Machshavaמחשבה

Bein Adam L'Chaveiro and Bein Adam L'Makom

These sources examine the relationship between interpersonal obligations and duties toward God, ranging from their practical distinction in atonement to their deeper theological integration as expressions of a unified divine will. Classical sources debate whether these categories are separate realms requiring different remedies, or inseparable dimensions of a sanctified life.

עֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁבֵּין אָדָם לַמָּקוֹם יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר עֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁבֵּין אָדָם לַחֲבֵרוֹ אֵין יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר

15 sources · all verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Vayikra – Love Your Neighbor

Leviticus 19:18

The foundational verse 'Love your neighbor as yourself' (ve-ahavta le-re'akha kamokha) is juxtaposed throughout the chapter with obligations toward God, weaving bein adam l'chaveiro and bein adam l'Makom together as inseparable dimensions of holiness.

לֹֽא־תִקֹּ֤ם וְלֹֽא־תִטֹּר֙ אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י עַמֶּ֔ךָ וְאָֽהַבְתָּ֥ לְרֵעֲךָ֖ כָּמ֑וֹךָ אֲנִ֖י יְהֹוָֽה׃

You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against members of your people. Love your fellow as yourself: I am GOD.

Source 2 · Tanach
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Shema Yisrael – Love of God

Deuteronomy 6:4-5

The Shema commands total love of God with all one's heart, soul, and might — the paradigmatic bein adam l'Makom obligation — which the Talmud and later tradition consistently set in dialogue with the parallel command to love one's neighbor.

שְׁמַ֖ע יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ יְהֹוָ֥ה ׀ אֶחָֽד׃ וְאָ֣הַבְתָּ֔ אֵ֖ת יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ בְּכׇל־לְבָבְךָ֥ וּבְכׇל־נַפְשְׁךָ֖ וּבְכׇל־מְאֹדֶֽךָ׃

Hear, O Israel! The ETERNAL is our God, the ETERNAL alone. You shall love the ETERNAL your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might.

Source 3 · Chazal
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Pirkei Avot – What Is a Good Path

Pirkei Avot 2:1

Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi teaches to be equally careful with a 'light' mitzvah as a 'heavy' one, implicitly treating interpersonal obligations and divine commandments on a single continuum of will-of-God — refusing to separate the two realms hierarchically.

וֶהֱוֵי זָהִיר בְּמִצְוָה קַלָּה כְבַחֲמוּרָה, שֶׁאֵין אַתָּה יוֹדֵעַ מַתַּן שְׂכָרָן שֶׁל מִצְוֹת.

And be careful with a light commandment as with a grave one, for you did know not the reward for the fulfillment of the commandments.

Source 4 · Chazal
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Mishnah Yoma – Yom Kippur Atonement

Mishnah Yoma 8:9

The Mishnah rules that Yom Kippur atones for sins between a person and God, but sins between a person and his fellow are not atoned until he appeases the other — a foundational distinction between the two categories of obligation.

עֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁבֵּין אָדָם לַמָּקוֹם, יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר. עֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁבֵּין אָדָם לַחֲבֵרוֹ, אֵין יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר, עַד שֶׁיְּרַצֶּה אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ.

Furthermore, for transgressions between a person and God, Yom Kippur atones; however, for transgressions between a person and another, Yom Kippur does not atone until he appeases the other person. Similarly, Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya taught that point from the verse: “From all your sins you shall be cleansed before the Lord” (Leviticus 16:30). For transgressions between a person and God, Yom Kippur atones; however, for transgressions between a person and another, Yom Kippur does not atone until he appeases the other person.

Source 5 · Chazal
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Talmud Shabbat – Hillel's Golden Rule

Shabbat 31a

Hillel tells a prospective convert: 'What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow — that is the entire Torah; the rest is commentary, go and learn.' This teaching frames bein adam l'chaveiro as the entry point and heart of the entire Torah including its divine obligations.

