Tanakhתנ״ך

Or HaChaim's Innovative Readings on Genesis

A collection of distinctive interpretations and chiddushim offered by the Or HaChaim on key passages in Genesis. These readings address topics ranging from the spiritual transmission of Abraham's legacy to Jacob's prophetic vision, divine accompaniment in exile, the nature of divine testing, and foundational theological questions about creation and human nature.

וְנִרְאֶה כִּי כַּוָּנַת הַכָּתוּב הוּא שֶׁבָּא לְהוֹדִיעַ

11 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

A recurring principle across the Or HaChaim's commentary on Bereishit is that the Torah's seemingly redundant or unusual phrasing always carries precise meaning: the Or HaChaim (Bereishit 12:1) explains that the triple formulation of "your land, your birthplace, your father's house" is deliberately ordered in ascending degrees of emotional pain, so that Avraham would receive a distinct reward for each level of sacrifice.

Similarly, the Or HaChaim (Bereishit 18:1) reads the inverted word order of וַיֵּרָא אֵלָיו ה׳ — where "to him" precedes the divine name — as signaling that Avraham had now permanently become a carrier of the Shechinah, which is why the word וַיֵּרָא never introduces a subsequent prophecy to Avraham again.

On the question of human merit, the Or HaChaim (Bereishit 15:6) draws on the Talmudic rule that a vow to charity is legally binding from the moment of utterance, and applies it to Avraham's faith: the mere act of believing G-d's promise constituted a meritorious deed that was immediately credited to him, even before any child had been born.

The Or HaChaim (Bereishit 22:1) emphasizes that the greatness of the Akeidah as a trial derived directly from all the prior events — the decades of waiting, the repeated divine promises concerning Yitzchak — so that the accumulated context made the command to offer him all the more extraordinary for both Avraham and Yitzchak.

Start with the Or HaChaim (Bereishit 12:1) for its clearest illustration of the Or HaChaim's method: close attention to word order and apparent redundancy unlocks a deeper theological teaching, a pattern that runs through all these passages.

Source 1 · Acharonim
Verified

Or HaChaim – Toldot: 'These Are the Generations of Isaac'

Or HaChaim on Genesis 25:19

The Or HaChaim raises the question of why the Torah says 'Abraham begat Isaac' immediately after — offering a chiddush that this counters the mockers of the generation and also teaches that Abraham's spiritual legacy was embodied in Isaac.

וְאֵלֶּה תּוֹלְדוֹת וְגוֹ׳. צָרִיךְ לָדַעַת: א׳ בִּמְקוֹם שֶׁיַּזְכִּיר תּוֹלְדוֹת יִצְחָק, הִזְכִּיר לֵידַת יִצְחָק, ב׳ לֹא הָיָה צָרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעַ כִּי אַבְרָהָם הוֹלִיד אֶת יִצְחָק. אָכֵן כַּוָּנַת הַכָּתוּב הִיא עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ: וְאֵלֶּה תּוֹלְדוֹת יִצְחָק פֵּרוּשׁ הָאֲמוּרִים בְּסוֹף הַפָּרָשָׁה, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁזָּכַר בָּנָיו שֶׁל יִצְחָק, וּכְבָר קָדַם לָנוּ כִּי יִצְחָק כְּשֶׁנּוֹלַד לֹא הָיָה בְּמַדְרֵגָה שֶׁיּוֹלִיד כִּי בָּא מִסִּטְרָא דְּנוּקְבָּא, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ (בראשית כ״ב:ב׳), אִם כֵּן מִנַּיִן לוֹ תּוֹלָדוֹת? לָזֶה גָּמַר אוֹמֶר: אַבְרָהָם הוֹלִיד אֶת יִצְחָק, פֵּרוּשׁ הִפְעִיל כֹּחַ הַלֵּידָה בְּיִצְחָק, שֶׁהִמְשִׁיךְ אֵלָיו נֶפֶשׁ שֶׁהִיא בְּמַדְרֵגַת הַמּוֹלִיד, וְזֶה הָיָה בְּאֶמְצָעוּת הָעֲקֵדָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ.

ואלה תולדת, And these are the developments, etc. Why did the Torah mention the birth of Isaac instead of the birth of his children at this point? Why did the Torah need to tell us here that Abraham fathered Isaac? The intent of the Torah may be understood thus. "And these are Isaac's developments," refers to events that are mentioned later on in this פרשה. Seeing the Torah will speak about the sons of Isaac, and Isaac himself was not originally capable of siring children since his own existence had been rooted in the "left" side of the emanations [until the fact that he submitted to the binding on the altar resulted in his "graduating" to the status of someone born under the aegis of the "right" side of the emanations (kabbalistic concept) compare 22,2 Ed.], the reader might have asked how Isaac could sire children at all? The Torah therefore hints in this way that the fact that Abraham had fathered Isaac enabled him to bestow upon Isaac the ability to beget children.

Source 2 · Acharonim
Verified

Or HaChaim – Joseph and Divine Presence in Exile

Or HaChaim on Genesis 39:2

The Or HaChaim emphasizes that even in Egypt the Shekhinah accompanied Joseph, deriving from this a general principle that the Shekhinah accompanies Israel in all their exiles, and connecting Joseph's story to the broader redemptive narrative.

הִנֵּה יְסַדֵּר הַכָּתוּב הַדְּרָגוֹת הַמַּעֲלוֹת אֲשֶׁר הֶעֱלָה ה׳ אוֹתוֹ, כִּי מִקּוֹדֶם כְּשֶׁקְּנָאוֹ נְתָנוֹ לַעֲבוֹד עֲבוֹדַת עֲבָדִים הָעוֹבְדִים עֲבוֹדַת חוּץ, כִּי הַגְּדוֹלִים לֹא יַעֲמִידוּ לְשָׁרֵת בְּבָתֵּיהֶם אֶלָּא אֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה אִישׁ רָאוּי וּמַצְלִיחַ, וְלָזֶה צִוָּה ה׳ אִתּוֹ אֶת הַהַצְלָחָה וּבָזֶה הָיָה בְּבֵית אֲדוֹנָיו הַמִּצְרִי מִשּׁוֹמְרֵי הַבַּיִת וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ וַיְהִי בְּבֵית אֲדוֹנָיו וְלֹא בִּשְׁאָר עֲבוֹדוֹת, וְעוֹד לוֹ מַדְרֵגָה אַחֶרֶת כְּשֶׁרָאָה אֲדוֹנָיו וְגוֹ׳ וַיְשָׁרֶת אוֹתוֹ פֵּרוּשׁ יִחֲדוֹ לְשָׁרֵת אוֹתוֹ בְּיִחוּד, שֶׁבָּזֶה יִהְיֶה חָשׁוּב וְלֹא יִחְיֶה חַיֵּי צַעַר כְּחַיֵּי הָעֲבָדִים הַשְּׁפָלִים.

