Tanakhתנ״ך

The Ohr HaChaim on the Exodus from Egypt

The Ohr HaChaim explores the exodus from Egypt across multiple biblical passages, examining it as a multifaceted spiritual event involving the reclamation of holy sparks, the establishment of Israel's covenant relationship with God, and a redemptive process rooted in the patriarchal promises. The sources address the exodus as both a historical and recurring annual transformation.

בְּכָל דּוֹר וָדוֹר חַיָּב אָדָם לִרְאוֹת אֶת עַצְמוֹ כְּאִלּוּ הוּא יָצָא מִמִּצְרַיִם

9 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The Ohr HaChaim reads the phrase אֵל מוֹצִיאָם as pointing to a redemption that is not merely a one-time event: Or HaChaim on Bamidbar 23:22 teaches, drawing on the rabbinic principle that every person is obligated to see themselves as if they personally left Mitzrayim, that each year on the night of Pesach sparks of holiness are extracted from the forces of the kelipah and added to Bnei Yisrael — and that this is the very same dimension as the original Shemot, so the verb "takes them out" is in the present tense, applying to every year.

This kabbalistic reading is deepened in Or HaChaim on Bamidbar 24:8, which explains that when Israel departed Mitzrayim they extracted all the sparks of sanctity that had been trapped within the kelipah of Egypt, and that the consumption of enemy nations is itself a mechanism for releasing and incorporating those sparks into the soul of Israel, as hinted in Mishlei 13:25 — "the righteous one eats to satisfy his soul."

On the historical plane, Or HaChaim on Shemot 6:6–7 enumerates a precise sequence of four distinct stages of redemption: first the removal of hard slave labour beginning with the plague of blood, then the complete cessation of all labour, then the physical departure from Egypt (which itself encompasses the splitting of the sea), and finally the giving of the Torah.

Or HaChaim on Shemot 3:8 adds that God's language of "descending" to redeem Israel reflects a self-imposed diminishment of divine dignity — it was not befitting the supreme God to address so vile a ruler as Pharaoh, yet God waived that honour in order to hasten Israel's redemption.

Source 1 · Rishonim
Verified

Or HaChaim on Exodus 6:6-7

Or HaChaim on Exodus 6:6-7:3

On the verses of redemption, he reads the four expressions of deliverance as a structured unfolding of freedom: removal from bondage, rescue from labor, redemption by divine hand, and acceptance as God's people. The passage frames leaving Egypt as transformation into a new relationship with God.

