אָדָם הָרוּג, גַּבְרָא קְטִילָא קָטִיל, וְתֵיבַת ״הָרוֹג״ נִדְרֶשֶׁת בְּנִקּוּד שׁוּרוּק. וְרַזַ״ל אָמְרוּ (ילקוט במדבר תשל״ה; מדרש תהלים כג) וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנָם: אִם לֹא אֶתֵּן הֵם הוֹרְגִים אוֹתִי, וְאִם אֲדַבֵּר כְּנֶגְדְּךָ אַתָּה הוֹרְגֵנִי. וְהַכָּתוּב יְכַוֵּין לְכָל הַדְּרָכִים.

ואם ככה את עשה לי, "but if You will deal thus with me, etc." Moses was afraid that G'd would say to him that he must continue to carry this burden even against his will as it is the fate of a servant of G'd that he continue to serve his G'd until he dies, as we know from Deut 6,5 where we are commanded to love G'd with our entire soul, i.e. even if we have to die in the process. This is why Moses said: "if that is my fate then please let me die now." He added that the reason he asked to die now was so that he would not be a witness to his own failure as a leader. Moses was afraid that if instead of G'd letting him die the people would kill him for not providing meat, he would become the cause of their becoming guilty of murder. Their punishment would be that they would be wiped out by G'd. He, Moses, would much rather die now than for Israel to become guilty of such a crime. Solomon expressed such a thought in Proverbs 17,27 when he said: "it is not good for the righteous to become the cause of retribution." The reason Moses repeated the words הרגני נא הרוג, was that he was certain he would meet with death either at the hands of G'd or at the hands of Israel. If G'd were to kill him now, therefore, He would only be taking the life of a person who was already dead for all practical purposes. In order to interpret the verse in this way the word harog must be read as harug. Yalkut Shimoni item 735 on our verse expresses it thus: "If I do not give them meat they will kill me; on the other hand, if I oppose You (by speaking against You) You will be forced to kill me." The wording of our verse can tolerate all these various interpretations.

Source 16 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Genesis

Or HaChaim on Genesis 37:2

The passage explains that when Scripture says "These are the generations of Jacob," it refers specifically to Joseph and the troubles that befell Jacob because Jacob sought to dwell in peace, thereby causing the events that followed, including Joseph's sale, which the text uses to teach that people bring upon themselves the misfortunes that occur to them.

וְיֵרָאֶה כַּוָּנַת הַכָּתוּב הִיא עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (בראשית לז:ב), בִּקֵּשׁ יַעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ לֵישֵׁב בְּשַׁלְוָה, קָפַץ עָלָיו רוּגְזוֹ שֶׁל יוֹסֵף, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ ״אֵלֶּה תּוֹלְדוֹתָיו שֶׁל יַעֲקֹב״, פֵּרוּשׁ: מַה שֶׁעָבַר עָלָיו מֵהָרוֹגֶז, שֶׁהַכָּתוּב בָּא לְהוֹדִיעַ מְכִירַת יוֹסֵף וְצַעֲרוֹ שֶׁל יַעֲקֹב. הוּא יַעֲקֹב הַגּוֹרֵם בְּמַה שֶׁבִּקֵּשׁ לֵישֵׁב, דִּכְתִיב ״וַיֵּשֶׁב יַעֲקֹב״, וּבָזֶה תּוֹלְדוֹתָיו הֵם אֵלֶּה ״יוֹסֵף בֶּן״ וְגוֹ׳ וְנִתְגַּלְגְּלוּ הַדְּבָרִים, כִּי הָאָדָם גּוֹרֵם לְעַצְמוֹ אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁר תָּבֹאנָה עָלָיו. כִּי אֵין דָּבָר רַע בָּא מֵהָאָדוֹן הַטּוֹב לַכֹּל, וּבִפְרָט לִידִידָיו, יַעֲקֹב וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ.

I believe that the plain meaning of the verse is what the other sages say, namely that Jacob wanted to enjoy peace and quiet in this world; as a result he suffered the upsetting experience with Joseph, literally, קפץ עליו רוגזו של יוסף. Joseph's sale, etc, is all blamed on Jacob's desire to enjoy peace and serenity on this earth. We therefore must understand the verse thus: "Jacob wanted to settle down; the consequence of Jacob's settling down was Joseph (his sale, etc)." The Torah teaches us the basic lesson that man brings upon himself whatever befalls him. Harm does not originate with G'd who is the source of all that is good by definition; Jacob was no exception to this rule.

Source 17 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Leviticus

Or HaChaim on Leviticus 18:5

The passage explains that the repetition of commandments in two verses addresses two types of people—those who observe from fear and those who observe from love—with the first verse emphasizing the aspect of divine judgment through God's name Elohim to inspire awe, and the second verse emphasizing God's name alone to encourage observance from love, and that one who acts from love receives reward even in this world beyond the fixed reward in the world to come.