Source 3 · Acharonim
Verified

Or HaChaim – Vayera: Visiting the Sick and Divine Revelation

Or HaChaim on Genesis 18:1

The Or HaChaim notes the remarkable juxtaposition of God's appearance to Abraham and the visit of the angels, deriving profound lessons about hospitality overriding even direct divine encounter, and about the nature of prophetic vision.

וְנִרְאֶה כִּי כַּוָּנַת הַכָּתוּב הוּא שֶׁבָּא לְהוֹדִיעַ שֶׁהִשְׁרָה ה׳ שְׁכִינָתוֹ עָלָיו וְנַעֲשָׂה מֶרְכָּבָה לַשְּׁכִינָה, וְתִמְצָא שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (בראשית רבה מז:ו) שֶׁהָאָבוֹת מֶרְכָּבָה לַשְּׁכִינָה. וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ וַיֵּרָא אֵלָיו ה׳ שֶׁגִּלָּה ה׳ שְׁכִינָתוֹ אֵלָיו, וְלָזֶה הִקְדִּים תֵּבַת ״אֵלָיו״ לְהַזְכָּרַת ה׳ לוֹמַר שֶׁנִּתְגַּלֵּית עָלָיו הַשְּׁכִינָה, מַה שֶׁלֹּא נִשְׁמָע בְּאָמְרוֹ ״וַיֵּרָא ה׳ אֵלָיו״ כִּי ה׳ יַפְסִיק בֵּין הַגִּלּוּי לַמִּתְגַּלֶּה בּוֹ, וְהָבֵן. וְלָזֶה תִּמְצָא שֶׁלֹּא נֶאֱמַר עוֹד ״וַיֵּרָא״ בְּכָל הַנְּבוּאוֹת הַנֶּאֱמָרוֹת לְאַבְרָהָם אַחֲרֵי זֹאת אֶלָּא ״וַיֹּאמֶר ה׳״, כִּי מָצוּי הוּא לְפָנָיו עֲטָרָה לְרֹאשׁוֹ. עוֹד יִרְצֶה כִּי בְּאֶמְצָעוּת הַמִּילָה נִרְאָה ה׳ אֵלָיו בִּשְׁלֵמוּת כְּלָלוּת אוֹר עֶלְיוֹן, כִּי יֵשׁ בִּבְחִינַת רְאִיָּה ב״ה הַדְרָגוֹת זוֹ לְמַעְלָה מִזּוֹ, וּמַה שֶׁהִשִּׂיג אַחַר הַמִּילָה הִיא נְבוּאָה שְׁלֵמָה. וְזֶה הוֹדִיעָנוּ הַכָּתוּב בְּאָמְרוֹ וַיֵּרָא אֵלָיו ה׳, וְלֹא אָמַר ״וַיֵּרָא ה׳ אֵלָיו״, שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּן לוֹמַר כִּי מַה שֶׁהִגִּיעַ מֵהָרְאִיָּה אֵלָיו הִיא כָּל בְּחִינַת הֲוָיָ״ה שֵׁם הַנִּכְבָּד, וְלָזֶה הִקְדִּים ״אֵלָיו״ וְאַחַר כָּךְ הִזְכִּיר הַמֻּשָּׂג, מַה שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה נִשְׁמָע אִם הָיָה מַקְדִּים לְהַזְכִּיר הַשֵּׁם קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּזְכִּיר תֵּבַת ״אֵלָיו״, וְדוֹק:

I believe that the message to Abraham was that henceforth G'd's presence would rest on him on a permanent basis [that he enjoyed a measure of the Holy Spirit. Ed.] In kabbalistic terms, Abraham had now become a "carrier of the שכינה." Bereshit Rabbah 47,6 describes all the patriarchs in those terms. The present form of address indicates that G'd's presence became felt by Abraham. Had the Torah used the usual wording we could not have become aware that G'd distinguishes between revelation itself, and the One who reveals Himself. It is because of this that Abraham's future visions are never again introduced by the word וירא. We find only: "G'd spoke to Abraham." This is a reminder he already wore the "crown" indicating that G'd's presence was upon him. The message is also that now that Abraham was circumcised he was able to absorb a vision of G'd in His superior light. Not all visions are of the same calibre. Once Abraham was circumcised he became privy to a prophetic vision in the full sense of that word. He was able to absorb the full name of G'd, i.e. the tetragram. We would not have understood this if the Torah had written: וירא ה׳ אל אברהם.

Source 4 · Acharonim
Verified

Or HaChaim – The Akeidah: Ten Trials and the Test of Tests

Or HaChaim on Genesis 22:1

The Or HaChaim explores why the Akeidah is called a 'test' (nisayon) when God knows all outcomes, arguing that tests are for the benefit of the person tested to actualize their potential, and provides a multi-layered analysis of Abraham's spiritual state during the ordeal.

