Tanakhתנ״ך

Orthodox Perspectives on the Conquest and the Seven Nations

Classical and modern Orthodox Jewish sources address the theological and moral meaning of the biblical command to destroy the Canaanite nations, examining the rationales offered by Rishonim and later authorities, the role of peace offers, the distinction between commanded and optional war, and frameworks for understanding this difficult passage within Jewish law and ethics.

לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר לֹא יְלַמְּדוּ אֶתְכֶם לַעֲשׂוֹת כְּכֹל תּוֹעֲבֹתָם

16 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The foundational Torah command, as stated in Devarim 7:1-6 and Devarim 20:10-18, is explicitly purpose-driven rather than ethnically motivated: the text itself gives the reason as preventing Israel from learning the Canaanites' idolatrous practices, not as punishment for an ethnic or national identity.

The Rambam in Mishneh Torah, Melachim and Wars 6:1-5 establishes that no war — including a milchemet mitzvah against the seven nations — may begin without first offering peace, and that any nation, including the seven, that accepts the offer and commits to the seven Noahide laws may not be killed but is instead subjected to tributary status; the obligation of total destruction is thus conditional on refusal, as Mishneh Torah, Melachim and Wars 6:2 further specifies by citing Yehoshua 11:19-20 to show that the nations were not destroyed because they were Canaanite but because they chose war.

The Rambam in the Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1 54:8 explicitly instructs the reader not to understand the command as cruelty or vengeance, but as a rationally grounded removal of obstacles to moral and spiritual perfection — those who stray from the path of truth and corrupt others must be eliminated for the benefit of human flourishing.

Sefer HaChinukh in Sefer HaChinukh 425 grounds the command in the Canaanites' historical role as the originators and foundation of idolatry, framing their destruction as the eradication of a corrupting source, with the added benefit that Israel would be unable to learn from their practices.

The Rambam concludes in Mishneh Torah, Melachim and Wars 5:4-5 that the entire question of practical application is rendered moot, since 'the memory of them has already been obliterated' — a ruling that forecloses any modern application of these laws to identifiable peoples.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 20:10-18

דברים כ׳:י׳-י״ח

Deuteronomy 20:10-18

The Torah distinguishes between optional war and the war against the seven Canaanite nations. For the latter, no peace offer is mentioned in the text; the command is to leave nothing that breathes, in order to prevent idolatrous corruption in the land.

רַ֗ק מֵעָרֵ֤י הָֽעַמִּים֙ הָאֵ֔לֶּה אֲשֶׁר֙ יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ נֹתֵ֥ן לְךָ֖ נַחֲלָ֑ה לֹ֥א תְחַיֶּ֖ה כׇּל־נְשָׁמָֽה׃ כִּֽי־הַחֲרֵ֣ם תַּחֲרִימֵ֗ם הַחִתִּ֤י וְהָאֱמֹרִי֙ הַכְּנַעֲנִ֣י וְהַפְּרִזִּ֔י הַחִוִּ֖י וְהַיְבוּסִ֑י כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוְּךָ֖ יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶֽיךָ׃ לְמַ֗עַן אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־יְלַמְּד֤וּ אֶתְכֶם֙ לַעֲשׂ֔וֹת כְּכֹל֙ תּֽוֹעֲבֹתָ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשׂ֖וּ לֵאלֹֽהֵיהֶ֑ם וַחֲטָאתֶ֖ם לַיהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃ {ס}

In the towns of the latter peoples, however, which the ETERNAL your God is giving you as a heritage, you shall not let a soul remain alive. No, you must proscribe them—the Hittites and the Amorites, the Canaanites and the Perizzites, the Hivites and the Jebusites—as the ETERNAL your God has commanded you, lest they lead you into doing all the abhorrent things that they have done for their gods and you stand guilty before the ETERNAL your God.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Joshua 6:17-21

יהושע ו׳:י״ז-כ״א

Joshua 6:17-21

At Jericho, the city and all that is in it are placed under ban, with Rahav and her household spared. The passage illustrates the חרם framework and the exception for those preserved by divine mercy and prior alignment with Israel.

וְהָיְתָ֨ה הָעִ֥יר חֵ֛רֶם הִ֥יא וְכׇל־אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖הּ לַֽיהֹוָ֑ה רַק֩ רָחָ֨ב הַזּוֹנָ֜ה תִּֽחְיֶ֗ה הִ֚יא וְכׇל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִתָּ֣הּ בַּבַּ֔יִת כִּ֣י הֶחְבְּאַ֔תָה אֶת־הַמַּלְאָכִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר שָׁלָֽחְנוּ׃ וַֽיַּחֲרִ֙ימוּ֙ אֶת־כׇּל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר בָּעִ֔יר מֵאִישׁ֙ וְעַד־אִשָּׁ֔ה מִנַּ֖עַר וְעַד־זָקֵ֑ן וְעַ֨ד שׁ֥וֹר וָשֶׂ֛ה וַחֲמ֖וֹר לְפִי־חָֽרֶב׃

The city and everything in it are to be proscribed for GOD; only Rahab the prostitute is to be spared, and all who are with her in the house, because she hid the messengers we sent. They exterminated everything in the city with the sword: man and woman, young and old, ox and sheep and donkey.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 7:1-6

דברים ז׳:א׳-ו׳

Deuteronomy 7:1-6

Moshe commands Israel regarding the seven nations: when Hashem brings them into the land, Israel must not make a covenant with them, must not show them favor, and must destroy their idolatrous institutions. The passage presents the conquest as tied to eradication of idolatry and separation from the nations' religious influence.