וְאָמְרוֹ וְהוֹצֵאתִי וְגוֹ׳, נִתְכַּוֵּן לְסַדֵּר סֵדֶר הַטּוֹבוֹת, כִּי בַּתְּחִלָּה יָקֵל עֹל סֻבֳּלָם, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ וְהוֹצֵאתִי אֶתְכֶם מִתַּחַת סִבְלוֹת מִצְרַיִם שֶׁהוּא תּוֹקֶף הַשִּׁעְבּוּד, וְזֶה הָיָה תֵּכֶף וּמִיָּד בְּמַכַּת הַיְאוֹר נִתְפָּרְדָה חֲבִילַת נוֹגְשִׂים וְשׁוֹטְרִים, אֲבָל יִשְׂרָאֵל הָיוּ עוֹבְדִים קְצָת כִּי אֵימַת הַמִּצְרִיִּים הָיְתָה עֲלֵיהֶם וּמֵעַצְמָם הָיוּ עוֹבְדִים עֲבוֹדָה קַלָּה. וּכְנֶגֶד זֶה אָמַר וְהִצַּלְתִּי אֶתְכֶם מֵעֲבֹדָתָם שֶׁתֵּעָקֵר עֲבוֹדָה מֵהֶם כָּל עִקָּר, וְאַחַר כָּךְ וְגָאַלְתִּי אֶתְכֶם הִיא יְצִיאָתָם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם, וּבִכְלָל פְּרָט זֶה הִיא קְרִיעַת יַם סוּף, שֶׁאִם לֹא כֵן זוֹ גְּאֻלָּה שֶׁאַחֲרֶיהָ כְּלָיָה בַּר מִינָן, וְלָזֶה לֹא אָמַר ״וְהוֹצֵאתִי אֶתְכֶם מִן הָאָרֶץ״ אֶלָּא ״וְגָאַלְתִּי״ לוֹמַר הוֹצָאָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ גְּאֻלָּה אִם יִרְדֹּף אוֹיֵב יִרְדֹּף בְּאַף וּבְחֵמָה שְׁפוּכָה. וְאַחַר כָּךְ וְלָקַחְתִּי אֶתְכֶם לִי לְעָם שֶׁהוּא מַתַּן תּוֹרָה, כִּי שָׁם נִתְיַחַדְנוּ לוֹ לְעָם וְיִחֵד שְׁמוֹ עָלֵינוּ, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ וְהָיִיתִי לָכֶם לֵאלֹהִים. עוֹד יִרְצֶה עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (שמות רבה ו,ד) כִּי אַרְבַּע גְּאוּלוֹת נֶאֶמְרוּ בְּפָסוּק זֶה, וְאוּלַי כִּי הֵם רְמוּזִים בְּשֵׁם הֲוָיָ״ה שֶׁאָמַר ה׳ פֶּתַח דְּבָרָיו אֱמֹר לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲנִי ה׳, וּלְצַד זֶה שֵׁם הַפּוֹעֵל יִפְעַל אַרְבַּע מִינֵי גְּאוּלוֹת. וּלְפִי זֶה יְדוּיַּק אָמְרוֹ וְהָיִיתִי לָכֶם לֵאלֹהִים עַל גְּאוּלָה הַבָּאָה בְּחִינַת ה״א אַחֲרוֹנָה, כִּי תִקָּרֵא שֵׁם אֱלֹהִים כַּיָּדוּעַ לְאַנְשֵׁי אֱמֶת. וְאוּלַי כִּי לָזֶה נִתְכַּוֵּן בְּאָמְרוֹ אַחַר שֶׁסִּדֵּר אַרְבַּע לְשׁוֹנוֹת שֶׁל גְּאוּלָה: ״וִידַעְתֶּם כִּי אֲנִי שֵׁם הֲוָיָ״ה״, פֵּרוּשׁ, וְזֶה לְךָ הָאוֹת אַרְבַּע גְּאוּלוֹת.

G'd enumerates the steps of the redemption. 1) First "I will take you out from beneath the hard labour of Egypt;" this is the removal of the slave labour performed for the Egyptians. It would commence immediately with the plague of blood. Although this resulted in the dispersal of the taskmasters, the Israelites continued to perform light duty tasks. 2) "I will save you from their bondage;" this referred to the remaining kind of labour the Israelites performed for the Egyptians. 3) "I will liberate you;" this refers to the actual departure of the Israelites from the country. This also includes the splitting of the sea as the departure would have been meaningless without that final stage. The word וגאלתי must refer to a liberation which is not followed by pursuit. Following that stage the Jewish people would experience ולקחתי אתכם לי לעם," I will take you to be My people" which is a reference to the revelation at Mount Sinai when G'd gave us the Torah. At that point G'd would be able to say that: "I have truly become your G'd." One could also understand this verse as speaking of four separate redemptions as does Shemot Rabbah 6,4. This may be alluded to in G'd first again repeating His attribute as the tetragram. Accordingly, the four activities of which G'd speaks here would each be a redemption from a different decree of Pharaoh. The words "I shall be your G'd" would then refer to G'd having proved that He kept His promise. The name אלוקים often occurs as symbolic of truth and honesty. The knowledge of G'd as the attribute of Mercy will become widespread amongst the people as a result of these four redemptions.

Source 2 · Rishonim
Verified

Or HaChaim on Exodus 3:8

Or HaChaim on Exodus 3:8

The Or HaChaim explains the divine promise to bring Israel out of Egypt as a purposeful descent into suffering followed by redemption, highlighting that the exile is not accidental but part of a providential process leading to covenantal fulfillment.