וַיְהִי אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים וְגוֹ׳. פֵּרוּשׁ הַדְּבָרִים הָאֲמוּרִים לְמַעְלָה מֵהָעִנְיָן, שֶׁכַּמָּה הַרְפַּתְקֵי שֶׁעָבְרוּ עָלָיו עַד שֶׁנִּפְקַד בְּבֵן לְעֵת זִקְנָתוֹ, וְגַם הִבְטִיחוֹ ה׳ ״כִּי בְיִצְחָק יִקָּרֵא לְךָ זָרַע״, וְאַחַר שֶׁהָיָה יִצְחָק גָּדוֹל כְּאָמְרוֹ ״וַיָּגָר אַבְרָהָם בְּאֶרֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּים יָמִים רַבִּים״, וּבְשָׁנָה רִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁיָּרַד לִפְלִשְׁתִּים נוֹלַד יִצְחָק, הָא לָמַדְתָּ כִּי גָּדוֹל הָיָה. וּבְאֶמְצָעוּת הַקּוֹדֵם יִהְיֶה גֹּדֶל הַנִּסָּיוֹן מֻפְלָא, בֵּין בִּבְחִינַת אַבְרָהָם שֶׁאַחַר כַּמָּה הַרְפַּתְקֵי קָדְמוּ לוֹ עַד שֶׁנִּפְקַד, וְאַחַר כַּמָּה הַבְטָחוֹת מֵה׳ כִּי בְּיִצְחָק יִקָּרֵא זַרְעוֹ, הוּא אוֹמֵר לוֹ שֶׁיַּקְרִיבֵהוּ וְלֹא הִרְהֵר בְּלִבּוֹ, בֵּין בִּבְחִינַת יִצְחָק שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁהָיָה גָּדוֹל כַּנִּשְׁמָע מִפָּסוּק הַסָּמוּךְ ״וַיָּגָר״ וְגוֹ׳ הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁגָּדוֹל הָיָה וְלֹא עִכֵּב. גַּם נִתְכַּוֵּן לוֹמַר אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁבָּזֶה יֻצְדַּק לוֹמַר לוֹ ״אֶת בִּנְךָ אֶת יְחִידְךָ״ וְלֹא קֹדֶם הַדְּבָרִים הַנֶּאֱמָרִים בְּסָמוּךְ, שֶׁהֲרֵי הָיָה לוֹ יִשְׁמָעֵאל וְאֵינוֹ יְחִידוֹ. וְהָאֱלֹהִים נִסָּה וְגוֹ׳. אָמַר ״וְהָאֱלֹהִים״ בְּתוֹסֶפֶת וָא״ו וְתוֹסֶפֶת הֵ״א, לוֹמַר מִלְּבַד נִסְיוֹנוֹת שֶׁקָּדְמוּהוּ, הוֹסִיף לְנַסּוֹתוֹ בִּגְבוּרַת הַדִּין נִסָּיוֹן עָצוּם.

ויהי אחר הדברים האלה. It was after these events. The events referred to are Abraham's various adventures, the tortuous route to becoming Isaac's father at an advanced age. In the meantime Isaac had grown up since we find Abraham described as "living in the land of the Philistines for many years," and Isaac was born during the first year of Abraham's stay there. The test assumed much greater impact in view of the repeated promises G'd had made to Abraham concerning Isaac and his future. To be told at this stage to offer Isaac as a sacrifice and not to hesitate or challenge G'd's command or even ask for an explanation, was a tremendous act of obedience. Isaac too deserves great credit for submitting. Another reason that the Torah wrote "after these events" is, that only now could G'd refer to Isaac as Abraham's only son. As long as Ishmael had not yet been expelled by Abraham the description "your only son" would not have been appropriate. והאלוקים נסה את אברהם. G'd tested Abraham. The Torah adds the conjunctive letter ו before the word אלוקים to remind us that this was not Abraham's only test, only the most recent and most difficult one.

Source 5 · Acharonim
Verified

Or HaChaim – Jacob's Ladder: Levels of Prophecy

Or HaChaim on Genesis 28:12

On Jacob's dream of the ladder, the Or HaChaim offers a distinctive interpretation of the angels ascending and descending as representing different levels of the soul and different modes of divine communication, connecting the vision to Jacob's unique prophetic capacity.

טַעַם אָמְרוֹ וְהִנֵּה: לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁאֵין הַחֲלוֹם מֻחְלָט בִּבְחִינַת הַצֶּדֶק כִּי חֲלוֹמוֹת שָׁוְא הֵם, גַּם שֶׁעַל כָּל פָּנִים יִהְיֶה בָּהֶם תֶּבֶן כִּי הֵם בְּמַרְאֵה הַשִּׁעֲמוּם, לָזֶה אָמַר ״וְהִנֵּה״ – פֵּרוּשׁ כִּי הַדְּבָרִים בְּלֹא שִׁעֲמוּם וְדִמְיוֹנוֹת אֶלָּא כָּל דָּבָר נִגְלֶה אֶצְלוֹ וּמְבֹאָר כְּיוֹם יָאִיר וְאֵין זֶה דּוֹמֶה לִשְׁאָר הַחֲלוֹמוֹת שֶׁרוֹאֶה דָּבָר וְאֵינוֹ מַחְלִיט בִּרְאִיָּתוֹ מַה שֶׁהוּא רוֹאֶה. וְלָזֶה תִּמְצָא שֶׁדִּקְדֵּק לוֹמַר בְּכָל פְּרָט וּפְרָט מֵהַנִּגְלֶה אֵלָיו בַּחֲלוֹם ״וְהִנֵּה״, גַּבֵּי רְאִיַּת הַסֻּלָּם אָמַר וְהִנֵּה סֻלָּם, גַּבֵּי רְאִיַּת הַמַּלְאָכִים אָמַר וְהִנֵּה מַלְאֲכֵי וְגוֹ׳, גַּבֵּי גִּלּוּי שְׁכִינָה אָמַר וְהִנֵּה ה׳, הַכַּוָּנָה בָּזֶה כִּי הָיְתָה נְבוּאָה מַמָּשׁ.

Inasmuch as many dreams contain matter without significance, the Torah added the word והנה to indicate that in this dream every detail appeared to Jacob as especially vivid and significant. He had total recall of everything he dreamed and referred to each detail later on. This is why the word והנה is repeated before every segment of the dream. The Torah thereby characterises the dream as a prophetic revelation.

Source 6 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim – The Sin of the Tree of Knowledge

Or HaChaim on Genesis 3:6

The Or HaChaim offers a striking chiddush that Eve's sin was not mere disobedience but a cosmic catastrophe that altered the spiritual structure of creation; he details how Adam and Eve had different motivations and how this affected the nature of the punishment.