שׁוּב מַעֲשֶׂה בְּגוֹי אֶחָד שֶׁבָּא לִפְנֵי שַׁמַּאי. אָמַר לוֹ: גַּיְּירֵנִי עַל מְנָת שֶׁתְּלַמְּדֵנִי כׇּל הַתּוֹרָה כּוּלָּהּ כְּשֶׁאֲנִי עוֹמֵד עַל רֶגֶל אַחַת! דְּחָפוֹ בְּאַמַּת הַבִּנְיָן שֶׁבְּיָדוֹ. בָּא לִפְנֵי הִלֵּל, גַּיְירֵיהּ. אָמַר לוֹ: דַּעֲלָךְ סְנֵי לְחַבְרָךְ לָא תַּעֲבֵיד — זוֹ הִיא כׇּל הַתּוֹרָה כּוּלָּהּ, וְאִידַּךְ פֵּירוּשָׁהּ הוּא, זִיל גְּמוֹר.

There was another incident involving one gentile who came before Shammai and said to Shammai: Convert me on condition that you teach me the entire Torah while I am standing on one foot. Shammai pushed him away with the builder’s cubit in his hand. This was a common measuring stick and Shammai was a builder by trade. The same gentile came before Hillel. He converted him and said to him: That which is hateful to you do not do to another; that is the entire Torah, and the rest is its interpretation. Go study.

Source 6 · Chazal
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Talmud Berakhot – Beloved in Heaven and on Earth

Berakhot 17a

The Sages describe the ideal of one who is 'beloved above and beloved below' — whose Torah study and religious devotion (bein adam l'Makom) is matched by fine conduct toward people (bein adam l'chaveiro), together constituting a sanctified human being.

מַרְגְּלָא בְּפוּמֵּיהּ דְּאַבָּיֵּי: לְעוֹלָם יְהֵא אָדָם עָרוּם בְּיִרְאָה. ״מַעֲנֶה רַךְ מֵשִׁיב חֵמָה״. וּמַרְבֶּה שָׁלוֹם עִם אֶחָיו וְעִם קְרוֹבָיו וְעִם כָּל אָדָם וַאֲפִילּוּ עִם גּוֹי בַּשּׁוּק, כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא אָהוּב לְמַעְלָה וְנֶחְמָד לְמַטָּה, וִיהֵא מְקוּבָּל עַל הַבְּרִיּוֹת. מַרְגְּלָא בְּפוּמֵּיהּ דְּרָבָא: תַּכְלִית חָכְמָה — תְּשׁוּבָה וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים, שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא אָדָם קוֹרֵא וְשׁוֹנֶה וּבוֹעֵט בְּאָבִיו וּבְאִמּוֹ וּבְרַבּוֹ וּבְמִי שֶׁהוּא גָּדוֹל מִמֶּנּוּ בְּחָכְמָה וּבְמִנְיָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״רֵאשִׁית חָכְמָה יִרְאַת ה׳ שֵׂכֶל טוֹב לְכָל עוֹשֵׂיהֶם״. ״לָעוֹשִׂים״ לֹא נֶאֱמַר, אֶלָּא ״לְעוֹשֵׂיהֶם״ — לָעוֹשִׂים לִשְׁמָהּ וְלֹא לָעוֹשִׂים שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁמָהּ. וְכָל הָעוֹשֶׂה שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁמָהּ, נוֹחַ לוֹ שֶׁלֹּא נִבְרָא.

Abaye was wont to say: One must always be shrewd and utilize every strategy in order to achieve fear of Heaven and performance of mitzvot. One must fulfill the verse: “A soft answer turns away wrath” (Proverbs 15:1) and take steps to increase peace with one’s brethren and with one’s relatives, and with all people, even with a non-Jew in the marketplace, despite the fact that he is of no importance to him and does not know him at all (Me’iri), so that he will be loved above in God’s eyes, pleasant below in the eyes of the people, and acceptable to all of God’s creatures. Rava was wont to say: The objective of Torah wisdom is to achieve repentance and good deeds; that one should not read the Torah and study mishna and become arrogant and spurn his father and his mother and his teacher and one who is greater than he in wisdom or in the number of students who study before him, as it is stated: “The beginning of wisdom is fear of the Lord, a good understanding have all who fulfill them” (Psalms 111:10). It is not stated simply: All who fulfill, but rather: All who fulfill them, those who perform these actions as they ought to be performed, meaning those who do such deeds for their own sake, for the sake of the deeds themselves, not those who do them not for their own sake. Rava continued: One who does them not for their own sake, it would have been preferable for him had he not been created.