וָאֵרֵד לְהַצִּילוֹ וּלְהַעֲלֹתוֹ וְגוֹ׳. טַעַם אָמְרוֹ וָאֵרֵד, כִּי לְפִי עֵרֶךְ גְּדֻלַּת אֵל עֶלְיוֹן אֵינוֹ מִכְּבוֹדוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת כָּל הַנַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁיָּבוֹאוּ דְּבָרָיו לְאָדָם נָבָל כְּפַרְעֹה וְלוֹמַר אֵלָיו דְּבָרִים מִשְּׁמוֹ, וּמַה גַּם כְּשֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לְמַדְרֵגַת מֵיאוּן עַד הַגִּיעוֹ לוֹמַר (שמות ה:ב) ״מִי ה׳״ חָס וְשָׁלוֹם. וְצֵא וּלְמַד מַה שֶׁדָּרְשׁוּ בְּרַבּוֹת בִּפְתִיחַת אֵיכָה (איכה רבה, פתיחתא י״ד) בְּפָסוּק (משלי כט:ט) ״אִישׁ חָכָם נִשְׁפָּט אֶת אִישׁ אֱוִיל״ – שָׁפַט לֹא אָמַר אֶלָּא נִשְׁפָּט וְכוּ׳ יְעֻיַּן שָׁם דִּבְרֵיהֶם. לָזֶה אָמַר ה׳ וָאֵרֵד – הִסְכִּים עַל מִעוּט כְּבוֹדוֹ כִּבְיָכוֹל לְצַד הַצָּלַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, כְּאָמְרוֹ ״לְהַצִּילוֹ״. וְכַוָּנַת הַצָּלָה זוֹ הִיא שֶׁיַּצִּילוֹ מֵעַכְשָׁיו מֵהָעִנּוּי וּמֵהַשִּׁעְבּוּד, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ מִיַּד מִצְרַיִם הַמְשַׁעְבְּדִים בָּהֶם. וְאָמְרוֹ וּלְהַעֲלֹתוֹ מִן הָאָרֶץ, פֵּרוּשׁ, כְּשֶׁיַּגִּיעַ זְמַן הַגְּאֻלָּה מִכָּאן עַד שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ אַעֲלֶה אוֹתוֹ מִן הָאָרֶץ וְגוֹ׳, לְבַל יִתְעַכֵּב שָׁם עוֹד אֲפִלּוּ בְּלֹא עִנּוּי. וְטַעַם שֶׁלֹּא הֶעֱלָה אוֹתָם תֵּכֶף וּמִיָּד, הוּא לְצַד שֶׁעֲדַיִן לֹא הִגִּיעַ זְמַן הַגְּאֻלָּה אֲשֶׁר קָצַב ה׳. וּבָזֶה נָחָה דַּעְתִּי בַּחֲקִירָה אַחַת לָמָּה הֶאֱרִיךְ ה׳ שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ בְּמַכּוֹת הַמִּצְרִים, וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (שמות רבה ט,יב) מֵהֶם אָמְרוּ שֶׁהַמַּכָּה הָיְתָה מְשַׁמֶּשֶׁת שְׁלֹשָׁה שָׁבוּעוֹת וְהַהַתְרָאָה שָׁבוּעַ אֶחָד, וּמֵהֶם אָמְרוּ לְהֵפֶךְ, וְלָמָּה יְאַחֵר ה׳ הַגְּאֻלָּה, וְהָיָה לוֹ לְהָבִיא הַמַּכּוֹת זוֹ אַחַר זוֹ וְיִגְאָלֵם מִיָּד, וְתַסְפִּיק הַהַתְרָאָה בְּיוֹם אֶחָד אוֹ בְּשָׁעָה אַחַת כְּדִין הַתְרָאַת יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁאֵין צָרִיךְ בָּהּ זְמַן, וּמִכָּל שֶׁכֵּן אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם שֶׁאֵינָן צְרִיכִין הַתְרָאָה. גַּם לָמָּה לֹא הִסְפִּיק הַתְרָאָה אַחַת עַל כָּל הַמַּכּוֹת. אֶלָּא לְצַד שֶׁעֲדַיִן לֹא הִגִּיעַ הַזְּמַן הָיָה ה׳ מַלְבִּישׁ הַזְּמַן הַהוּא לְהַשְׂבִּיעָם מְרוֹרוֹת בֵּינֵי בֵּינֵי עַד שֶׁהִגִּיעַ הַזְּמַן וּגְאָלָם מִיָּד בְּלֹא שׁוּם עִכּוּב. וְאִם תֹּאמַר וּמַה בְּכָךְ אִם הָיָה ה׳ גּוֹאֵל אוֹתָם קֹדֶם זְמַן זֶה. עוֹד, לָמָּה ה׳ הוֹצִיאָם בְּזִבּוּלָא בַּתְרַיְתָא בִּזְמַן שֶׁאִם הָיוּ מִתְעַכְּבִים קְצָת הָיוּ נִלְכָּדִים עַד שֶׁהֻצְרַךְ לְמַהֵר וְלֹא יָכְלוּ לְהִתְמַהְמֵהַּ וְהָיָה לוֹ לְהוֹצִיאָם בִּזְמַן מְרֻוָּח?

