The Izhbitzer discusses the Hebrew slave (eved ivri) as a meditation on bondage and liberation, teaching that a person enslaved to their own desires is the deepest form of slavery, while true freedom is achieved when one's will is surrendered entirely to divine providence.
ואלה המשפטים אשר תשים לפניהם. הענין שלא נאמר כאן וידבר ה' אל משה כמו בכל הצווים, אך לאשר הענין הזה מדבר במשפטים, ובענין המשפט אז אין הפרש בין גדול לקטון, כמו בעת שהמלך בא לראות ולשפוט את חייליו אז הכל עומדים שוה בהשורה ואף הראש עומד בתוך השורה. והנה כתיב (ישעיה נ"ו,א') שמרו משפט ועשו צדקה כי קרובה וכו'. שמרו הוא לשון המתנה והוא שלא יתרעם שום נפש מישראל על מדות הש"י, מדוע לא יעזור לו שיוכל לעבדהו בשלמות, מאחר שהוא משתוקק לזה למה לא יעזרו הש"י מיד. ע"ז נאמר שמרו משפט ועשו צדקה, היינו שידבק בהש"י בצדקה ובישרות לב ולא יתרעמו, ואז קרובה ישועתי לבא, היינו שיגלה לנו הש"י את הסדר שהיה מתנהג עמנו בגלות וישלח נחומים ונראה כי לא נאבד מאתו שום דבר הקווי והצער שסבלו ישראל בעבודתו ית'. כדאיתא בזוה"ק (שמות ק"נ:) אפילו רעותא טבא דבר נש לא מתאביד, וכל מעשה שאדם עושה אף שנראה עתה כמעשה קטנה יתפשטה הש"י לעתיד, מאוד. והנה בזאת הסדרה מלמד אותנו הש"י איך צריך האדם לנקות ולברר א"ע, עד שמדת טובו ימשך ויתפשט אף על כל קניניו ויהיה נמצא גם בהם מדות טובות שלא יזיקו לשום אדם, וע"כ כשקנינו של אדם מזיק צריך לשלם, כי ההיזק נצמח ביען כי אין נפשו מזוכך כ"כ, לכן יוכלו קניניו להזיק או לגזול את חבירו, כי באם לב האדם מזוכך אין קנינותיו יכולין להזיק לחבירו כמו שנמצא (תענית כ"ה.) בעיזא דר' חנינא בן דוסא דאייתי דובא בקרניהו וזה דאיתא במס' ברכות [ט"ז:] עבדים ושפחות אין קורין אותן אבא פלוני או אמא פלונית, של בית ר"ג היו קורין אותן משום דחשיבא, היינו שמכח קדושת רבן גמליאל נתפשט גם על קניניו והיו ג"כ טובים. והאלקים אנה לידו וכו'. איתא בפרש"י ולמה תצא זאת מלפניו וכו' אלא אחד הרג שוגג ואחד מזיד וכו'. קושיית העולם ידוע שוגג הראשון איך היה, ונראה לפרש דהנה כתיב (תהלים קמ"ה,י"ד) סומך ה' לכל הנופלים וזוקף לכל הכפופים, שני דברים נאמר בפסוק הזה נופל וכפוף, היינו מי שנשרש בלבו כעס או חמדה רעה ואם ח"ו מוציאה לפועל במעשה, זה נקרא נופל, ואם עדיין לא יצא לפועל נקרא כפוף היינו שלבו כפוף ומשועבד תחת החמדה הרעה הזאת, והש"י הוא החושב מחשבות לבלתי ידח וכו', ע"כ והאלקים אנה לידו זה שהרג בשוגג אין הפירוש שכבר הרג בפועל, רק שיש לו זה החסרון בלב היינו כעס ורציחה וזה שהרג במזיד היינו שכבר הוציא לפועל והרג באמת, והקב"ה נותן בכאן לשניהם ההשלמה זה שהרג במזיד נהרג, וזה שהרג בשוגג גולה. וזהו והאלקים אנה לידו, היינו כי דבר זה עשה הקב"ה לזכותו, כי כל זמן שמחשבתו הרע לא יצא לפועל אינו נותן אל לבו לעשות תשובה, אך עכשיו שהזדמן לידו הקב"ה שהרג אדם לפועל בשוגג, וזה שנהרג היה חייב מיתה, מתחיל להרעיש בנפשו למה אירע זאת לידי להרוג נפש בשוגג, בודאי שיש לי שורש של רציחה בלבי ועי"ז עושה תשובה.