אָכֵן הַכָּתוּב יַגִּיד אֹפֶן מְצוּדָתָהּ שֶׁל הָאִשָּׁה וְאֵיךְ נִתְרַצֵּית לִשְׁמֹעַ לַמֵּסִית. וְהִנֵּה תִּמְצָא בְּסֵדֶר דְּבָרֶיהָ הָרִאשׁוֹנִים אֶל הַנָּחָשׁ דִּקְדְּקָה לוֹמַר ״וּמִפְּרִי הָעֵץ אֲשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן״, הֲרֵי זֶה מַגֶּדֶת דַּעְתָּהּ וִידִיעָתָהּ כִּי לֹא נֶאֱסַר לָהּ אֶלָּא הַפְּרִי עַצְמוֹ, אֲבָל הָעֵץ שֶׁל הָאִילָן וַעֲנָפָיו וְעָלָיו לֹא נֶאֱסְרוּ. וּסְבָרָא זוֹ נוּכַל לוֹמַר בָּהּ שֶׁנּוֹלְדָה לָהּ מֵאֶחָד מִשְּׁנֵי דְּרָכִים: אוֹ שֶׁהָאָדָם בְּצַוּוֹתוֹ צִוָּה לָהּ בְּנֹסַח זֶה, אוֹ שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁאָמַר סְתָם ״עֵץ הַדַּעַת״ וְגוֹ׳, חָשְׁבָה בְּדַעְתָּהּ כִּי לֹא יְצַו הָאֵל אֶלָּא עַל הַפְּרִי, כִּי הָעֵץ אֵין בּוֹ מַמָּשׁ וְלֹא תָּבֹא עָלָיו הַמִּצְוָה. וּכְבָר הִקְדַּמְנוּ מַאַמְרֵי קַדְמוֹנֵינוּ (בראשית רבה ט״ו) כִּי כָל עֲצֵי הַגָּן לֹא הָיָה טַעַם בָּעֵץ זוּלַת עֵץ הַדַּעַת שֶׁהָיָה טַעַם עֵצוֹ וְטַעַם פִּרְיוֹ שָׁוֶה. וְכָאן מוֹדִיעֵנוּ הַכָּתוּב כִּי בִּדְבַר הַמֵּסִית לְחַוָּה בָּחֲנָה חַוָּה וְשָׁלְחָה יָדָהּ וְאָכְלָה מֵהָעֵץ, לֹא מֵהַפְּרִי, כִּי חוֹשֶׁבֶת שֶׁאֵין אִסּוּר בַּדָּבָר לְאֶחָד מִשְּׁנֵי הַטְּעָמִים שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ, וְלֹא חָשְׁשָׁה לִנְגִיעָה כִּי לֹא נֶאֶסְרָה הַנְּגִיעָה אֶלָּא בַּפְּרִי עַצְמוֹ וְלֹא בָּאִילָן. אוֹ אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁשָּׁלְלָה בְּדַעְתָּהּ אִסּוּר הַנְּגִיעָה לְפִי דִּבְרֵיהֶם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (בראשית רבה י״ט) שֶׁאָמְרוּ שֶׁדְּחָפָהּ וְנָגְעָה וְלֹא מֵתָה, הֶחְלִיטָה אִסּוּר הַנְּגִיעָה כֵּיוָן שֶׁלֹּא בָּא בְּפֵרוּשׁ בְּדִבְרֵי ה׳. וַתֵּרֶא הָאִשָּׁה כִּי טוֹב הָעֵץ. פֵּרוּשׁ: גּוּף הָאִילָן וַעֲנָפָיו רָאֲתָה בָּהֶם מִדָּה מְשֻׁנָּה מִכָּל אִילָנֵי הַשָּׂדֶה, זוֹ הַבְחָנָה רִאשׁוֹנָה. וְלֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁטָּעֲמָה שִׁנּוּי בָּעֵץ, נָתְנָה דַּעְתָּהּ לְהִסְתַּכֵּל בְּמַרְאִית הַפְּרִי מַה שֶׁלֹּא הִסְתַּכְּלָה מִקּוֹדֶם. כְּשֶׁהֶחְלִיטָה בְּדַעְתָּהּ אֲכִילָתוֹ, כְּשֶׁרָאֲתָה הַשִּׁנּוּי נָתְנָה דַּעְתָּהּ וְרָאֲתָה הַפְּרִי כִּי תַאֲוָה הוּא לָעֵינַיִם, וְהוּא שֶׁדִּקְדֵּק הַכָּתוּב בְּאָמְרוֹ וְכִי תַאֲוָה הוּא לָעֵינַיִם. דִּקְדֵּק לוֹמַר תֵּבַת ״הוּא״ חוֹזֵר אֶל הַפְּרִי, שֶׁאִם חוֹזֵר אֶל הָעֵץ לֹא הָיָה צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר ״הוּא״ אֶלָּא ״וְכִי תַאֲוָה לָעֵינַיִם״, וּמוּבָן שֶׁחוֹזֵר אֶל הָעֵץ כְּמוֹ שֶׁדִּקְדַּקְנוּ לְמַעְלָה. וּכְשֶׁהוֹדִיעַ הַבְחָנַת הַהַשְׂכָּלָה אָמַר ״וְנֶחְמָד הָעֵץ לְהַשְׂכִּיל״, דִּקְדֵּק לוֹמַר ״הָעֵץ״ לִהְיוֹת כִּי לֹא הָיָה בּוֹ מַאֲמָר הַסָּמוּךְ, כִּי מַאֲמָר הַסָּמוּךְ מְדַבֵּר בַּפְּרִי וְלֹא נֶאֱמַר בּוֹ אֶלָּא הַבְחָנָה הַנִּכֶּרֶת בְּלֹא טְעִימָה. וַחֲלֻקָּה זוֹ שֶׁל הַהַשְׂכָּלָה אֵינָהּ נִבְחֶנֶת בְּחוּשׁ הָרְאִיָּה אֶלָּא בְּאֶמְצָעוּת הָאֲכִילָה, לָזֶה דִּקְדֵּק הַכָּתוּב לוֹמַר וְנֶחְמָד הָעֵץ, פֵּרוּשׁ שֶׁאָכְלָה לְהַשְׂכִּיל שֶׁהִרְגִּישָׁה בּוֹ הַהַשְׂכָּלָה. וּבָזֶה נִתְאַמְּתוּ בְּעֵינֶיהָ דִּבְרֵי הַשָּׂטָן שֶׁאָמַר לָהּ טַעַם שֶׁהִבְדִּילָם ה׳ מֵאֲכִילָתוֹ הוּא לְבַל יִהְיוּ שָׁוִים אֵלָיו. וַתִּקַּח מִפִּרְיוֹ וַתֹּאכַל – דִּקְדֵּק לוֹמַר ״מִפִּרְיוֹ״ כִּי מֵעֵצוֹ כְּבָר אָכְלָה קוֹדֶם. וּבָזֶה נִתְיַשְּׁבוּ כָּל הַכְּתוּבִים וְכָל הַדִּקְדּוּקִים שֶׁדִּקְדַּקְנוּ עַל נָכוֹן. גַּם טַעַם לִפְעָמִים מַזְכִּיר עֵץ וְלִפְעָמִים פְּרִי. וְטַעַם שֶׁנָּתְנָה לְבַעְלָהּ הוּא לְצַד חִבָּתוֹ כְּדֵי שֶׁגַּם הוּא יִהְיֶה לֵאלֹהִים וְגוֹ׳. וּמֵעַתָּה נִגְלָה לָנוּ כִּי ב׳ סִבּוֹת סִבְּבוּ מִכְשׁוֹל הָאִשָּׁה: הָא׳ הוּא בְּחָשְׁבָהּ שֶׁלֹּא נֶאֱסַר לָהֶם אֶלָּא הַפְּרִי וְלֹא הָעֵץ, אֲשֶׁר לְצַד זֶה שָׁלְחָה יָדָהּ וְטָעֲמָה הָעֵץ וְנִתְקַיְּמוּ לָהּ דִּבְרֵי הַנָּחָשׁ. וְהַב׳ שֶׁלֹּא יָדְעָה בִּשְׁעַת הַצִּוּוּי כִּי הָעֵץ הוּא מַחְכִּים אוֹכְלָיו, שֶׁאִם הָיְתָה יוֹדַעַת בִּתְחִלַּת הַמִּצְוָה שֶׁעַל מְנָת כֵּן הַבּוֹרֵא מְצַוֶּה לָהּ, לֹא הָיָה נִשְׁאָר מָקוֹם לַמֵּסִית אַחַר שֶׁקִּבְּלָה עָלֶיהָ שֶׁלֹּא לֶאֱכֹל אַחַר שֶׁיָּדְעָה מַעֲלָתוֹ.