וארד להצילו… ולהעלותו מן הארץ ההיא, "I shall descend in order to save…and to bring them out of this land, etc." The reason G'd speaks about His "descent" is that it is not really in keeping with the dignity of the supreme G'd to convey His instructions to a vile human being such as the Pharaoh who now oppressed the Jewish people. This was all the more so seeing that Pharaoh had the effrontery to exclaim "who is G'd that I should heed His words?" (5,2) G'd explained that He waived some of the honour due to Him in order to expedite the redemption of Israel. It is worthwhile to study the comment in the introduction to Eycha Rabbah section 14 on Proverbs 29,9: איש חכם נשפט את איש אויל ורגז ושחק ואין נחת. "If a wise man goes to Court with a fool there is no peace whether the fool rages or laughs." It is remarkable that Solomon uses the form נשפט instead of שפט. He means that getting involved in litigation with a known fool can only result in the so-called wise man becoming convicted. G'd had to mention that He was going to "descend" to show that despite the fact that it was inappropriate for Him to deal with Pharaoh, He would do so for the sake of Israel. The meaning of להצילו refers to the near-term cessation from their slave labour, whereas the expression ולהעלותו refers to the longer term objective of G'd's intervention. Seeing the time for the redemption was not yet at hand, there had to be an interval of at least 12 months between the time G'd spoke to Moses and the actual Exodus. Shemot Rabbah 9,12 debates whether the plagues usually lasted one week with three weeks warning or vice versa. At any rate, our sages seem agreed that the plagues extended over a considerable period. Why would G'd have deliberately delayed the redemption once He had embarked on the process? He could have given Pharaoh a single day's warning before each plague something that is certainly legal when a Jew is warned not to commit a transgression. In fact, Gentiles do not need to be warned specifically at all not to commit acts which they know to be criminal. We must assume, therefore, that G'd waited for a certain date to be able to justify the Exodus although He wanted to relieve the burden of the Jewish people in the interval.

Source 3 · Rishonim
Verified

Or HaChaim on Numbers 33:3-4

Or HaChaim on Numbers 33:3-4

The Ohr HaChaim suggests that Nisan is the month when Israel's mazal (astrological influence) stands firm, and the fifteenth of that month marks the fullness of salvation; the exodus occurred in the first month—when the mazal is established—and specifically on the fifteenth to emphasize the greatness of the deliverance through the full moon, since this degree of success is indicated only when occurring in an auspicious month.

אוּלַי שֶׁרָמַז מַה שֶׁאָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (שמות רבה טו,יא) כִּי חֹדֶשׁ נִיסָן הוּא זְמַן שֶׁמַּזָּלָם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹמֵד, גַּם זְמַן שְׁלֵמוּת הַהַצְלָחָה בּוֹ הוּא חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר בַּחֹדֶשׁ, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ וַיִּסְעוּ וְגוֹ׳ בַּחֹדֶשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁהוּא זְמַן הַעֲמָדַת מַזָּלָם, וְעוֹד לְתוֹסֶפֶת גֹּדֶל הַמַּעֲרָכָה בַּחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר שֶׁהוּא זְמַן מִלּוּי הַלְּבָנָה וְאָמְרוֹ לַחֹדֶשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן לְפִי שֶׁאֵין גֶּדֶר זֶה מוֹרֶה עַל רוּם הַהַצְלָחָה אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁהוּא בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַמֻּצְלָח.