“And these are the laws that you shall place before them ….” (Shemot, 21:1) Here it is not said, “And God spoke to Moshe saying,” as with all the mitzvot, for the matter here discusses civil legal enactments (“mishpatim”), and concerning justice there is no difference between the great and the small. This may be compared to when the king goes out to inspect and judge his soldiers; then they all stand in the same line, even their senior officer standing in the line. Thus it is written (Yesahya, 56:1), “keep justice, and perform tzedaka [righteousness], for My salvation is close at hand.” “Keep” is an expression of restraint, saying that no soul of Israel should bear greivences against God concerning His attributes (where He is concealed from us). He should refrain from asking why He does not help him to serve Him, especially as this is what He desires, so why does God not help him immediately? Therefore it is said, “keep justice and perform tzedaka,” meaning to cleave to God with righteousness and honesty of heart, and not holding any grudges. This being done, “My salvation is close at hand,” meaning that God will reveal to us the order with which he conducts our lives in the exile. Then He will send consolation, making it clear that none of the longing and suffering that Israel underwent in the service of God was in vain. On this it is said in the holy Zohar (Shemot, 150b), “even a man’s good intention will not be lost,” for with every action man does, even if it seems now to be insignificant, in the future God will expand upon it greatly. In this week’s Parsha, God teaches us how one must clean and refine himself, to the extent that his attribute of goodness is even drawn into his possessions, and then good attributes will be found in them so as not to cause damage to anyone else. Therefore, when a man’s possessions cause damage, he must pay for the damages, for the damage was done because his soul was not refined enough. Thus his possessions could cause damage, or he could steal from another, for if his soul was in a state of true refinement then his possessions could never do damage to another. So it was told in the Gemara (Ta’anit, 25a), “the neighbors of R. Channina ben Dosa complained that his goat was causing them damages. He said, ‘if it is so, then let them be eaten by bears.’ The goats went into the forest, and returned each with a bear on its horns.” Furthermore, it is said in Berachot (16b), “Manservant and maidservants are not addressed as ‘father so-and-so’ or ‘mother so-and-so’ [a title of honor] except for the servants of the house of Rabban Gamliel, who were called so because of their importance.” This means that the power of the Kedusha of Rabban Gamliel extended even to his possessions, and they too were good (his goodness extended into them). “And [if a man] did not lie in wait [he did not lie in ambush for him, but killed him unintentionally. Rashi] but E-lohim caused it to come to be, then I will appoint you a place to where he may flee.” (Shemot, 21:13) Rashi explains, “Concerning what does the Torah speak? Of two men, one killed inadvertently, and the other killed intentionally, and there were no witnesses to testify concerning the affair. Therefore the latter was not put to death, and the former was not exiled. The Holy One, blessed be He, brings them to the same inn, and the one who killed intentionally sits under a ladder; while the one who killed inadvertently ascends the ladder, falls, and kills the one who killed intentionally. Witnesses testify to this, and [the court] requires him to be exiled. So in the end, the one who killed inadvertently was exiled, and the one who killed intentionally was killed.” The famous question is, how did the one who inadvertently killed first come to do this? It seems that it may be explained through the verse (Tehilim, 145:14), “God supports all those who fall, and straightens all those who are bent down.” Two things are mentioned in this verse—fallen, and bent down. This means, with one who has anger and evil lusts rooted in his heart, if God forbid he brings his potential into action, it is called “fallen.” If it still has not been brought forth into action, he is called “bent down,” meaning that his heart is bent and enslaved to this evil lust. God is the One whose thoughts are to never banish anything completely. Therefore it says, “but E-lohim caused it to be,” for with the one who killed inadvertently, it is not to say that he has already actually killed; rather that he has a deficiency in his heart, namely anger and desire to murder. With the one who killed intentionally, it means that he has already brought it into action and committed murder. So the Holy One, blessed be He, completes both of them. The one who killed intentionally is killed, and the one who killed inadvertently is exiled. This is, “but E-lohim caused it to be,” meaning that the Holy One, blessed be He, did it for his benefit. All the while that the evil thought had not come into action it would not occur to his heart to repent. Yet now that the Holy One, blessed be He, has brought it about that he actually has killed someone inadvertently, and the one who was killed had anyhow deserved the death penalty, he began to become greatly agitated in his soul, asking himself, “why did it come about that I killed inadvertently? Certainly I must have a root of murder in my heart.” (Questions that he would otherwise not have asked.) By means of this he repents.