עוֹד נִרְאֶה בְּהָעִיר עוֹד לָמָּה שִׁנָּה הַכָּתוּב בִּשְׁנֵי כְּתוּבִים, בָּרִאשׁוֹן אָמַר ״אֲנִי ה׳ אֱלֹהֵיכֶם״, וּבְפָסוּק שֵׁנִי אָמַר ״אֲנִי ה׳״. אָכֵן כְּנֶגֶד שְׁנֵי בָּנִים דִּבְּרָה תּוֹרָה: אֶחָד הָעוֹשֶׂה מִיִּרְאָה וְאֶחָד הָעוֹשֶׂה מֵאַהֲבָה, וּכְבָר נִתְבָּאֲרוּ הַדְּבָרִים בִּמְקוֹמוֹת אֲחֵרִים (סוטה לא.) כִּי הָעוֹשֶׂה מִיִּרְאָה שְׂכָרוֹ לְאֶלֶף דּוֹר וְהָעוֹשֶׂה מֵאַהֲבָה שְׂכָרוֹ כָּפוּל לַאֲלָפִים. וְהִנֵּה מִן הַנִּמְנָע שֶׁיַּשִּׂיג הַמַּשִּׂיג בְּחִינַת הָאַהֲבָה עַד שֶׁתַּקְדִּים לוֹ בְּחִינַת הַיִּרְאָה, בְּסוֹד (תהלים קיח:כ) ״זֶה הַשַּׁעַר לַה׳״, וַאֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן אָמַר הַכָּתוּב כְּנֶגֶד בְּחִינַת הַיִּרְאָה ״אֶת מִשְׁפָּטַי וְגוֹ׳ אֲנִי ה׳ אֱלֹהֵיכֶם״, דִּקְדֵּק לְהַזְכִּיר בְּחִינַת הַדִּין שֶׁהוּא רָמוּז בְּשֵׁם אֱלֹהִים, לְהָעִירְךָ בְּמִי הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, וְאַחַר כָּךְ צִוָּה לְגָדֵר שֵׁנִי לַעֲשׂוֹת מֵאַהֲבָה, וְלָזֶה אָמַר אֲנִי ה׳ וְלֹא הִזְכִּיר שֵׁם אֱלֹהוּת לוֹמַר שֶׁתִּהְיֶה הַשְּׁמִירָה לְצַד אַהֲבַת הַטּוֹב וְהַחֵפֶץ וְהָרָצוֹן פָּעַל בּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת מַאֲמַר קוֹנוֹ הֶחָבִיב מֵאַהֲבָתוֹ אוֹתוֹ, הֲגַם שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה עֹנֶשׁ לָעוֹבֵר. וְאָמַר וָחַי בָּהֶם, פֵּרוּשׁ כִּי אָדָם שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה מֵאַהֲבָה יֶשְׁנוֹ גַּם בְּטוּב עוֹלָם הַזֶּה יֶתֶר עַל הַגְּמוּל הַקָּבוּעַ לוֹ בָּעוֹלָם הַנִּצְחִי. וְאוּלַי כִּי לָזֶה רָמַז בְּאָמְרוֹ ״וָחַי״ בְּתוֹסֶפֶת וָא״ו, לְהָעִירְךָ שֶׁזֶּה נוֹסָף עַל שָׂכָר אַחֵר שֶׁהוּא שָׂכָר הַנֶּעְלָם, מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן גֶּדֶר הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה מִיִּרְאָה שֶׁאֵין לוֹ אֶלָּא לָעוֹלָם הָעֶלְיוֹן, כְּאָמְרוֹ ״לָלֶכֶת בָּהֶם״ לָעוֹלָם הָעֶלְיוֹן. אֲבָל גֶּדֶר זֶה ״וָחַי בָּהֶם״, פֵּרוּשׁ, לֹא לֶעָתִיד לְבַד, שֶׁאִם כֵּן הָיָה לוֹ לוֹמַר ״וְיִחְיֶה״, אֶלָּא מֵעֵת טָעֳמוֹ טַעַם הַמִּצְווֹת בְּעֵרֶךְ זֶה ״וָחַי בָּהֶם״. וּלְדֶרֶךְ זֶה יִתְבָּאֵר גַּם כֵּן מַה שֶׁאָמַר בְּפָרָשַׁת (דברים יא:יד) ״וְהָיָה אִם שָׁמֹעַ״ שֶׁאָמַר ״וְנָתַתִּי מְטַר אַרְצְכֶם״ וְגוֹ׳, פֵּרוּשׁ לְצַד שֶׁשָּׁם נֶאֱמַר ״לְאַהֲבָה אֶת ה׳״ וְגוֹ׳, לָזֶה הוֹדִיעַ כִּי מִצְוָה זוֹ יֵשׁ לָהּ שָׂכָר גַּם בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, וְרָאוּי הוּא לֵיהָנוֹת בִּשְׁנֵי עוֹלָמוֹת. וַהֲגַם שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (קידושין לט:) שְׂכַר מִצְווֹת בְּהַאי עָלְמָא לֵיכָּא, זֶה יֶשְׁנוֹ בַּהֲטָבָה זוֹ, וְרָמַז עוֹלָם הָעֶלְיוֹן בְּמַה שֶׁאָמַר ״וְנָתַתִּי״ בְּתוֹסֶפֶת וָא״ו בִּתְחִלַּת יִעוּד הַשָּׂכָר, לוֹמַר אֵין זֶה אֶלָּא תּוֹסֶפֶת עַל הַנֶּעְלָם הַמֻּשְׂכָּל הַנִּצְחִי.