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Or HaChaim on Exodus 12:40-42

Or HaChaim on Exodus 12:40-42:4

He treats the exact timing of the Exodus as a moment charged with meaning, stressing that Israel's departure at midnight expresses divine precision, protection, and the completion of a long-decreed redemption.

לֵיל שִׁמֻּרִים וְגוֹ׳. יְכַוֵּן הַכָּתוּב לִרְמֹז חֲמִשָּׁה נִסִּים מֻפְלָאִים שֶׁזְּמַנָּם לַיְלָה זוֹ: א׳, בִּימֵי אַבְרָהָם כְּשֶׁהִכָּה אֶת אַרְבָּעָה מְלָכִים (בראשית יד:טו) ״וַיֵּחָלֵק עֲלֵיהֶם לַיְלָה״. ב׳, בִּיצִיאַת מִצְרַיִם דִּכְתִיב (שמות יב:כט) ״וַיְהִי בַּחֲצִי הַלַּיְלָה״. ג׳, בִּימֵי חִזְקִיָּה כְּשֶׁהִכָּה גַּבְרִיאֵל מַחֲנֵה סַנְחֵרִיב דִּכְתִיב (מלכים ב יט:לה) ״וַיְהִי בַּלַּיְלָה הַהוּא״. ד׳, בִּימֵי מָרְדְּכַי וְאֶסְתֵּר (אסתר ו:א) ״בַּלַּיְלָה הַהוּא נָדְדָה שְׁנַת הַמֶּלֶךְ״. ה׳, גְּאֻלָּה הָעֲתִידָה. כְּנֶגֶד נֵס אַבְרָהָם אָמַר לֵיל שִׁמֻּרִים הוּא לַה׳, כִּי בְּאֶמְצָעוּת הַנֵּס נִתְגַּלֵּית אֲמִתָּתוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ, כְּאָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (בראשית רבה מב,א) שֶׁיֵּשׁ מֵהָאוּמּוֹת שֶׁלֹּא הָיוּ מַאֲמִינִים בְּנֵס הַצָּלָתוֹ מֵאוּר כַּשְׂדִּים וְהֶאֱמִינוּ בְּנֵס הַכָּאַת אַרְבָּעָה מְלָכִים. וּכְנֶגֶד מִצְרַיִם אָמַר לְהוֹצִיאָם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם. וּכְנֶגֶד נֵס חִזְקִיָּהוּ אָמַר הוּא הַלַּיְלָה הַיָּדוּעַ לָכֶם כָּרָשׁוּם בְּדִבְרֵי נָבִיא (מלכים ב יט,לה) ״וַיְהִי בַּלַּיְלָה הַהוּא וַיֵּצֵא מַלְאַךְ״ וְגוֹ׳. וּכְנֶגֶד נֵס מָרְדְּכַי אָמַר הַזֶּה לַה׳, וּכְנֶגֶד גְּאֻלָּה הָעֲתִידָה אָמַר שִׁמֻּרִים לְכָל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְדֹרֹתָם, פֵּרוּשׁוֹ לְסוֹף הַדּוֹרוֹת בַּעֲגָלָא וּבִזְמַן קָרִיב.

ליל שמורים הוא לה׳ It was a night of vigil for G׳d, etc. The verse refers specifically to those miracles G'd performed at night. 1) In the days of Abraham when the latter defeated the four kings with his 318 men at night (Genesis 14,15); 2) during the Exodus when G'd is reported to have killed the firstborn at midnight (12,29). 3) In the days of Hezekiah when the angel Gabriel smote the army of Sancheriv on that night (Kings II 19,35). 4) In the days of Mordechai and Esther when the king could not sleep (Esther 6,1). 5) The redemption of the Jewish people in the future. Concerning the miracle in Abraham's time, the Torah says here "it was a night of vigilance for G'd," because G'd had demonstrated His truth as mentioned in Bereshit Rabbah 42. According to the Midrash there were some people who did not believe that G'd had saved Abraham from Nimrod's furnace in Ur Kasdim at the time. When they heard about how Abraham defeated these four kings, they changed their minds. The verse goes on to say "to take them out of Egypt," a reference to what happened during this night; the words הוא הלילה, are an allusion to the night in the future when G'd would smite the army of Sancheriv. The allusion to what would happen in the time of Mordechai and Esther is contained in the words הזה לה׳, whereas the reference to the redemption of the future is provided by the words שמורים לכל בני ישראל לדרותם, i.e. at the end of the exiles, may it happen soon.