Source 7 · Rishonim
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Sha'arei Teshuvah – Sins Against One's Fellow

Sha'arei Teshuvah 3:70

Rabbeinu Yonah elaborates on the Mishnah in Yoma, explaining at length that offenses against other human beings constitute a distinct category of sin that requires active rectification with the wronged party — not merely prayer or fasting before God.

אַף כִּי הֻזְהַרְנוּ לְהִשְׁתַּדֵּל בְּהַצָּלַת חֲבֵרֵנוּ וְלָשִׁית עֵצוֹת לְעֶזְרָתָם בְּעֵת צָרָתָם. וְכֵן כָּתוּב (ויקרא י"ט:ט"ז) לֹא תַעֲמֹד עַל דַּם רֵעֶךָ.

And also were we warned [with this verse] to make efforts to rescue our neighbors, and to save our fellows at the time of their troubles. And it is likewise written (Leviticus 19:16), “you may not stand over your neighbor’s blood.” And Solomon said (Proverbs 24:10), “If you showed yourself slack in time of trouble; and wanting in strength.” Its explanation is [that] if you have the ability to save with counsel or with effort, but you show yourself [as if] you do not have the strength

Source 8 · Rishonim
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Rambam, Hilkhot De'ot – Love and Care for Others

Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 6:1-3

The Rambam grounds obligations like loving one's neighbor, visiting the sick, and comforting mourners in imitatio Dei — thereby dissolving the wall between bein adam l'chaveiro and bein adam l'Makom: to walk in God's ways IS to care for other people.

מִצְוָה עַל כָּל אָדָם לֶאֱהֹב אֶת כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל כְּגוּפוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט יח) "וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ כָּמוֹךָ". לְפִיכָךְ צָרִיךְ לְסַפֵּר בְּשִׁבְחוֹ וְלָחוּס עַל מָמוֹנוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר הוּא חָס עַל מָמוֹן עַצְמוֹ וְרוֹצֶה בִּכְבוֹד עַצְמוֹ. וְהַמִּתְכַּבֵּד בִּקְלוֹן חֲבֵרוֹ אֵין לוֹ חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא:

Each man is commanded to love each and every one of Israel as himself as [Leviticus 19:18] states: "Love your neighbor as yourself." Therefore, one should speak the praises of [others] and show concern for their money just as he is concerned with his own money and seeks his own honor. Whoever gains honor through the degradation of a colleague does not have a share in the world to come.

Source 9 · Rishonim
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Chovot HaLevavot – The Inner Duties

Duties of the Heart, Introduction of the Author

Rabbeinu Bachya ibn Paquda distinguishes duties of the limbs (many of which are interpersonal) from duties of the heart (directed primarily toward God), arguing that without inner sincerity before God, all outward acts — including kindness to others — are hollow.

הַגְּלוּיָה חוֹבוֹת הָאֵבָרִים כְּמוֹ הַתְּפִלָּה וְהַצּוֹם וְהַצְּדָקָה וְלִמּוּד תּוֹרָה וּלְלַמְּדָהּ וַעֲשׂוֹת סֻכָּה וְלוּלָב וְצִיצִית וּמְזוּזָה וּמַעֲקֶה וְהַדּוֹמֶה לָהֶם מִמָּה שֶׁיִּגָּמֵר מַעֲשֵׂהוּ עַל יְדֵי חוּשֵׁי הָאָדָם הַנִּרְאִים. אַךְ הָעֲבוֹדָה הַצְּפוּנָה הִיא חוֹבַת הַלְּבָבוֹת וְהוּא שֶׁנְּיַחֵד הָאֵל בְּלִבּוֹתֵינוּ וְשֶׁנַּאֲמִין בּוֹ וּבְתוֹרָתוֹ.