The verse describes the way in which Eve was snared, and how she eventually became willing to listen to her seducer. When you examine Eve's earlier words, you will find that she said: "and from the fruit of the tree in the center of the garden, G'd' said "do not eat." She had expressed her conviction that only the fruit of the tree was forbidden, that the trunk, the branches, etc., were permitted. She may have arrived at that conviction for one of two reasons. 1) Adam had commanded her in those very words. 2) Though Adam had mentioned only the tree without specifying its fruit, etc., she reasoned that there would have been no point in forbidding something that anyways was not food, such as the trunk, the branches, and the leaves. We have pointed out earlier that whereas the other trees did not taste similar to their fruit, the tree of knowledge was the exception, its trunk, etc. being just as edible as its fruit. We must therefore assume that Eve had already tasted the tree itself, not having considered it as forbidden. She also applied the prohibition to touch it as applicable only to its fruit, not to the trunk, etc. At any rate, Eve had already experienced the taste of the tree's trunk and nothing had happened. Alternatively, she may have discounted the prohibition to touch the tree knowing that this was not a direct command from G'd Himself and would not lead to death. Having tasted from the tree itself, and having experienced that its nature was different from all the other trees, she decided to take a closer look at the fruit of that tree. It was then that she discovered that the fruit exerted a powerful visual attraction; the word הוא refers back to the word פרי, fruit. It could not refer to the word העץ, the tree, as this would be unnecessary. It would have sufficed to say וכי תאוה לעינים, if it were merely a reference to the tree. The word העץ is needed in the sequence ונחמד העץ לעינים because the subject matter had changed from the fruit to the tree. The knowledge of the nature of the tree had been based on her sense of taste, whereas her perception of the nature of the fruit was based only on her sense of sight. The Torah explains that Eve's purpose in eating of the fruit was to broaden her powers of perception. At this point Eve believed that the serpent had spoken truthfully when it claimed that as a result of eating from the fruit of that tree she would gain greater insights, and that G'd had forbidden the fruit only in order to prevent her from gaining the insight which would make her equal to G'd. The Torah emphasises that "she took from its fruit," as she had already tasted the trunk. We have now completed answering the various questions we raised about this verse. Eve gave to her husband from this fruit out of her love for him; she wanted him to share her new insights so that he too would become G'd-like. We therefore have two causes that helped to mislead Eve. The reason she may have thought that only the fruit of the tree was forbidden was because her husband had not given her precise instructions. Had her husband told her that G'd had said: "You may eat from all the trees of the garden, but from the tree of knowledge in the centre of the garden you must not eat," she would never have considered the trunk as permissible, and the fact that neither eating from it nor touching it had resulted in any harm to her would not have served as a verification of the serpent's argument. Eve's not having been aware of the attractive nature of the tree was also Adam's fault. He had not told her that G'd had described the tree as the tree of knowledge of good and evil. He had only told her not to eat from the tree in the middle of the garden, without a reference to its special nature. Had Eve been aware that the tree was of such special significance the serpent could not have tricked her, and she herself would have been unable to invoke her lack of knowledge as a reason to revoke her acceptance of G'd's command not to eat from it.