כִּ֤י יְבִֽיאֲךָ֙ יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ אֶל־הָאָ֕רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־אַתָּ֥ה בָא־שָׁ֖מָּה לְרִשְׁתָּ֑הּ וְנָשַׁ֣ל גּֽוֹיִם־רַבִּ֣ים ׀ מִפָּנֶ֡יךָ הַֽחִתִּי֩ וְהַגִּרְגָּשִׁ֨י וְהָאֱמֹרִ֜י וְהַכְּנַעֲנִ֣י וְהַפְּרִזִּ֗י וְהַֽחִוִּי֙ וְהַיְבוּסִ֔י שִׁבְעָ֣ה גוֹיִ֔ם רַבִּ֥ים וַעֲצוּמִ֖ים מִמֶּֽךָּ׃ וּנְתָנָ֞ם יְהֹוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֶ֛יךָ לְפָנֶ֖יךָ וְהִכִּיתָ֑ם הַחֲרֵ֤ם תַּחֲרִים֙ אֹתָ֔ם לֹא־תִכְרֹ֥ת לָהֶ֛ם בְּרִ֖ית וְלֹ֥א תְחׇנֵּֽם׃ כִּֽי־יָסִ֤יר אֶת־בִּנְךָ֙ מֵֽאַחֲרַ֔י וְעָבְד֖וּ אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֲחֵרִ֑ים וְחָרָ֤ה אַף־יְהֹוָה֙ בָּכֶ֔ם וְהִשְׁמִידְךָ֖ מַהֵֽר׃

When the ETERNAL your God brings you to the land that you are about to enter and possess, and dislodges many nations before you—the Hittites, Girgashites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites, seven nations much larger than you— and the ETERNAL your God delivers them to you and you defeat them, you must doom them to destruction: grant them no terms and give them no quarter. For they will turn your children away from Me to worship other gods, and GOD’s anger will blaze forth against you, promptly wiping you out.

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1 54:8

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1 54:8

The passage cites Devarim 20:16–18 to argue that the command to destroy the seven nations was not cruelty or vengeance, but a rational necessity to prevent the Canaanites from teaching Israel their idolatrous practices and sins; thus anyone who deviates from the path of truth must be removed, along with all obstacles preventing the achievement of perfection through knowledge of God.

התבונן נא בפסוקי התורה, כשציווה להכרית את שבעה עממים ואמר: "לֹא תְחַיֶּה כָּל נְשָׁמָה" (דברים כ,טז), מיד לאחר מכן אמר: "לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר לֹא יְלַמְּדוּ אֶתְכֶם לַעֲשׂוֹת כְּכֹל תּוֹעֲבֹתָם אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ לֵאלֹהֵיהֶם, וַחֲטָאתֶם לַה' אֱלֹהֵיכֶם" (שם,יח), כלומר: אל תחשוב שזו אכזריות או בקשת נקמה, אלא הוא דבר שהסברה האנושית מחייבת, שיֹאבד כל מי שמסיר (או: סר) מדרך האמת, ושיסולקו כל המכשולים המונעים את השלמות שהיא השגתו יתעלה.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars 6:2

Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars 6:2

The seven nations and Amalek who did not make peace are subject to complete destruction with no survivors, as the Torah states; this prohibition applies specifically to those who refused peace, as evidenced by the Yehoshua passage indicating that no city made peace except the Gibeonites, and that Hashem hardened the hearts of the others to wage war so they could be destroyed—implying that Israel first sent them an offer of peace that they rejected.

וְאִם לֹא הִשְׁלִימוּ אוֹ שֶׁהִשְׁלִימוּ וְלֹא קִבְּלוּ שֶׁבַע מִצְוֹת. אֲבָל שִׁבְעָה עֲמָמִין וַעֲמָלֵק שֶׁלֹּא הִשְׁלִימוּ אֵין מַנִּיחִין מֵהֶם נְשָׁמָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ, טו) "כֵּן תַּעֲשֶׂה לְכָל" וְגוֹ' (דברים כ, טז) "רַק מֵעָרֵי הָעַמִּים" (דברים כ, טז) "לֹא תְחַיֶּה כָּל נְשָׁמָה". וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְדַבֵּר אֶלָּא בְּאֵלּוּ שֶׁלֹּא הִשְׁלִימוּ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יהושע יא, יט) "לֹא הָיְתָה עִיר אֲשֶׁר הִשְׁלִימָה אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּלְתִּי הַחִוִּי ישְׁבֵי גִבְעוֹן אֶת הַכּל לָקְחוּ בַמִּלְחָמָה" (יהושע יא, כ) "כִּי מֵאֵת ה' הָיְתָה לְחַזֵּק אֶת לִבָּם לִקְרַאת הַמִּלְחָמָה אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמַעַן הַחֲרִימָם". מִכְלַל שֶׁשָּׁלְחוּ לָהֶם לְשָׁלוֹם וְלֹא קִבְּלוּ:

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandments

ספר המצוות, מצוות עשה קפ״ח

Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandments 188

The passage states that Israel was commanded to obliterate the seed of Amalek, male and female, young and old, and that this is one of three commandments Israel was obligated to fulfill upon entering the Land—appointing a king, building the Temple, and destroying Amalek's descendants—with this war classified as a commanded war whose laws are detailed in the first chapter of Sotah.

היא שצונו להכרית זרע עמלק בלבד משאר זרע עשו זכרים ונקבות קטנים וגדולים. והוא אמרו יתעלה תמחה את זכר עמלק. וכבר קדם לנו שלש מצות נצטוו בני ישראל בכניסתן לארץ, למנות להם מלך ולבנות בית הבחירה ולמחות זרע עמלק. ומלחמה זו היא מלחמת מצוה. וכבר התבארו משפטי מצוה זו בפ"א מסוטה.