The outward service is the observance of the duties of the limbs such as praying, fasting, giving charity, learning the torah and teaching it, making a Sukka, waving a willow branch (on the festival of Sukkot), Tzitzit, Mezuza, Maake, and similar precepts whose performance is completed by the physical limbs. Inward service, however, consists of the fulfillment of the Duties of the Heart such as: to acknowledge the Unity of G-d in our hearts, believe in Him and His torah, to undertake His service, that we revere Him and humble ourselves before Him, that we love Him, trust in Him, and give over our lives to Him, that we abstain from what He hates, devote our actions to His Name

Source 10 · Acharonim
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Maharal, Netiv Ahavat Reia

Netivot Olam, Netiv Ahavat Reia 1:1

The Maharal explains that love of one's fellow is rooted in the recognition that all human beings share a single divine source; loving another person is therefore an extension of the love of God, and the two commandments are ontologically unified.

וכבר בארנו בפרק משה קבל כי דבר זה שאוהב הבריות הוא אהבת השם יתב' גם כן, כי מי שאוהב את אחד אוהב כל מעשה ידיו אשר עשה ופעל, ולפיכך כאשר אוהב את השם ית' אי אפשר שלא יאהב את ברואיו ואם הוא שונא הבריות אי אפשר שיאהב השם ית' אשר בראם. וכן כבוד חבירו אשר נברא בצלם אלקים נחשב כבוד המקום, וכמו שבארנו למעלה באריכות בנתיב גמילות חסדים אצל כבוד אורחים שנחשב זה כמו הקבלת פני שכינה וכמו שבארנו:

Source 11 · Acharonim
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Mesillat Yesharim – The Trait of Cleanliness (Nekiyut)

Mesillat Yesharim 11

Ramchal teaches that avoiding harm to others — including subtle wrongs like embarrassing someone or coveting — is essential to spiritual purity before God, showing that ethical failure toward people is simultaneously a failure in one's standing before the Divine.

שְׂכִירוּת מְכִירָה לְיוֹמֵהּ. וְכָל מָה שֶׁיִּקַּח מֵהֶן לַהֲנָאַת עַצְמוֹ בְּאֵיזֶה אֹפֶן שֶׁיִּהְיֶה, אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא גֶּזֶל גָּמוּר. וְאִם לֹא מְחָלוֹ, אֵינוֹ מָחוּל, שֶׁכְּבָר אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (יומא פו): עֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁבֵּין אָדָם לַחֲבֵרוֹ, אֵין יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר עַד שֶׁיְּרַצֶּה אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ אִם עָשָׂה מִצְוָה בִּזְמַן מְלַאכְתּוֹ, לֹא לִצְדָקָה תֵּחָשֵׁב לוֹ, אֶלָּא עֲבֵרָה הִיא בְּיָדוֹ, שֶׁאֵין עֲבֵרָה מִצְוָה, וּקְרָא כְּתִיב (ישעיה סא): שׂוֹנֵא גָּזֵל בְּעוֹלָה, וּכְעִנְיָן זֶה אָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (בבא קמא צד): הֲרֵי שֶׁגָּזַל סְאָה חִטִּים וּטְחָנָהּ וַאֲפָאָהּ וּמְבָרֵךְ, אֵין זֶה מְבָרֵךְ אֶלָּא מְנָאֵץ, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים י):

For the Sages already stated: "sins between man and his fellow are not atoned for on Yom Kippur until he has pacified his fellow"(Yoma 85b). Not only that but even if one does a Mitzva (good deed) during the time of his work, it will not be considered a merit but rather a sin in his hand. For a sin cannot be considered a Mitzva. And scripture states: "[I am G-d who loves justice and] hates theft in an offering" (Isaiah 61:8). In relation to this, our Sages of blessed memory said: "one who steals a measure of wheat, mills it, bakes and recites a blessing over it, is not blessing but rather blaspheming as written 'and the robber who blesses blasphemes G-d' (Tehilim 10:3)".