Source 7 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim – 'My Spirit Shall Not Strive in Man Forever'

Or HaChaim on Genesis 6:3

The Or HaChaim interprets the 120-year limit not as referring to Noah's generation but as a general statement about the maximum human lifespan, offering a novel reading that diverges from many earlier commentators.

וַיֹּאמֶר ה׳ לֹא יָדוֹן רוּחִי וְגוֹ׳. מִקְרָא זֶה צָרִיךְ מַגִּיד, וְרַזַ״ל דָּרְשׁוּ בּוֹ (בראשית רבה כו) הַרְבֵּה דְּרָשׁוֹת, אֲבָל פְּשַׁט הַכָּתוּב לֹא נוֹדַע. וְנִרְאֶה שֶׁיְּכַוֵּן לוֹמַר לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁהָיָה ה׳ מִתְנַהֵג עִם בְּרוּאָיו לְהוֹכִיחַ וּלְהִתְדַּיֵּן עִמָּהֶם בְּנִגְלֶה: ״וַיֹּאמֶר ה׳ אֶל הַנָּחָשׁ״ (בראשית ג:יד), ״אֶל הָאִשָּׁה אָמַר״ וְגוֹ׳ (בראשית ג:טז), ״וּלְאָדָם אָמַר״ וְגוֹ׳, ״וַיֹּאמֶר ה׳ אֶל קַיִן לָמָּה״ וְגוֹ׳ (בראשית ד:י), ״וַיֹּאמֶר ה׳ אֵי הֶבֶל״ וְגוֹ׳ (בראשית ד:ט), וְכַאֲשֶׁר הִגְדִּילוּ לְהַתְעִיב אָמַר ה׳ לֹא יָדוֹן עוֹד לְעוֹלָם רוּחִי בָּאָדָם פָּנִים בְּפָנִים לְהִשָּׁפֵט עִמּוֹ יַחַד. וּפֵרוּשׁ רוּחִי הוּא שְׁכִינָתוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ, שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה עוֹד נֶחְשָׁב הָאָדָם לְהַדְרָגָה זוֹ. וְתִמְצָא כִּי כְּפִי מַעֲשָׂיו מַרְחִיק הַדְרָגָתוֹ מַטָּה מַטָּה, שֶׁבִּתְחִלָּה הָיָה ה׳ מוֹכִיחַ לָאָדָם עַל פָּנָיו וְנִמְצָאִים הַנִּבְרָאִים כֻּלָּם בְּמַדְרֵגַת נְבִיאִים, וַיְהִי כִּי הֵחֵל הָאָדָם פֵּרוּשׁ נִתְחַלֵּל אוֹ נַעֲשָׂה חֻלִּין הֻבְדַּל מֵהַדְרָגַת נָבִיא, וּבְהֶמְשֵׁךְ הַזְּמַן הַנִּצָּנִים נִרְאוּ בָאָרֶץ הֵם הַצַּדִּיקִים שֶׁהֶחְזִירוּ הָעֲטָרָה לְיָשְׁנָהּ, וּמִשֶּׁחָרַב הַמָּעוֹן נִסְתַּם חָזוֹן וְנִשְׁאֲרָה בְּחִינַת רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, וּכְשֶׁנִּסְתַּתְּמוּ עֵינֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵין אִתָּנוּ מַשִּׂיג רֵיחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, וְזוֹ הִיא צָרַת בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁאֵין לְמַעְלָה מִמֶּנָּה הַצְּמֵאִים לְהָרִיחַ רֵיחַ אָבִינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם וּתְחִי רוּחֵנוּ. וּתְחִלַּת קְלָלָה זוֹ הִתְחִילָה מִדּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל. וְנָתַן ה׳ טַעַם לְדָבָר זֶה בְּשַׁגַּם הוּא בָשָׂר פֵּרוּשׁ בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁהוֹסִיף לְהַתְעִיב בְּתִעוּב מֻסְרָח בַּעֲוֹן הַנִּאוּף הוּא בָּשָׂר כָּאָמוּר בָּעִנְיָן, וַה׳ שׂוֹנֵא זִמָּה וּמָאַס מִדַּבֵּר אֵלָיו.

ויאמר השם לא ידון רוחי. G'd said: "My spirit will not abide in man permanently." This verse needs someone to explain it. Our sages have given numerous explanations to it without explaining the plain meaning of the verse. It appears that the Torah wishes to tell us that a change occurred in G'd's dealing with man. During the lifetime of Adam, Eve, Cain and Abel, G'd personally had rebuked man for any misdemeanour. When man's deeds became increasingly repulsive to G'd, He decided not to deal with them on such an intimate basis. The word רוחי in our verse therefore means "My Presence." Man had forfeited the privilege of proximity to G'd's Presence. G'd's Presence withdrew from man in direct proportion to his deeds. As long as G'd had confronted man directly whenever He had reason to rebuke them they were on the spiritual level of prophets. When man began to profane himself (meaning of החל in 6,1), he no longer enjoyed that status. In the course of time outstanding individuals, צדיקים, appeared on earth. These individuals succeeded in restoring a closer relationship between man and G'd. After the destruction of the Temple there were no more prophets; the most that remained were individuals who possessed a degree of what our sages describe as רוח הקודש, a measure of holy spirit. Ever since Israel's eyes closed, we no longer have even ריח הקודש, a holy fragrance, not to mention רוח הקודש. The absence of this line of direct communication from G'd is the greatest misfortune for those of us who thirst for at least a fragrance of the holiness of our Father in heaven in order to revive our spirits. The curse we speak about originated with the generation of the deluge. G'd supplies the reason for this in our verse. בשר בשגם הוא, man added to his abominations by adding the sin of בשר, adultery to his other sins. G'd hates sexual permissiveness more than anything else. As a result G'd resented having to communicate directly with such people.

Source 8 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim – Bereishit: Why the Torah Begins with Creation

Or HaChaim on Genesis 1:1

The Or HaChaim offers multiple interpretations of the word 'Bereishit,' exploring why the Torah begins with the creation narrative rather than the first commandment, and expounds deep reasons connected to Israel's claim to the Land.