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Rashi on Deuteronomy 7:2

רש"י על דברים ז׳:ב׳

Rashi on Deuteronomy 7:2

Rashi notes that Israel must not show mercy to the seven nations because leaving them in place would lead Israel to follow their gods. The rationale is spiritual danger and idolatry, not a claim that cruelty is intrinsically good.

לֹא תִתֵּן לָהֶם חֵן, אָסוּר לוֹ לָאָדָם לוֹמַר "כַּמָּה נָאֶה גוֹי זֶה". דָּבָר אַחֵר, לֹא תִּתֵּן לָהֶם חֲנִיָּה בָּאָרֶץ (עבודה זרה כ'):

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaMitzvot, Negative Commandments

ספר המצוות, מצוות לא תעשה מ״ט

Sefer HaMitzvot, Negative Commandments 49

The passage states that we are commanded not to allow any survivor from the seven nations to remain alive in order to prevent Israelites from intermarrying with them and being led to idolatry, describing the killing of these nations as a positive commandment, and treating failure to kill them when possible as a violation of a negative commandment.

הזהירנו שלא להחיות איש משבעה עממין כדי שלא יתיחדו בם בני אדם ויסיתום לע"ז. והוא אמרו לא תחיה כל נשמה, והריגתם מצות עשה כמו שבארנו במצוה קפ"ז, ומי שעבר ולא הרג מהם והיה אפשר לו להרגו עבר על מצות לא תעשה.

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on Deuteronomy 20:10

רמב"ן על דברים כ׳:י׳

Ramban on Deuteronomy 20:10

Ramban explains the distinction between wars and the peace offer, and discusses the special status of the Canaanite nations. His commentaries on the war passages are important for the halakhic and moral limits of conquest.

וְהַכַּוָּנָה לְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ בַּכָּתוּב הַזֶּה אֵינָהּ אֶלָּא לוֹמַר שֶׁהַפָּרָשָׁה בְּסוֹפָהּ תְּחַלֵּק בֵּין שְׁתֵּי הַמִּלְחָמוֹת, אֲבָל קְרִיאַת הַשָּׁלוֹם אֲפִלּוּ בְּמִלְחֶמֶת מִצְוָה הִיא שֶׁחַיָּבִים לִקְרֹא לְשָׁלוֹם, אֲפִלּוּ לְשִׁבְעָה עֲמָמִים, שֶׁהֲרֵי מֹשֶׁה קָרָא לְשָׁלוֹם לְסִיחוֹן מֶלֶךְ הָאֱמֹרִי וְלֹא הָיָה עוֹבֵר עַל עֲשֵׂה וְעַל לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁבַּפָּרָשָׁה אֲבָל הֶפְרֵשׁ שֶׁבֵּינֵיהֶם כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא תַּשְׁלִים וְעָשְׂתָה מִלְחָמָה, שֶׁצִּוָּה הַכָּתוּב בָּרְחוֹקוֹת לְהַכּוֹת אֶת כָּל זְכוּרָהּ וּלְהַחֲיוֹת לָהֶם הַנָּשִׁים וְהַטָּף בַּזְּכָרִים, וּבְעָרֵי הָעַמִּים הָאֵלֶּה צִוָּה לְהַחֲרִים גַּם הַנָּשִׁים וְהַטָּף. וְנִרְאֶה שֶׁיֵּשׁ הֶפְרֵשׁ עוֹד בִּשְׁאֵלַת הַשָּׁלוֹם, שֶׁבֶּעָרִים הָרְחוֹקוֹת נִשְׁאַל לָהֶם לְשָׁלוֹם וְשֶׁיִּהְיוּ לָנוּ לָמַס וְיַעַבְדוּנוּ, אֲבָל בְּעָרֵי (הערים) הָעַמִּים הָאֵלֶּה נִשְׁאַל לָהֶם לְשָׁלוֹם וּמִסִּים וְעַבְדוּת עַל מְנָת שֶׁיְּקַבְּלוּ עֲלֵיהֶם שֶׁלֹּא לַעֲבֹד ע"ז. וְכֵן מָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר כָּאן (דברים כ':י"ח), לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר לֹא יְלַמְּדוּ אֶתְכֶם לַעֲשׂוֹת כְּכֹל תּוֹעֲבֹתָם, וְאָמְרוּ בְּסִפְרֵי (שופטים רב) הָא אִם עָשׂוּ תְשׁוּבָה אֵינָן נֶהֱרָגִים, בְּשִׁבְעַת עֲמָמִים הוּא, וְהַתְּשׁוּבָה הוּא שֶׁיְּקַבְּלוּ עֲלֵיהֶם שֶׁבַע מִצְוֹת שֶׁנִּצְטַוּוּ בְּנֵי נֹחַ, לֹא שֶׁיִּתְגַּיְּרוּ לִהְיוֹתָם גֵּרֵי צֶדֶק.

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars 6:1-5

משנה תורה, הלכות מלכים ומלחמות ו׳:א׳-ה׳

Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars 6:1-5

The Rambam rules that when Israel wages an optional war, they must first offer peace; if the enemy accepts the Noachide framework and servitude, they are not killed. This is one of the key legal sources for the peace-offer framework in war.