Source 5 · Rishonim
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy 26:5-8

Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy 26:5-8

On the declaration of 'my father was a wandering Aramean,' he presents the Exodus recitation as the summation of Israel's descent, suffering, divine hearing, and rescue, making liberation from Egypt the core of national self-definition.

אָמַר וְעָנִיתָ, יֵשׁ מְפָרְשִׁים לְשׁוֹן הַתְחָלָה, וּכְמוֹ (איוב ג:ב) ״וַיַּעַן אִיּוֹב״, וְאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁהוּא עֹנִי, כְּאָדָם פָּחוּת שֶׁקִּבֵּל טוֹבָה גְּדוֹלָה מִמֶּלֶךְ שֶׁמַּעֲנִי עַצְמוֹ לְפָנָיו בְּלֵב נִשְׁבָּר, כְּמוֹ כֵן הוּא יַכְנִיעַ עַצְמוֹ לִפְנֵי ה׳, וְיֹאמַר ״אֲרַמִּי אֹבֵד אָבִי״, כִּי אָבִינוּ הָיָה אוֹבֵד וְתוֹעֶה וְגוֹלֶה בְּמִצְרַיִם בִּמְתֵי מְעָט וְגוֹ׳ וַיּוֹצִיאֵנוּ ה׳ מִמִּצְרַיִם וַיְבִיאֵנוּ וְגוֹ׳. וּכְנֶגֶד מַאֲמָר זֶה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ עִלּוּי וַחֲשִׁיבוּת אָמַר וְאָמַרְתָּ, וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (פסחים קטז:) בְּעִנְיַן הַגָּדַת פֶּסַח מַתְחִיל בִּגְנוּת וּמְסַיֵּם בִּשְׁבָח.

Source 6 · Rishonim
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Or HaChaim on Genesis 15:13-14

Or HaChaim on Genesis 15:13-14:2

He treats the covenant with Abraham as the root of the Egyptian exile and redemption, explaining that the bondage in Mitzrayim serves a foretold divine purpose and that liberation fulfills the original promise to the patriarchs.

אָכֵן כַּוָּנַת הַכָּתוּב הוּא עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ, טַעַם שֶׁכָּפַל לוֹמַר יָדֹעַ תֵּדַע לְשָׁלֹשׁ סִבּוֹת. הָא׳ עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (נדרים לב.) וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנָם: יָרְדוּ אֲבוֹתֵינוּ לְמִצְרַיִם בִּשְׁבִיל דָּבָר קַל שֶׁאָמַר ״בַּמָּה אֵדַע״, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ ״יָדֹעַ״, לְצַד שֶׁאַתָּה חָפֵץ לָדַעַת, ״תֵּדַע כִּי גֵר״ וְגוֹ׳. ב׳, לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁאָמַר ה׳ בָּעִנְיָן שְׁנֵי דְּבָרִים, אַחַת פּוּרְעָנִיּוֹת וְאַחַת הֲטָבָה, כְּאָמְרוֹ ״וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן״ וְגוֹ׳, לָזֶה אָמַר יְדִיעָה שְׁתֵּי פְּעָמִים. ג׳ עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ברכות יח:) בַּפָּסוּק (דברים לד:ד) ״זֹאת הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי וְגוֹ׳ לֵאמֹר״ וְגוֹ׳, שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ ה׳, לֵךְ אֱמוֹר לְאַבְרָהָם וְגוֹ׳ שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּעְתִּי וְכוּ׳, עַד כָּאן. וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ שְׁתֵּי יְדִיעוֹת: א׳ הִיא מַה שֶׁמּוֹדִיעוֹ בְּאוֹתוֹ מַצָּב, וְאֶחָד שֶׁעָתִיד לְהוֹדִיעוֹ עַל יְדֵי מֹשֶׁה, וְלָזֶה אָמַר ״תֵּדַע״ לֶעָתִיד. וְטַעַם שֶׁאָמַר גֵּר יִהְיֶה וְגוֹ׳, שֶׁהִקְדִּים הַמְּאוֹרָע, נִתְכַּוֵּן לוֹמַר כִּי הַגֵּרוּת הִיא כַּסֵּדֶר שֶׁהָיָה בָּהּ אַבְרָהָם. וְאִם הָיָה אוֹמֵר ״כִּי יִהְיֶה גֵר״ מַשְׁמַע שֶׁתִּתְחַדֵּשׁ הַגֵּרוּת, וְיִהְיֶה נִשְׁמָע שֶׁיִּהְיֶה זְמַן שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיוּ גֵרִים קֹדֶם וְתִתְחַדֵּשׁ לָהֶם הַגֵּרוּת. וְלֹא כֵן הוּא שִׁעוּר אָמְרוֹ ״כִּי גֵר יִהְיֶה זַרְעֲךָ״, פֵּרוּשׁ: בְּגֵרוּת יִהְיֶה עוֹמֵד זַרְעֲךָ. וְלָזֶה מָצִינוּ שֶׁחָשַׁב ה׳ שְׁנֵי יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב, הֲגַם שֶׁהָיוּ בַּהֲוָיָתָן לְגֵרוּת אָבוֹת.