וּבָזֶה נָבוֹא אֶל הַבֵּיאוּר, וְהוּא כִּי הָאָדוֹן יִתְעַלֶּה שְׁמוֹ כָּל מַה שֶׁבָּרָא בָּעוֹלָם, שֶׁהֵם הַמְּקוֹרוֹת וְכָל אֲשֶׁר יֶשְׁנוֹ בַּמְּצִיאוּת וְשָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ, הַכֹּל כַּאֲשֶׁר לַכֹּל בְּרָאוֹ ה׳ בְּדִבּוּר אֶחָד. וְזֶה הוּא אָמְרוֹ בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֵת הָאָרֶץ. דִּקְדֵּק לוֹמַר שְׁנֵי אֶתִין לְרַבּוֹת כָּל הַנִּמְצָא בָּעוֹלָם.

Source 9 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim – Vayeshev: Jacob's Desire to Dwell in Tranquility

Or HaChaim on Genesis 37:1

On the verse 'Jacob dwelt in the land,' the Or HaChaim explains why the righteous are not granted tranquility in this world, arguing that suffering and difficulty are the mechanism by which the tzaddik's soul ascends — a signature theme of his commentary.

אָכֵן לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁקָּדַם לוֹמַר בַּפָּרָשָׁה הַקּוֹדֶמֶת וְהוֹדִיעַ כִּי עֵשָׂו אָחִיו יָרַשׁ אֶת הַר שֵׂעִיר מִכֹּחַ זְכוּת אָבִיו, חָל עַל הַכָּתוּב לְהוֹדִיעַ יְרֻשַּׁת יַעֲקֹב. וְאָמַר וַיֵּשֶׁב וְגוֹ׳, נִתְכַּוֵּן לְהוֹדִיעַ מִדַּת טוּבוֹ שֶׁלֹּא הִתְנַהֵג בָּאָרֶץ אֶלָּא בְּגֵרוּת, הֲגַם שֶׁרָאָה שֶׁעֵשָׂו יָרַשׁ יְרֻשָּׁתוֹ וְהָאָדוֹן דִּקְדֵּק לוֹמַר אֵלָיו שֶׁנָּתַן לוֹ בְּיִחוּד אֶת הָאָרֶץ, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי בַּפָּרָשָׁה הַקּוֹדֶמֶת (בראשית ל״ה:י״ב) בְּפָסוּק ״לְךָ אֶתְּנֶנָּה״, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן לֹא עָשָׂה בּוֹ רֹשֶׁם וְהָיָה מִתְגּוֹרֵר בְּגֵרוּת כְּמוֹ שֶׁהָיָה אָבִיו בְּאֶרֶץ כְּנָעַן פֵּרוּשׁ: שֶׁהָיָה מִתְנַהֵג בָּהּ כְּאֶרֶץ לֹא לוֹ אֶלָּא אֶרֶץ כְּנָעַן. אוֹ יֹאמַר, הֲגַם שֶׁהִיא אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן הַנִּתֶּנֶת לוֹ מוֹרָשָׁה, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן הָיָה גֵּר בָּהּ עַד שֶׁנִּתְגַּלְגְּלוּ הַדְּבָרִים עַל יְדֵי תּוֹלְדוֹת יוֹסֵף, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ אֵלֶּה תֹּלְדוֹת יַעֲקֹב יוֹסֵף וְגוֹ׳, וְנִמְכַּר לְמִצְרַיִם וְיָרְדוּ אֲבוֹתֵינוּ מִצְרַיִם, וְהֶעֱלָה אוֹתָם הַמַּבְטִיחַ לְקַיֵּם הַבְטָחָתוֹ אֶל הָאָרֶץ וְיָרְשׁוּ נַחֲלָתָם.

However, since the Torah told us in the preceding paragraph that Jacob's brother Esau inherited the land of Se-ir thanks to the merit of his fathers, the Torah also had to tell us what Jacob's heritage was. The entire verse is an acknowledgment of Jacob's goodness. Although he had noted that his brother had inherited the land of Har Se-ir (see my commentary on 35,12), he, Jacob did not do so but was content to continue on the basis of his fathers who had merely considered themselves as sojourning on that land, i.e. he still viewed it as ארץ כנען. Another possibility is that it is called here the land of Canaan which had been given to Jacob by G'd as an inheritance although he personally conducted himself there as if he were only an alien until the trouble with Joseph happened. This is one of the meanings of: "These are the developments of Jacob, Joseph." It means that effectively, the history of the development of the Jews as a people began with the sale of Joseph, the subsequent descent into Egypt, how G'd redeemed them from there and kept His promise and how they eventually inherited the land of Caanan.

Source 10 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim – Abraham's Faith and Righteousness

Or HaChaim on Genesis 15:6

On the verse 'And he believed in God and it was counted to him as righteousness,' the Or HaChaim offers a novel interpretation distinguishing between the faith itself and the merit generated by it, with important implications for the doctrine of divine reward.