אֵין עוֹשִׂין מִלְחָמָה עִם אָדָם בָּעוֹלָם עַד שֶׁקּוֹרְאִין לוֹ שָׁלוֹם. אֶחָד מִלְחֶמֶת הָרְשׁוּת וְאֶחָד מִלְחֶמֶת מִצְוָה. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ, י) "כִּי תִקְרַב אֶל עִיר לְהִלָּחֵם עָלֶיהָ וְקָרָאתָ אֵלֶיהָ לְשָׁלוֹם". אִם הִשְׁלִימוּ וְקִבְּלוּ שֶׁבַע מִצְוֹת שֶׁנִּצְטַוּוּ בְּנֵי נֹחַ עֲלֵיהֶן אֵין הוֹרְגִין מֵהֶן נְשָׁמָה וַהֲרֵי הֵן לְמַס. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ, יא) "יִהְיוּ לְךָ לָמַס וַעֲבָדוּךָ". קִבְּלוּ עֲלֵיהֶן הַמַּס וְלֹא קִבְּלוּ הָעַבְדוּת אוֹ שֶׁקִּבְּלוּ הָעַבְדוּת וְלֹא קִבְּלוּ הַמַּס. אֵין שׁוֹמְעִין לָהֶם עַד שֶׁיְּקַבְּלוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם. וְהָעַבְדוּת שֶׁיְּקַבְּלוּ הוּא שֶׁיִּהְיוּ נִבְזִים וּשְׁפָלִים לְמַטָּה וְלֹא יָרִימוּ רֹאשׁ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא יִהְיוּ כְּבוּשִׁים תַּחַת יָדָם. וְלֹא יִתְמַנּוּ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל לְשׁוּם דָּבָר שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם. וְהַמַּס שֶׁיְּקַבְּלוּ שֶׁיִּהְיוּ מוּכָנִים לַעֲבוֹדַת הַמֶּלֶךְ בְּגוּפָם וּמָמוֹנָם. כְּגוֹן בִּנְיַן הַחוֹמוֹת. וְחֹזֶק הַמְּצוּדוֹת. וּבִנְיַן אַרְמוֹן הַמֶּלֶךְ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א ט, טו) "וְזֶה דְבַר הַמַּס אֲשֶׁר הֶעֱלָה הַמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה לִבְנוֹת אֶת בֵּית ה' וְאֶת בֵּיתוֹ וְאֶת הַמִּלּוֹא וְאֵת חוֹמַת יְרוּשָׁלָםִ" (מלכים א ט, יט) "וְאֵת כָּל עָרֵי הַמִּסְכְּנוֹת אֲשֶׁר הָיוּ לִשְׁלֹמֹה" (מלכים א ט, כ) "כָּל הָעָם הַנּוֹתָר מִן הָאֱמֹרִי" (מלכים א ט, כא) "וַיַּעֲלֵם שְׁלֹמֹה לְמַס עֹבֵד עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה" (מלכים א ט, כב) "וּמִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא נָתַן שְׁלֹמֹה עָבֶד כִּי הֵם אַנְשֵׁי הַמִּלְחָמָה וַעֲבָדָיו וְשָׂרָיו וְשָׁלִישָׁיו וְשָׂרֵי רִכְבּוֹ וּפָרָשָׁיו": וְאִם לֹא הִשְׁלִימוּ אוֹ שֶׁהִשְׁלִימוּ וְלֹא קִבְּלוּ שֶׁבַע מִצְוֹת. עוֹשִׂין עִמָּהֶם מִלְחָמָה וְהוֹרְגִין כָּל הַזְּכָרִים הַגְּדוֹלִים. וּבוֹזְזִין כָּל מָמוֹנָם וְטַפָּם. וְאֵין הוֹרְגִין אִשָּׁה וְלֹא קָטָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ, יד) "וְהַנָּשִׁים וְהַטָּף" זֶה טַף שֶׁל זְכָרִים. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּמִלְחֶמֶת הָרְשׁוּת שֶׁהוּא עִם שְׁאָר הָאֻמּוֹת. אֲבָל שִׁבְעָה עֲמָמִין וַעֲמָלֵק שֶׁלֹּא הִשְׁלִימוּ אֵין מַנִּיחִין מֵהֶם נְשָׁמָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ, טו) "כֵּן תַּעֲשֶׂה לְכָל" וְגוֹ' (דברים כ, טז) "רַק מֵעָרֵי הָעַמִּים" (דברים כ, טז) "לֹא תְחַיֶּה כָּל נְשָׁמָה". וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר בַּעֲמָלֵק (דברים כה, יט) "תִּמְחֶה אֶת זֵכֶר עֲמָלֵק". וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְדַבֵּר אֶלָּא בְּאֵלּוּ שֶׁלֹּא הִשְׁלִימוּ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יהושע יא, יט) "לֹא הָיְתָה עִיר אֲשֶׁר הִשְׁלִימָה אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּלְתִּי הַחִוִּי ישְׁבֵי גִבְעוֹן אֶת הַכּל לָקְחוּ בַמִּלְחָמָה" (יהושע יא, כ) "כִּי מֵאֵת ה' הָיְתָה לְחַזֵּק אֶת לִבָּם לִקְרַאת הַמִּלְחָמָה אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמַעַן הַחֲרִימָם". מִכְלַל שֶׁשָּׁלְחוּ לָהֶם לְשָׁלוֹם וְלֹא קִבְּלוּ: שְׁלֹשָׁה כְּתָבִים שָׁלַח יְהוֹשֻׁעַ עַד שֶׁלֹּא נִכְנַס לָאָרֶץ. הָרִאשׁוֹן שָׁלַח לָהֶם מִי שֶׁרוֹצֶה לִבְרֹחַ יִבְרַח. וְחָזַר וְשָׁלַח מִי שֶׁרוֹצֶה לְהַשְׁלִים יַשְׁלִים. וְחָזַר וְשָׁלַח מִי שֶׁרוֹצֶה לַעֲשׂוֹת מִלְחָמָה יַעֲשֶׂה. אִם כֵּן מִפְּנֵי מָה הֶעֱרִימוּ יוֹשְׁבֵי גִּבְעוֹן. לְפִי שֶׁשָּׁלַח לָהֶם בַּכְּלָל וְלֹא קִבְּלוּ. וְלֹא יָדְעוּ מִשְׁפַּט יִשְׂרָאֵל וְדִמּוּ שֶׁשּׁוּב אֵין פּוֹתְחִין לָהֶם לְשָׁלוֹם. וְלָמָּה קָשָׁה הַדָּבָר לַנְּשִׂיאִים וְרָאוּ שֶׁרָאוּי לְהַכּוֹתָם לְפִי חֶרֶב לוּלֵי הַשְּׁבוּעָה. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכָּרְתוּ לָהֶם בְּרִית וַהֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים ז, ב) "לֹא תִכְרֹת לָהֶם בְּרִית" אֶלָּא הָיָה דִּינָם שֶׁיִּהְיוּ לְמַס עֲבָדִים. וְהוֹאִיל וּבְטָעוּת נִשְׁבְּעוּ לָהֶן בְּדִין הָיָה שֶׁיֵּהָרְגוּ עַל שֶׁהִטְעוּם לוּלֵי חִלּוּל הַשֵּׁם:

War, neither a milchemet hareshut or a milchemet mitzvah, should not be waged against anyone until they are offered the opportunity of peace as Deuteronomy 20:10 states: 'When you approach a city to wage war against it, you should propose a peaceful settlement.' If the enemy accepts the offer of peace and commits itself to the fulfillment of the seven mitzvot that were commanded to Noah's descendents, none of them should be killed. Rather, they should be subjugated as ibid.:11 states: 'They shall be your subjects and serve you.' If they agree to tribute, but do not accept subjugation or if they accept subjugation, but do not agree to tribute, their offer should not be heeded. They must accept both. The subjugation they must accept consists of being on a lower level, scorned and humble. They must never raise their heads against Israel, but must remain subjugated under their rule. They may never be appointed over a Jew in any matter whatsoever. The tribute they must accept consists of being prepared to support the king's service with their money and with their persons; for example, the building of walls, strengthening the fortresses, building the king's palace, and the like as I Kings 9:15-22) relates: "This is the tribute which Solomon raised to build the House of God, his own palace, the Milo, the wall of Jerusalem,... and all the store-cities which Solomon had... All the people that remained from the Amorites... upon them did Solomon lay a tribute of bondservice until this day." In contrast, Solomon did not make bondsmen out of the children of Israel. They were men of war, his personal servants, his princes, his captains, the officers of his chariots, and his horsemen. If they do not agree to a peaceful settlement, or if they agree to a peaceful settlement, but refuse to accept the seven mitzvot, war should be waged against them. All males past majority should be killed. Their money and their children should be taken as spoil, but neither women or children should be killed, as Deuteronomy 20:14 states: 'But the women and the children... take as spoil." 'The children' refer to males below the age of majority. The above applies to a milchemet hareshut fought with other nations. However, if either the seven nations or Amalek refuse to accept a peaceful settlement, not one soul of them may be left alive as ibid. 20:15-16 states: 'Do this to all the cities that ... are not the cities of these nations. However, from the cities of these nations,... do not leave a soul alive.' Similarly, in regard to Amalek, Deuteronomy 25:19 states: 'Obliterate the memory of Amalek.' How do we know that these commands are only referring to those who did not accept a peaceful settlement? Joshua 11:19-20 states: 'There was no city which accepted a peaceful settlement with the children of Israel except the Chivites who lived in Gibeon. All the rest, they conquered in battle. This was inspired by God, Who strengthened their hearts to engage in battle against Israel so that they would be destroyed.' From these statements, we can infer that a peaceful settlement was offered, but they did not accept it. Joshua sent three letters to the Canaanites before entering the promised land: At first, he sent them: 'Whoever desires to flee, should flee.' Afterwards, he sent a second message: 'Whoever desires to accept a peaceful settlement, should make peace.' Then, he sent again: 'Whoever desires war, should do battle.' If so, why did the inhabitants of Gibeon employ a ruse? Because originally, when he sent the message to them as part of all the Canaanite nations, they did not accept. They were not aware of the laws of Israel and thought that they would never be offered a peaceful settlement again. Why was the matter difficult for the princes of Israel to accept to the point that they desired to slay the Gibeonites by the sword were it not for the oath they had taken? Because they made a covenant with them and Deuteronomy 7:2 states 'Do not make a covenant with them.' Rather, the laws governing their status would have prescribed that they be subjugated as servants. Since the oath was given to them under false pretenses, it would have been just to slay them for misleading them, were it not for the dishonor to God's name which would have been caused.

Source 11 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars 5:1-4

משנה תורה, הלכות מלכים ומלחמות ה׳:א׳-ד׳

Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars 5:1-4

These halakhot define when a king may wage war and how war is to be conducted under Torah law. They provide the legal frame in which the conquest of Canaan is understood as a commanded, bounded mitzvah-war rather than a general license for violence.

