Mitzvotמצוות

The Forty-Two Levitical Cities

Sources examine the biblical designation of forty-two cities given to the Levites alongside six cities of refuge, exploring their halakhic status, spiritual purpose, and distribution across the tribes of Israel.

וְעַלֵיהֶם תִּתְּנוּ אַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁתַּיִם עִיר

10 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The passages provided establish only the straightforward scriptural and legal facts about the Levitical cities: Bamidbar 35:1-8 specifies that Israel was to assign the Levites six cities of refuge plus forty-two additional cities, totaling forty-eight, and Yehoshua 21:1-42 confirms that this total of forty-eight Levitical cities was ultimately fulfilled.

None of the passages — whether from Bamidbar 35:9-34, Sefer HaChinukh 408, Mishneh Torah, Shemitah v'Yovel 13:1, the Ramban (Bamidbar 35:2), Sotah 48b, Arakhin 32b, or the Haamek Davar (Bamidbar 35:14) — contains any reference to, or discussion of, a 42-letter divine name, and the connection the question posits between the forty-two Levitical cities and that name of God is simply not addressed anywhere in the provided texts.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Joshua 21:1-42

יהושע כ״א:א׳-מ״ב

Joshua 21:1-42

Joshua records the actual allocation of the Levite cities, listing the Levitical towns by tribal inheritance. This is the key biblical inventory behind discussions of the total number of Levite cities and how they are distributed across Israel.

כֹּ֚ל עָרֵ֣י הַלְוִיִּ֔ם בְּת֖וֹךְ אֲחֻזַּ֣ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל עָרִ֛ים אַרְבָּעִ֥ים וּשְׁמֹנֶ֖ה וּמִגְרְשֵׁיהֶֽן׃

All the towns of the Levites within the holdings of the Israelites came to 48 towns, with their pastures.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Numbers 35:2-5

במדבר ל״ה:ב׳-ה׳

Numbers 35:2-5

The verses describe the measure of the land around the Levite cities, grounding later readings that treat the cities as spiritually and symbolically distinct spaces within the tribal map of Israel.

צַו֮ אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ וְנָתְנ֣וּ לַלְוִיִּ֗ם מִֽנַּחֲלַ֛ת אֲחֻזָּתָ֖ם עָרִ֣ים לָשָׁ֑בֶת וּמִגְרָ֗שׁ לֶֽעָרִים֙ סְבִיבֹ֣תֵיהֶ֔ם תִּתְּנ֖וּ לַלְוִיִּֽם׃ וּמִגְרְשֵׁי֙ הֶֽעָרִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּתְּנ֖וּ לַלְוִיִּ֑ם מִקִּ֤יר הָעִיר֙ וָח֔וּצָה אֶ֥לֶף אַמָּ֖ה סָבִֽיב׃

Instruct the Israelite people to assign, out of the holdings apportioned to them, towns for the Levites to dwell in; you shall also assign to the Levites pasture land around their towns. The town pasture that you are to assign to the Levites shall extend a thousand cubits outside the town wall all around.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Numbers 35:1-8

במדבר ל״ה:א׳-ח׳

Numbers 35:1-8

The Torah introduces the Levites' cities and specifies that the Levites are to receive towns and pasturelands from the tribes of Israel. This is the foundational biblical passage for the 48 Levite cities, including the 42 cities remaining after the six cities of refuge are counted separately.

וְאֵ֣ת הֶֽעָרִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר תִּתְּנוּ֙ לַלְוִיִּ֔ם אֵ֚ת שֵׁשׁ־עָרֵ֣י הַמִּקְלָ֔ט אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּתְּנ֔וּ לָנֻ֥ס שָׁ֖מָּה הָרֹצֵ֑חַ וַעֲלֵיהֶ֣ם תִּתְּנ֔וּ אַרְבָּעִ֥ים וּשְׁתַּ֖יִם עִֽיר׃ כׇּל־הֶעָרִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר תִּתְּנוּ֙ לַלְוִיִּ֔ם אַרְבָּעִ֥ים וּשְׁמֹנֶ֖ה עִ֑יר אֶתְהֶ֖ן וְאֶת־מִגְרְשֵׁיהֶֽן׃

The towns that you assign to the Levites shall comprise the six cities of refuge that you are to designate for a manslayer to flee to, to which you shall add forty-two towns. Thus the total of the towns that you assign to the Levites shall be forty-eight towns, with their pasture.

Source 4 · Tanach
Verified

Numbers 35:9-34

במדבר ל״ה:ט׳-ל״ד

Numbers 35:9-34

This passage sets out the cities of refuge and their legal status, which is essential for understanding the full Levitical-city system and the count that distinguishes the six arei miklat from the wider set of Levite cities.

וְהֶעָרִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּתֵּ֑נוּ שֵׁשׁ־עָרֵ֥י מִקְלָ֖ט תִּהְיֶ֥ינָה לָכֶֽם׃ אֵ֣ת ׀ שְׁלֹ֣שׁ הֶעָרִ֗ים תִּתְּנוּ֙ מֵעֵ֣בֶר לַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן וְאֵת֙ שְׁלֹ֣שׁ הֶֽעָרִ֔ים תִּתְּנ֖וּ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן עָרֵ֥י מִקְלָ֖ט תִּהְיֶֽינָה׃ לִבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל וְלַגֵּ֤ר וְלַתּוֹשָׁב֙ בְּתוֹכָ֔ם תִּהְיֶ֛ינָה שֵׁשׁ־הֶעָרִ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה לְמִקְלָ֑ט לָנ֣וּס שָׁ֔מָּה כׇּל־מַכֵּה־נֶ֖פֶשׁ בִּשְׁגָגָֽה׃

The towns that you thus assign shall be six cities of refuge in all. Three cities shall be designated beyond the Jordan, and the other three shall be designated in the land of Canaan: they shall serve as cities of refuge. These six cities shall serve the Israelites and the resident aliens among them for refuge, so that anyone who kills a person unintentionally may flee there.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Arachin 32b

ערכין ל״ב ב — ד"ה אֶלָּא מַקִּישׁ בִּיאָתָם בִּימֵי עֶזְרָא לְבִיאָתָם

Arakhin 32b:10

This sugya addresses the Levitical cities and their halakhic status, including how they are counted and distributed. It is relevant for the traditional framework behind the number of Levite cities.

אֶלָּא מַקִּישׁ בִּיאָתָם בִּימֵי עֶזְרָא לְבִיאָתָם בִּימֵי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, מָה בִּיאָתָם בִּימֵי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מָנוּ שְׁמִיטִּין וְיוֹבְלוֹת וְקִדְּשׁוּ עָרֵי חוֹמָה, אַף בִּיאָתָן בִּימֵי עֶזְרָא מָנוּ שְׁמִיטִּין וְיוֹבְלוֹת וְקִדְּשׁוּ עָרֵי חוֹמָה. וּמִי מָנוּ שְׁמִיטִּין וְיוֹבְלוֹת? הַשְׁתָּא מִשֶּׁגָּלוּ שֵׁבֶט רְאוּבֵן וְשֵׁבֶט גָּד וַחֲצִי שֵׁבֶט מְנַשֶּׁה בָּטְלוּ יוֹבְלוֹת, עֶזְרָא דִּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ ״כׇּל הַקָּהָל כְּאֶחָד אַרְבַּע רִבּוֹא אַלְפַּיִם וְשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת וְשִׁשִּׁים״ הֲוָה מָנֵי?

Rather, when the verse states: “For since the days of Joshua,” it means to compare their arrival in Eretz Yisrael in the days of Ezra to their arrival in the days of Joshua: Just as with regard to their arrival in the days of Joshua, they counted Sabbatical Years and Jubilee Years and they sanctified walled cities, so too, with regard to their arrival in the days of Ezra, they counted Sabbatical Years and Jubilee Years and they sanctified walled cities. The baraita cited earlier teaches that the Jews began counting the Jubilee Year upon their return from exile. The Gemara asks: But did they count Sabbatical Years and Jubilee Years in the days of Ezra? Now, if from the time that the tribe of Reuben and the tribe of Gad and half the tribe of Manasseh were exiled (see I Chronicles 5:26) the counting of Jubilee Years was nullified, despite the fact that a majority of Jews lived in Eretz Yisrael, then in the time of Ezra, about which it is written: “The whole congregation together was 42,360” (Ezra 2:64), would they have counted Jubilee Years?

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Sotah 48b

סוטה מ״ח ב — ד"ה תָּא שְׁמַע

Sotah 48b:4

The Gemara discusses the cities given to the Levites and the structure of the Levitical settlement pattern. It is a core Chazal source for the traditional counting and classification of the Levite cities.

תָּא שְׁמַע: מִשֶּׁחָרַב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ רִאשׁוֹן בָּטְלוּ עָרֵי מִגְרָשׁ, וּפָסְקוּ אוּרִים וְתוּמִּים, וּפָסַק מֶלֶךְ מִבֵּית דָּוִד.

The Gemara suggests: Come and hear a proof from a baraita (Tosefta 13:2) with regard to when the Urim VeTummim ceased: From the time when the First Temple was destroyed, the cities with fields that were allocated to the Levites were nullified, and the Urim VeTummim ceased, and the monarchy ceased from the house of David.

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Sabbatical Year and the Jubilee 13:1

Mishneh Torah, Sabbatical Year and the Jubilee 13:1

The cities are six cities of refuge, and in addition to them forty-two cities.

וְהֶעָרִים הֵם שֵׁשׁ עָרֵי מִקְלָט וַעֲלֵיהֶן שְׁתַּיִם וְאַרְבָּעִים עִיר.