Source 12 · Hasidic
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Tzava'at HaRivash – The Baal Shem Tov's Testament

Tzava'at HaRivash 1

The Baal Shem Tov's teachings emphasize that love of Israel (ahavat Yisrael) is the foundation of all spiritual service, and that one who judges others favorably and loves them unconditionally thereby clings to God, uniting the interpersonal and divine dimensions of Torah.

צוואת הריב"ש ע"ה. להיות תמים בעבודתו יתברך עבודה תמה ועיקר שלא לשכוח הדברים. ועיקר ללמוד בכל יום שיעור מוסר הן רב הן מעט. ולראות א"ע תמיד להדבק א"ע במדות טובות והנהגות ישרות ושלא יניח שום יום מעשיית מצוה הן קלה הן חמורה. וסימנך הוי זהיר במצוה קלה כבחמורה פירש זהיר מלשון והמשכילים יזהירו. ר"ל הנשמה תזהיר ותאיר ממצוה קלה כבחמורה כי רחמנא ליבא בעי:

Rabbi Yisrael Baal Shem, peace be upon him, taught us to be wholehearted in our service of HaShem, blessed is He and to serve Him with simplicity. Of primary importance is not to forget the Commandments we received directly from HaShem at Chorev (Aseret HaDvarim-עשרת הדברים), and to study teachings of Mussar, that deal with developing good character traits and right conduct, on a daily basis, whether one studies a little or a lot. Make sure to always adhere to good character traits and right conduct and do not let a day go by without doing a mitzvah-commandment, be it a minor mitzvah or a major one. The mnemonic by which to remember this is the verse, “Be as radiant-Zahir-זהיר from a minor mitzvah as from a major one.” The word Zahir-זהיר, which is usually translated as “careful,” is related, in its root, to the terminology of the verse, “And they that are wise will be radiant-Yazhiru-יזהירו as the radiance-Zohar-זהר of the firmament.” This is to say that the soul should be as radiant and illuminated by the performance of a minor mitzvah as from a major one, for “the Merciful One desires the heart.”

Source 13 · Hasidic
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Noam Elimelekh – Loving Others as a Path to God

Noam Elimelekh, Sefer Bereshit, Lech Lecha

Reb Elimelekh of Lizhensk teaches that genuine devotion to God is only possible when one first perfects one's love and care for other people — one cannot ascend spiritually while neglecting one's obligations to one's fellow human beings.

ונראה לפרש, דמתחילה היה לו מדריגה גדולה בעולם העליון הנקרא 'עץ החיים', ומזה הטעם ציוהו השי"ת שמעץ החיים יאכל, כדי שישאר בקדושתו לעולם, ומעץ הדעת טו"ר נצטווה שלא יאכל, שהם עולמות התחתונים כדי שלא יתגשם, ואח"כ כשאכל מעץ הדעת טו"ר נפל ממדריגה העליונה ונתגשם, לכן ציווהו השי"ת שלא יאכל מעץ החיים, שכיון שכבר נתגשם והיה בהם טו"ר, ואין ראוי לנגוע בעץ החיים עד שיעלה ממדריגה תחתונה לעליונה בהדרגה והיוצא מזה שאחר חטא אדם הראשון צריך האדם לעבוד להשי"ת בהדרגה, ממדריגה תחתונה לעליונה. וזהו פירוש הפסוק "לך לך מארצך", פירוש "לך לך", ר"ל לשורשך העליון אשר משם חוצבת, "מארצך", פירוש ועיקר התחלה שתוכל לבוא לשורש העליון הוא ההכנעה, שתחשוב את שפלותך כי עפר אתה כו׳, "וממולדתך ומבית אביך", פירוש גם ממולדתך כו׳, אם תכניס הכל במחשבת רוממות אל יתברך, עי"ז תזכה שתוכל לבוא "אל הארץ אשר אראך" דהיינו לארץ עליונה.