אֵין הַמֶּלֶךְ נִלְחָם תְּחִלָּה אֶלָּא מִלְחֶמֶת מִצְוָה. וְאֵי זוֹ הִיא מִלְחֶמֶת מִצְוָה זוֹ מִלְחֶמֶת שִׁבְעָה עֲמָמִים. וּמִלְחֶמֶת עֲמָלֵק. וְעֶזְרַת יִשְׂרָאֵל מִיַּד צָר שֶׁבָּא עֲלֵיהֶם. וְאַחַר כָּךְ נִלְחָם בְּמִלְחֶמֶת הָרְשׁוּת וְהִיא הַמִּלְחָמָה שֶׁנִּלְחָם עִם שְׁאָר הָעַמִּים כְּדֵי לְהַרְחִיב גְּבוּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וּלְהַרְבּוֹת בִּגְדֻלָּתוֹ וְשִׁמְעוֹ: מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לְהַחֲרִים שִׁבְעָה עֲמָמִין שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ יז) "הַחֲרֵם תַּחֲרִימֵם". וְכָל שֶׁבָּא לְיָדוֹ אֶחָד מֵהֶן וְלֹא הֲרָגוֹ עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ טז) "לֹא תְחַיֶּה כָּל נְשָׁמָה". וּכְבָר אָבַד זִכְרָם:

A king should not wage other wars before a milchemet mitzvah. What is considered as milchemet mitzvah? The war against the seven nations who occupied Eretz Yisrael, the war against Amalek, and a war fought to assist Israel from an enemy which attacks them. Afterwards, he may wage a milchemet hareshut, i.e. a war fought with other nations in order to expand the borders of Israel or magnify its greatness and reputation. It is a positive commandment to annihilate the seven nations who dwelled in Eretz Yisrael as Deuteronomy 20:17 states: 'You shall utterly destroy them.' Anyone who chances upon one of them and does not kill him violates a negative commandment as ibid.:16 states: 'Do not allow a soul to live.' The memory of them has already been obliterated.

Source 12 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars 5:4-5

משנה תורה, הלכות מלכים ומלחמות ה׳:ד׳-ה׳

Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars 5:4-5

The Rambam distinguishes the war against the seven nations and Amalek from ordinary wars. In these exceptional wars, the goal is the removal of the evil threat itself, which is why the usual peace procedure is not the same as in other wars.

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לְהַחֲרִים שִׁבְעָה עֲמָמִין שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ יז) "הַחֲרֵם תַּחֲרִימֵם". וְכָל שֶׁבָּא לְיָדוֹ אֶחָד מֵהֶן וְלֹא הֲרָגוֹ עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ טז) "לֹא תְחַיֶּה כָּל נְשָׁמָה". וּכְבָר אָבַד זִכְרָם:

It is a positive commandment to annihilate the seven nations who dwelled in Eretz Yisrael as Deuteronomy 20:17 states: 'You shall utterly destroy them.' Anyone who chances upon one of them and does not kill him violates a negative commandment as ibid.:16 states: 'Do not allow a soul to live.' The memory of them has already been obliterated.

Source 13 · Rishonim
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Rashi on Deuteronomy 20:10

רש"י על דברים כ׳:י׳

Rashi on Deuteronomy 20:10

Rashi explains that before besieging a city, Israel must call for peace. In the case of accepted peace, the inhabitants become tributary servants; this is a foundational source for the limited peace framework in war.

כי תקרב אל עיר. בְּמִלְחֶמֶת הָרְשׁוּת הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, כְּמוֹ שֶׁמְּפֹרָשׁ בָּעִנְיָן "כֵּן תַּעֲשֶׂה לְכָל הֶעָרִים הָרְחֹקֹת וְגוֹ'" (ספרי):

כי תקרב אל עיר WHEN THOU APPROACHEST UNTO A CITY [TO FIGHT AGAINST IT] — Scripture is speaking of a war which is not obligatory upon them (as was the war against the seven nations of Canaan, referred to in v. 16), as it is distinctly stated in this section (v. 15) “Thus thou shalt do unto all the cities which are very far [from thee]” etc. (Sifrei Devarim 199:1).

Source 14 · Rishonim
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Ramban on Deuteronomy

רמב"ן על דברים ז׳:ו׳

Ramban on Deuteronomy 7:6

Ramban comments on the obligation to uproot idolatry and the unique character of the seven nations. The emphasis is not ethnic hatred but the removal of a spiritually destructive way of life from the land.

בְּךָ בָּחַר ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ לִהְיוֹת לוֹ לְעַם סְגֻלָּה, שֶׁאֵין לְךָ קָצִין שׁוֹטֵר וּמוֹשֵׁל בְּכָל מַלְאֲכֵי מַעְלָה, אֲבָל אַתָּה סְגֻלַּת ה' תַּחַת יָדוֹ, וּלְכָךְ לֹא תִּטְעֶה לַעֲבֹד ע"ז מֵאֱלֹהֵי הָעַמִּים, וּכְבָר הִזְכַּרְתִּי זֶה פְּעָמִים רַבּוֹת. וְזֶה טַעַם לֹא מֵרֻבְּכֶם מִכָּל הָעַמִּים, כִּי הָיָה רָאוּי שֶׁיִּהְיוּ הָרַבִּים לַמֶּלֶךְ, כְּעִנְיָן שֶׁכָּתוּב (משלי יד כח) בְּרָב עָם הַדְרַת מֶלֶךְ, וְיַפְקִיד שָׂרֵי צְבָאוֹת בְּרֹאשׁ הַנִּשְׁאָרִים, וְאַתֶּם הַמְעַט, ואע"פ כֵן חָשַׁק בָּכֶם וַיִּבְחַר בָּכֶם:

Source 15 · Rishonim
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Sefer HaChinukh 426

ספר החינוך תכ״ו — ד"ה שֶׁלֹּא לָחֹן וּלְרַחֵם עַל עוֹבְדֵי עֲבוֹדָה

Sefer HaChinukh 426:1

This mitzvah concerns not sparing the seven nations or allowing them to remain in ways that would endanger Israel spiritually. It belongs to the broader program of eradicating idolatry from the land.