I believe the Torah repeated the words ידע תדע for three separate reasons. 1) Our sages said: "our forefathers descended to Egypt on account of a relatively minor sin, i.e. Abraham having asked: 'How will I know that I will inherit'" (Genesis 15,8)? G'd answered him; ידוע, "know! that because you asked, תדע you should be aware that your descendants will first be strangers, etc." 2) Seeing that G'd's response to Abraham's question contained both a pleasant and an unpleasent message, i.e. enslavement and subsequent redemption, G'd told Abraham that just as surely as there would first be enslavement, this would be followed by redemption. 3) Our sages (Berachot 18) commented on Deut. 34,4: זאת הארץ אשר נשבעתי לאברהם, ליצחק וליעקב לאמד לזרעך אתננה, that G'd told Moses לאמר, to tell the patriarchs that He had fulfilled the oath He had sworn to all of them regarding the land of Israel. In view of this the repeated use of the expression ידע תדע refers to both the present and the eventual status of that land. The reason that the word גר is stressed by being placed ahead of what is going to happen, is to inform us that the status of being an alien commenced already at this time. Abraham's life from here on in was part of the decree. Abraham should not think that his descendants' history would parallel his own experience to the extent that they would be aliens only part of these 400 years. Abraham was not to misunderstand the meaning of the words כי גר יהיה זרעך as applying only at some time in the future. That period would commence the day he would have descendants, i.e. with the birth of Isaac. This was also a pleasant aspect of the decree in that all the years Isaac and Jacob lived either in the land of Canaan or at Laban's were counted as part of the 400 years.

Source 7 · Rishonim
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

Or HaChaim on Exodus 12:8

On the Paschal sacrifice and the command to eat in haste, the Or HaChaim connects the hurried departure from Egypt with readiness for geulah: the posture of escape also teaches spiritual alertness and separation from Egyptian corruption.