Or one can say "go for yourself" - it seems to me [we can understand this] through the way of a hint: a person needs to research, and search, and seek, always in order to see the greatness of God in every thing that their eyes see, and through this they will merit that the Holy Blessed One will give them intelligence and understanding to succeed and comprehend the upper worlds. And the way to reach this level of being able to observe the greatness of God is to fix one's traits first and foremost, since the Exalted Holy Blessed Name created the human with all sorts of traits, and each and every single trait has a side and a piece that is towards holiness, and also towards the opposite, God forbid, as known. And a person needs to break into their choice so as to use their traits only to holiness, and then they will merit to understand and observe the greatness of God.

Source 14 · Hasidic
Verified

Kedushat Levi – Hospitality and Cleaving to God

Kedushat Levi, Genesis, Vayera

Reb Levi Yitzchak of Berditchev notes that Avraham interrupted his divine vision (bein adam l'Makom) to receive guests (bein adam l'chaveiro), teaching that acts of human kindness are themselves a supreme form of encounter with God.

אבל שורש הענין כך הוא. דהנה יש חילוק בין לשון פקידה לזכירה. דהנה איתא בזוהר הקדוש דפקידה היא לנוקבא וזכירה הוא לדכורא דלשון פקידה הוא מורה על דבר שקיבל מאיזה בחינה הקודם לו.

Genesis ‎18,2. “when he saw, he ran towards them;” Avraham had ‎still been suffering from the pains of his circumcision. A sick or ‎ailing person is usually the recipient of the loving concern of the ‎attribute of Mercy; Avraham, instead of indulging himself was ‎overcome with the attribute of ‎גבורה‎, overpowering courageous ‎energy, so that he was able to run to meet these men.

Source 15 · Hasidic
Verified

Tanya, Iggeret HaKodesh – Love of Israel as Love of God

Tanya, Part IV; Iggeret HaKodesh 22

The Alter Rebbe teaches that love of one's fellow Jew is the prerequisite and vessel for love of God — because God's presence rests among Israel collectively, loving a fellow Jew is a direct expression of loving the Infinite who dwells within them.

וּכְתִיב: ״כָּל [אִישׁ] יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד חֲבֵרִים״, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאִישׁ אֶחָד מְחוּבָּר מֵאֵבָרִים רַבִּים, וּבְהִפָּרְדָם נוֹגֵעַ בַּלֵּב, ״כִּי מִמֶּנּוּ תּוֹצְאוֹת חַיִּים״, אִם כֵּן אֲנַחְנוּ הֱיוֹת כּוּלָּנוּ כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד מַמָּשׁ – תִּיכּוֹן הָעֲבוֹדָה בַּלֵּב, וּמִכְּלַל הֵן כוּ׳, וְעַל כֵּן נֶאֱמַר: ״וּלְעָבְדוֹ שְׁכֶם אֶחָד״ דַּוְקָא. וְעַל כֵּן אֲהוּבַיי יְדִידַיי, נָא וְנָא לִטְרוֹחַ בְּכָל לֵב וָנֶפֶשׁ לִתְקוֹעַ אַהֲבַת רֵעֵהוּ בְּלִבּוֹ, ״וְאִישׁ אֶת רָעַת רֵעֵהוּ אַל תַּחְשְׁבוּ בִּלְבַבְכֶם״ כְּתִיב, וְלֹא תַעֲלֶה עַל לֵב לְעוֹלָם, וְאִם תַּעֲלֶה – יֶהְדְּפֶנָּה מִלִּבּוֹ כְּהִנְדּוֹף עָשָׁן, וּכְמוֹ מַחֲשֶׁבֶת עֲבוֹדָה־זָרָה מַמָּשׁ.

Thus it is written—“All the men of Israel…as one man associated together,” just as one man is composed of many limbs; but when they become separated this affects the heart. “For out of it are the issues of life.” With us, therefore, by all of us being as truly one man, the service (of G–d) will be established in the heart. And from the affirmative…. That is why it was said: “To serve Him as one part.” Therefore, my beloved and dear ones: I beg of you to make an effort with all the heart and soul to drive into the heart the love for one’s fellow man, “And none of you should consider in your hearts what is evil to his fellow man”—it is written. Such (consideration) should never rise in the heart, and if it does rise one is to push it away from his heart “as smoke is driven away,” and truly like an idolatrous thought.