שֶׁלֹּא לָחֹן וּלְרַחֵם עַל עוֹבְדֵי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה – שֶׁלֹּא נַחְמֹל עַל עוֹבְדֵי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, וְלֹא יִישַׁר בְּעֵינֵינוּ דָּבָר מֵהֶם, כְּלוֹמַר, שֶׁנַּרְחִיק מִמַּחְשַׁבְתֵּנוּ וְלֹא יַעֲלֶה עַל פִּינוּ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בְּמִי שֶׁהוּא עוֹבֵד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה דְּבַר תּוֹעֶלֶת, וְלֹא יִהְיֶה מַעֲלֶה חֵן בְּעֵינֵינוּ בְּשׁוּם עִנְיָן, עַד שֶׁאָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ע"ז ז א) שֶׁאָסוּר לוֹמַר כַּמָּה נָאֶה גּוֹי זֶה אוֹ מַה נֶחְמָד וְנָעִים הוּא, וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר (דברים ז ב) וְלֹא תְחָנֵּם, וּבָא הַפֵּרוּשׁ עַל זֶה לֹא תִּתֵּן לָהֶם חֵן, כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ. וְיֵשׁ מֵרַבּוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁלָּמְדוּ מִלֹּא תְחָנֵּם, לֹא תִּתֵּן לָהֶם מַתְּנוֹת חִנָּם, וְהַכֹּל שֹׁרֶשׁ אֶחָד. וּבִירוּשַׁלְמִי דַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה (פ"א ה"ט) אָמְרוּ לֹא תְחָנֵּם, לֹא תִּתֵּן לָהֶם חֵן, בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה. מִשָּׁרְשֵׁי הַמִּצְוָה. לְפִי שֶׁתְּחִלַּת כָּל מַעֲשֵׂה בְּנֵי אָדָם הִיא קְבִיעוּת הַמַּחְשָׁבָה בַּמַּעֲשִׂים וְהַעֲלוֹת הַדְּבָרִים עַל שְׂפַת לָשׁוֹן, וְאַחַר הַמַּחְשָׁבָה וְהַדִּבּוּר בָּם תֵּעָשֶׂה כָּל מְלָאכָה, וְעַל כֵּן בְּהִמָּנְעֵנוּ בְּמַחֲשָׁבָה וּבְדִבּוּר מִמְּצֹא בְּעוֹבְדֵי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה תּוֹעֶלֶת וְחֵן, הִנְנוּ נִמְנָעִים בְּכָךְ מִלְּהִתְחַבֵּר עִמָּהֶם וּמִלִּרְדֹּף אַחַר אַהֲבָתָם וּמִלִּלְמֹד דָּבָר מִכָּל מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם הָרָעִים.

To not favor or have mercy on an idolater: That we should not have pity on idolaters and that nothing of theirs should be straight in our eyes. [That is] to say that we should distance from our thoughts and not bring up to our mouths that there may be anything of benefit from one who worships idolatry, and that he not arouse grace in our eyes in any matter; to the point that our Rabbis, may their memory be blessed, said (Avodah Zarah 7a) that it is forbidden to say, “How beautiful is that gentile,” or “How fine and pleasant is he.” And about this is it stated (Deuteronomy 7:2), “and you shall not grace them.” And the explanation of this comes about this, [that it is to say,] do not give them grace, like the matter that we have said. And there are some of our Rabbis that learned from, “you shall not grace them,” you shall not give them free presents — and it is all one root. And in Talmud Yerushalmi Avodah Zarah 1:9, they said, “‘You shall not grace them’ — you shall not give them grace [is] a negative commandment.” It is from the roots of the commandment [that it is] since the beginning of any action of people is the fixing of the thought about the actions and the bringing up of the words upon the language of the tongue [about them]; and [only] after the thought and the speech about them, will he do any action. And therefore by being prevented to find benefit and grace in idolaters in our thought and speech; behold, we are prevented through this from bonding with them and from pursuing their love and from learning anything from their evil deeds.

Source 16 · Rishonim
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Sefer HaChinukh 425

ספר החינוך תכ״ה — ד"ה מִשָּׁרְשֵׁי הַמִּצְוָה

Sefer HaChinukh 425:2

The Chinukh explains the mitzvah to destroy the seven nations and ties it to removing idolatrous influence from the land. He typically frames the command as aimed at protecting Israel from religious corruption and preserving the covenantal identity of the nation.