וְהֶאֱמִין בַּה׳ וַיַּחְשְׁבֶהָ לּוֹ צְדָקָה. פֵּרוּשׁ עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ראש השנה ו.) כִּי דִּין הַצְּדָקָה כַּנְּדָרִים, שֶׁהַנּוֹדֵר לַגָּבוֹהַּ כְּמוֹסֵר לְהֶדְיוֹט. וְהוּא שֶׁאָמַר ״וְהֶאֱמִין בַּה׳״ פֵּרוּשׁ הִפְקִיד אֶצְלוֹ הַבְּרָכָה, וְאִם תֹּאמַר וַהֲלֹא עֲדַיִן לֹא הִגִּיעָה לְיָדוֹ לְהַפְקִידָהּ בְּיַד נֶאֱמָן, לָזֶה אָמַר וַיַּחְשְׁבֶהָ לּוֹ צְדָקָה, פֵּרוּשׁ הֶחְשִׁיב אַבְרָהָם מַה שֶׁאָמַר ה׳ אֵלָיו שֶׁהוּא צְדָקָה, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁכֵּן דִּין מְסִירָה יֵשׁ לָהּ וְהֶאֱמִינָהּ בְּיַד ה׳. עוֹד יִרְצֶה, לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁהִבְטִיחוֹ וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיוּ בָּנָיו צַדִּיקִים, וְדָבָר זֶה אֵינוֹ בְּיָדוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, כְּאָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ברכות לג:) הַכֹּל בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם חוּץ מִיִּרְאַת שָׁמַיִם, אָמַר הַכָּתוּב שֶׁהֶאֱמִין בַּה׳ שֶׁכֵּן יַעֲשֶׂה, וְלֹא הִרְהֵר אַחַר מִדּוֹתָיו לוֹמַר ״וַהֲלֹא״ וְכוּ׳, וַיַּחְשְׁבֶהָ ה׳ לְאַבְרָהָם צְדָקָה שֶׁהִפְלִיא לְהַצְדִּיק. אוֹ יִרְמֹז עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁמֵּאֵת ה׳ הָיְתָה זֹאת לִהְיוֹת שְׁלֹשִׁים צַדִּיקִים בָּעוֹלָם (בראשית רבה פרק לה ופרק מט), אִם כֵּן הוּא חָפֵץ לְהַטּוֹת אָדָם לְדֶרֶךְ יָשָׁר, וְאֵין לָאִישׁ הַזֶּה מִשְׁפַּט צְדָקָה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (דברים ו, כה) ״וּצְדָקָה תִּהְיֶה לָּנוּ כִּי נִשְׁמֹר״ וְגוֹ׳. מֵעַתָּה הַשְּׁלֹשִׁים צַדִּיקִים מֻכְרָחִים הֵם בְּמַעֲשֵׂיהֶם. לָזֶה אָמַר שֶׁאַף עַל פִּי כֵן וַיַּחְשְׁבֶהָ ה׳ לוֹ צְדָקָה, פֵּרוּשׁ לַזֶּרַע הַמֻּזְכָּר בְּסָמוּךְ, דִּכְתִיב ״יִהְיֶה זַרְעֶךָ״ כִּי שָׁם רָמַז הַשְּׁלֹשִׁים בְּמִסְפַּר ״יִהְיֶה״.

והאמין בה׳ ויחשבה לו צדקה. He believed G'd who considered this as a merit for him. We can understand this as similar to the laws concerning vows. The Talmud (Rosh Hashanah 6) says that when one makes a promise to give charity to a sacred cause it is considered as binding or as effective as if one had already actually handed over the object of a vow to an ordinary person. Abraham qualified for a reward by merely expressing his belief in G'd's promise. You may well ask what practical benefit Abraham received by this reward seeing that neither Ishmael nor Isaac had been born as yet? This is why the Torah says that "he considered it an act of righteousness," i.e. also Abraham treated G'd's promise to him as if it had already been fulfilled. Furthermore, seeing that G'd cannot influence whether man is G'd fearing or not, i.e. "all is in the hands of heaven except the fear of heaven" (Berachot 33), Abraham could have had doubts about G'd's promise as to the quality of his offspring. The Torah therefore gives Abraham credit for not worrying how G'd could guarantee his children would be worthy. Another way of looking at Abraham's act of faith is based on the tradition (Pessikta Zutra Lech Lecha 15,5) that the world will not lack a minimum of 30 (or 36) righteous men by whose merit it continues to exist. This tradition is based on the numerical value of the word יהיה in the previous verse. Since G'd needs these 30 צדיקים, it stands to reason that He does influence these men to be pious. If so, they can certainly not claim their righteousness as their own merit as would otherwise be the case. (Compare Deut. 6,28 וצדקה תהיה לנו that performance of the commandments will be accounted as a merit for us). Abraham may have been rewarded then for not making an issue of this, although some or all of these men may have been unduly influenced to live the lives of צדיקים.

Source 11 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim – Lech Lecha: The Spiritual Significance of Abraham's Journey

Or HaChaim on Genesis 12:1

The Or HaChaim explains 'Lech lecha' as a command for Abraham to journey toward his own spiritual perfection ('go to yourself'), and elaborates on how leaving homeland, birthplace, and father's house each correspond to progressively deeper layers of self-detachment.

לֶךְ לְךָ מֵאַרְצְךָ וְגוֹ׳. אַחַר שֶׁאָמַר ״מֵאַרְצְךָ״ אֵין מָקוֹם לוֹמַר ״מִמּוֹלַדְתְּךָ״, כִּי בְּצֵאתוֹ מֵאַרְצוֹ הִנֵּה הוּא יוֹצֵא גַּם מִמּוֹלַדְתּוֹ. אָכֵן הַטַּעַם הוּא, לֶהֱיוֹת כִּי בְּעֵרֶךְ צַעַר הַפְּרֵידָה קָטָן הוּא צַעַר פְּרֵידָתוֹ מֵאַרְצוֹ מִפְּרֵידַת מוֹלַדְתּוֹ, וּפְרֵידָתוֹ מִמּוֹלַדְתּוֹ מִפְּרֵידָתוֹ מִבֵּית אָבִיו, לָזֶה סִדֵּר הַהַדְרָגוֹת מִמַּטָּה לְמַעְלָה, וְלִטּוֹל שָׂכָר עַל כָּל פְּרָט וּפְרָט, כְּדֶרֶךְ אָמְרוֹ (בראשית כב:ב) ״אֶת בִּנְךָ״ וְגוֹ׳, כִּי ה׳ יִשְׁתַּדֵּל לְהֵיטִיב בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְאוֹהֲבָיו.

לך לך מארצך. "Go forth for yourself from your country." Why did G'd tell Abraham to leave his birthplace after He had already told him to leave his country? Surely, leaving one's country includes leaving one's birthplace? The Torah lists the departures according to the pain of leave-taking involved. It is less painful to leave one's country than to leave one's birthplace, and it is even more painful to leave one's family. Abraham is commanded to leave in an ascending order of the nostalgia involved. He complied with the most difficult part of the test by leaving his parental home. The manner in which the Torah describes the process indicates that Abraham received an additional reward for each stage. We have a similar description of the gradually increasing difficulty of complying with G'd's command when G'd told Abraham to take: "your son, your only one, the one you love," as an introduction to the עקדה in Genesis 21,2.