Furthermore, when we examine the different nuances in these two verses we will be enlightened further. In verse 4 the Torah writes אני ה׳ אלוקיכם, "I am the Lord your G'd," whereas in our verse the Torah only writes: אני השם, "I am the Lord." We may infer from this that the Torah addresses different Jews in the two verses. In one verse the Torah addresses the Jews who fulfil the commandments due to a feeling of love for G'd, whereas in the other verse the Torah addresses Jews who fulfil the commandments due to a fear of punishment should they fail to observe G'd's laws. Sotah 31 has already taught us that the reward for people performing the commandments out of a sense of fear of the Lord extends for up to one thousand generations, whereas the reward for people whose motivation is love for G'd extends for up to two thousand generations. It is quite impossible for a person to attain the level of serving the Lord out of feelings of love until he had first experienced the level of serving the Lord out of a feeling of fear of punishment. This is the mystical dimension of Psalms 118,19: "this is the gate of the Lord, the righteous are able to enter it." In accordance with this, verse 4 addresses itself to people who serve the Lord from a sense of fear, and the Torah writes: את משפטי תעשו, "you are to perform My ordinances, etc., ending with the words "I am the Lord your G'd," the word אלוקיכם being a clear reference to G'd in His capacity of the attribute of Justice. In verse 5, however, when the Torah addresses itself to someone who has already passed the initial stage of serving the Lord out of fear and he serves the Lord out of feelings of love, the Torah no longer has to make mention of the attribute of Justice because the person addressed would not be influenced in his observance by mention of that attribute. The Torah adds the words וחי בהם in our verse to tell us that when someone serves the Lord out of feelings of love, he will also partake of the good to be found in this life in addition to any reward he accumulates for use in the hereafter, in eternity. Perhaps this is why the Torah wrote the letter ו before the word חי, to tell us that the good experienced by such a person in this life is additional to i.e. ו, to the reward he stores up for himself in the hereafter. People addressed in verse 4 who serve G'd motivated by fear do not qualify for this assurance. According to what we have just explained the words ללכת בהם in verse 4 apply basically to the hereafter whereas they apply also in this life if the people concerned serve G'd because they love Him. We may explain Deut. 11,13 "It will be if you hearken diligently to My commandments…to love the Lord your G'd….and I will grant the rain of your land in its season, etc." in the same way we have just mentioned, that מצוה-performance based on love of G'd results in dividends in this life and that such people deserve reward in both worlds. This in spite of the fact that our sages in Kidushin 39 state that there is no reward in this life for מצוה-performance. The Talmud did not refer to people who receive a bonus in this life rather than the actual reward due them. The Torah (Deut. 11,14) also alludes to reward in the hereafter by commencing with the conjunctive letter ו, i.e. ונתתי. The meaning of that letter ו is that any blessing experienced in this life is only a bonus in addition to the reward itself which will be paid in the hereafter, the exact nature of which the Torah has not revealed.

Source 18 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

Or HaChaim on Exodus 19:2

The passage explains that the text reverses the chronological order of events to emphasize that all of creation and the heavens and earth have awaited the arrival of Israel from the desert of Sinai as the ultimate purpose of creation, and then afterward describes the specific details of what occurred, because preparing oneself through diligence and strength in Torah study is one of the three essential conditions for receiving the Torah.

אָכֵן כַּוָּנַת הַכָּתוּב הוּא לְהַקְדִּים שְׁלֹשָׁה עִנְיָנִים הֵם עִקְּרֵי הַהֲכָנָה לְקַבָּלַת הַתּוֹרָה, שֶׁבְּאֶמְצָעוּתָם נִתְרַצָּה ה׳ לְהַנְחִילָם נַחֲלַת שַׁדַּי הִיא תּוֹרָתֵנוּ הַנְּעִימָה. הָאֶחָד הוּא הִתְגַּבְּרוּת וְהִתְעַצְּמוּת בְּעֵסֶק הַתּוֹרָה, כִּי הָעַצְלוּת הוּא עֵשֶׂב הַמַּפְסִיד הַשָּׂגָתָהּ.