מִשָּׁרְשֵׁי הַמִּצְוָה. לְפִי שֶׁאֵלּוּ הַשִּׁבְעָה עֲמָמִים הֵם שֶׁהֵחֵלּוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת כָּל מִינֵי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְכָל תּוֹעֲבַת הַשֵּׁם אֲשֶׁר שָׂנֵא, וְעַל כֵּן בִּהְיוֹתָם עִקַּר עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וִיסוֹדָהּ הָרִאשׁוֹן נִצְטַוִּינוּ עֲלֵיהֶם לִמְחוֹתָם וּלְאַבְּדָם מִתַּחַת הַשָּׁמַיִם, לֹא יִזָּכְרוּ וְלֹא יִפָּקְדוּ בְּאֶרֶץ הַחַיִּים, וּבְמִצְוָתֵנוּ זֹאת עֲלֵיהֶם לְהַחְרִימָם יִמָּצֵא לָנוּ תּוֹעֶלֶת, שֶׁנְּאַבֵּד זִכְרָם מִן הָעוֹלָם, וְלֹא נִלְמַד מִמַּעֲשֵׂיהֶם, וְגַם יֵשׁ לָנוּ לִקַּח מוּסָר בָּזֶה, שֶׁלֹּא נִפְנֶה אַחַר עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, כִּי בְּרָדְפֵנוּ אַחַר כָּל אִישׁ מֵהַמִּשְׁפָּחָה הָרָעָה הַזֹּאת לְהָרְגוֹ עַל הִתְעַסְּקָם בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, לֹא יַעֲלֶה עַל לֶב אִישׁ לַעֲשׂוֹת כְּמַעֲשֵׂיהֶם בְּשׁוּם פָּנִים. וְאֵין לִשְׁאֹל כְּלָל לָמָּה נִבְרְאוּ הָאֻמּוֹת הָרָעוֹת אֵלּוּ אַחַר שֶׁסּוֹפָן לֵאָבֵד לְגַמְרֵי מִן הָעוֹלָם (עי' בפירוש המשנה להרמב"ם בהקדמתו לסדר זרעים), כִּי כְּבָר יָדַעְנוּ שֶׁרְשׁוּת נְתוּנָה בְּיָדוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם לִהְיוֹת טוֹב אוֹ רַע, וְשֶׁלֹּא יַכְרִיחַ הַשֵּׁם אֶת הָאָדָם עַל אֶחָד מֵהֶם, וְאַחַר שֶׁכֵּן נֹאמַר, כִּי שִׁבְעָה עֲמָמִים אֵלּוּ, קִלְקְלוּ מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם וְהִרְשִׁיעוּ, עַד שֶׁנִּתְחַיְּבוּ כֻּלָּן אֲבַדּוֹן וָמָוֶת, וּבִתְחִלַּת הַבְּרִיאָה, הָיוּ רְאוּיִים גַּם לְטוֹבָה. וְאֶל הַטַּעַם הַזֶּה נִסְמֹךְ מִצְוַת כִּלְיוֹן עֲמָלֵק שֶׁבְּסֵדֶר כִּי תֵצֵא, בְּסוֹף מִצְוֹת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁבַּסֵּדֶר (מצוה תרד). וְאִם נַחְפֹּץ נֹאמַר עוֹד כִּי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁהָיָה לָהֶם בִּזְמַן מִן הַזְּמַנִּים שְׁעַת הַכֹּשֶׁר, וּמִפְּנֵי אוֹתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה זָכוּ לְהִבָּרְאוֹת, אוֹ אוּלַי נֹאמַר שֶׁיָּצָא מִבֵּין כֻּלָּם אָדָם אֶחָד הָגוּן וּבִשְׁבִילוֹ זָכוּ לְהִבָּרְאוֹת, וּכְעִנְיָן שֶׁמָּצִינוּ חָכָם אֶחָד שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ע"ז י, ב) שֶׁהָיָה מִבְּנֵי בָנָיו שֶׁל עֲמָלֵק וְהוּא אַנְטוֹנִינוּס, וְאֵין מִן הַנִּמְנָע אֵצֶל הַבּוֹרֵא לִבְרֹאת כַּמָּה בְּנֵי אָדָם בִּשְׁבִיל אֶחָד, כִּי הוּא בָּרוּךְ הוּא לֹא יִרְאֶה עָמָל בְּכָל אֲשֶׁר יַחְפֹּץ עֲשֹׂהוּ, בְּהַנָּחַת חֶפְצוֹ יַעֲשֶׂה כָּל אֲשֶׁר חָפֵץ, וְהוּא בָּרוּךְ הוּא הַמֵּבִין אֶל כָּל מַעֲשֵׂינוּ, יוֹדֵעַ מָה צֹרֶךְ לַאֲחֵרִים אֶל הָאֶחָד הַמְיֻחָד כִּי יִבָּרְאוּ כֻּלָּם בִּשְׁבִילוֹ.

It is from the roots of the commandment [that it is] since these seven nations are the ones that began to do all types of idolatry and every abomination of God that He hated. And hence, in their being the main [source] of idolatry and its first foundation, we were commanded about them, to erase them and to destroy them from under the heavens, [that] they not be remembered and not be counted “in the land of the living.” And a benefit for us is [also] found in this commandment of ours about them to destroy them, in that we will eradicate their memory from the world and [so] we will not learn from their deeds. And we also can take a teaching from this that we not turn to idolatry; for [as a result of] our chasing after each man of this evil family to kill him for their involvement in idolatry, it will not come into the heart of a person to do like his acts, in any manner. And it should not at all be asked — since their end was to be completely destroyed from the world, why these evil nations were created (see Rambam’s Introduction to the Commentary on the Mishnah); as we already know that “permission is given” to the hand of man to be good or evil, and that God does not force a person to one of them. And since this is so, we can say that these seven nations corrupted their [own] actions and acted evilly to the point that they were all liable for destruction and death. But at the beginning of their creation, they were [also] fit for the good. And we will rely on this reason [for] the commandment of the destruction of Amalek in the Order of Ki Tetseh, at the end of the positive commandments in the Order (Sefer HaChinukh 604). And if we want, we can also say that it is possible that they had at one particular time, a time of being proper; and because of that time, they merited to be created. Or maybe we can say that from all of them, one proper man came out; and they merited to be created for his sake; and like the matter that we found one sage about which they, may their memory be blessed, said (Avodah Zarah 10b) that he was from the [descendants] of Amalek — and that was Antoninos. And it is not impossible with the Creator to create many people for the sake of one, as He, blessed be He, does not see toil [in this], “He does everything that He desires.” And He, blessed be He — Who is the One that understands all of our deeds — knows the need of the others for the specific one, that He should create them all for his sake.