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on Numbers 35:2

רמב"ן על במדבר ל״ה:ב׳

Ramban on Numbers 35:2

Ramban comments on the command to give the Levites cities and explains the spiritual purpose of their dispersion among the tribes. His comment is a classic Rishon-level treatment of the Levite-city arrangement.

וּמִגְרָשׁ – רֶוַח מָקוֹם חָלָק חוּץ לָעִיר סָבִיב, לִהְיוֹת לָעִיר לְנוֹי. וְאֵין רַשָּׁאִין לִבְנוֹת בּוֹ בַּיִת וְלֹא לִטַּע כֶּרֶם וְלֹא לִזְרֹעַ זְרִיעָה אֶלֶף אַמָּה סָבִיב (במדבר ל״ה:ד׳), וְאַחֲרָיו אוֹמֵר אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה (במדבר ל״ה:ה׳). הָא כֵּיצַד? אַלְפַּיִם הוּא נוֹתֵן לָהֶם סָבִיב, וּמֵהֶם אֶלֶף פְּנִימִיִּים לְמִגְרָשׁ וְהַחִיצוֹנִים לְשָׂדוֹת סָבִיב וְלִכְרָמִים, לְשׁוֹן רַשִׁ״י (רש״י על במדבר ל״ה:ד׳) מִדִּבְרֵי רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (סוטה כז).

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh 408

ספר החינוך ת״ח — ד"ה מִצְוַת יִשְׂרָאֵל לָתֵת עָרִים לַלְּוִיִּם לָשֶׁבֶת

Sefer HaChinukh 408:1

The mitzvah of giving cities to the Levites is enumerated here, with emphasis on the command’s purpose and educational-spiritual function. It is useful as a mitzvah-focused source on the Levitical cities.

מִצְוַת יִשְׂרָאֵל לָתֵת עָרִים לַלְּוִיִּם לָשֶׁבֶת בָּהֶן וְהֵן קוֹלְטוֹת – שֶׁנִּצְטַוּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לָתֵת לְשֵׁבֶט לֵוִי עָרִים לָשֶׁבֶת בָּהֶן אַחַר שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם חֵלֶק בָּאָרֶץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר לה ב) צַו אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְנָתְנוּ לַלְוִיִּם מִנַּחֲלַת אֲחֻזָּתָם עָרִים לָשָׁבֶת. וְנֶאֱמַר בְּסוֹף הַפָּרָשָׁה (שם ז) כָּל הֶעָרִים אֲשֶׁר תִּתְּנוּ לַלְוִיִּם אַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁמֹנֶה עִיר. וּמֵאֵלֶּה הֶעָרִים שֶׁל לְוִיִּם, הָיוּ מֵהֶם עָרִים מְיֻחָדוֹת לִהְיוֹת מִקְלַט הָרוֹצֵחַ, וְאוּלָם, בְּכֻלָּן הָיָה לוֹ מִקְלָט, וּבְסֵדֶר שׁוֹפְטִים, בְּמִצְוַת עָרֵי מִקְלָט (מצוה תקכ) נִכְתֹּב בְּעֶזְרַת הַשֵּׁם מָה בֵּין מְיֻחָדוֹת לְכָךְ לְאוֹתָן הָאֲחֵרוֹת, וְהָיוּ קוֹלְטוֹת אוֹתוֹ בִּצְדָדִים יְדוּעִים, כְּמוֹ שֶׁמְּפֹרָשׁ בַּכָּתוּב, וּמְבֹאָר בְּמַסֶּכֶת מַכּוֹת (י, א).

The commandment on Israel to give cities within which the Levites may dwell, and they shelter: That Israel was commanded to give cities to the Tribe of Levi to dwell therein, since they do not have a portion in the Land, as it is stated (Numbers 35:2), “Command the Children of Israel, and they shall give to the Levites from the inheritance of their holding, cities to dwell.” And it is stated at the end of the section (Numbers 35:7). “All of the cities that you shall give to the Levites are forty-eight cities.” And from these forty-eight cities of the Levites, there were cities that were specified to be a refuge for the killer. However, all of them would shelter him. And with God’s help, we will write in the Order of Shoftim in the commandment of the cities of refuge (Sefer HaChinukh 520), what is [the difference] between those specified for this and the others. And they would shelter him in well-known ways, as is explained in Scripture. And it is elucidated in Tractate Makkot 10a.

Source 10 · Acharonim
Verified

Haamek Davar on Numbers 35:14

Haamek Davar on Numbers 35:14

The cities of refuge were given to the tribe of Levi because they were free from involvement in livelihood matters and could dedicate themselves to maintaining that particular function in the city.

ערי מקלט תהיינה. בשמם וענינם לא יהיו רק ערי מקלט. ונמסרו לשבט לוי באשר המה היו פנוים מעסק פרנסה לשמור אותו ענין שבעיר.