וְהִנֵּה שְׁלֹשֶׁת הַשָּׂרִיגִים יַטְעִימוּ יַחַד, וְהוּא רוֹמֵז לִשְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים: הָאֶחָד הוּא הַגָּלוּת שֶׁמֵּרְרוּ אֶת חַיֵּיהֶם, הַשֵּׁנִי הִיא הַיְּצִיאָה תֵּכֶף וּמִיָּד שֶׁלֹּא הִסְפִּיק בְּצֵקָם לְהַחְמִיץ בְּמִצְרַיִם, שְׁלִישִׁי, אֲשֶׁר פָּסַח ה׳ עַל בָּתֵּיהֶם וְהוּא בְּחִינַת הַגְּאֻלָּה, כִּי עָבַר ה׳ בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם וְנִתֵּק חֶבֶל מוֹסֵרוֹת הֶעָבוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ תּוֹקְפִים בָּהֶם שֶׁהוּא בְּחִינַת הַבְּכוֹרָה, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי הָעִנְיָן בִּמְקוֹמוֹ (שמות יא:ה). וּשְׁלֹשֶׁת הָעִנְיָנִים יַחַד הָיוּ צְרִיכִין לִהְיוֹת, וְזוּלַת אֶחָד אֵין נֵס בַּשְּׁנַיִם הָאֲחֵרִים, שֶׁאִם לֹא הָיָה הַגָּלוּת לֹא הָיוּ מַשִּׂיגִים אֲשֶׁר הִשִּׂיגוּ מֵהַצֵּרוּף וּמַה שֶׁבֵּרְרוּ, וּמַה גַּם לְפִי מַה שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ בִּמְקוֹמוֹת אֲחֵרִים (בראשית מו:ג) כִּי גּוֹי גָּדוֹל עַצְמוֹ שֶׁהוֹצִיא ה׳ מִמִּצְרַיִם הֵם בְּחִינוֹת נִיצוֹצֵי הַקְּדֻשָּׁה שֶׁשָּׁם הָיְתָה וְשָׁם נִמְצֵאת, וּסְגֻלַּת הוֹצָאָתָהּ הוּא הַמָּרוֹר אֲשֶׁר מֵרְרוּ אֶת חַיֵּיהֶם, וְהוּא סוֹד אָמְרוֹ (קהלת ח:ט) ״עֵת אֲשֶׁר שָׁלַט הָאָדָם בָּאָדָם לְרַע לוֹ״. וְאִלּוּ לֹא הָיָה הַמְּהִירוּת שֶׁהוֹצִיאָם ה׳ הָיוּ חוֹזְרִים וּמִשְׁתַּקְּעִים בּוֹרְרִים וּמִתְבָּרְרִים, וְהוּא מַאֲמַר הַתַּנָּא (הגדה של פסח): וְאִלּוּ לֹא הוֹצִיא וְכוּ׳ עֲדַיִן וְכוּ׳, וְהָיִינוּ עֲבָדִים לְפַרְעֹה וְכוּ׳, דִּכְתִיב (שמות יב:לט): ״וְלֹא יָכְלוּ לְהִתְמַהְמֵהַּ״, וְעִקַּר הַגְּאֻלָּה הִיא הַפְּסִיחָה. נִמְצֵאתָ אוֹמֵר כִּי שְׁלָשְׁתָּם יַחַד הֵם הָעִקָּר, וְלָזֶה הָיָה הִלֵּל מְדַקְדֵּק לְכָרְכָם יַחַד (פסחים קטו,א).

These three components symbolised three things. 1) The exile which had embittered the Israelites' lives; 2) The suddenness of the Exodus so that even their dough did not have time enough to rise. 3) The fact that G'd "passed over" the houses of the Israelites which was a major element of the redemption. This "leap-frogging" severed Israel's previous dependence on the Egyptians which had appeared as incapable of separation. I have explained the nature of the good being inextricably intertwined with the evil in my commentary on Exodus 11,5. Redemption meant the tearing asunder of these bonds between good and evil. These three phenomena had to be experienced simultaneously otherwise the whole redemption would not have been possible. If a single element had been lacking the other two would not even have been miraculous at all by themselves. Without the exile experience no other refining process could have been effective and could have borne fruit. We have explained in our commentary on Genesis 46,3 how the descent into the immoral environment of Egypt was a necessary prelude to "rescuing" the souls that had been taken captive by the forces of the קליפה at the time Adam had eaten from the tree of knowledge. This is also the mystical dimension of Kohelet 8,9: "there is a time when one man rules over another to his detriment." Had the Exodus not occurred as abruptly as it did, the Israelites might well have returned to Egypt to become ever more deeply mired in that moral morass. This idea is best expressed by the author of the Haggadah shel Pessach who claims that: "if G'd had not taken us out of there (at the time), then both we and our forefathers would have remained subservient to Pharaoh in Egypt." This is what the Torah means in 12,39 when it testifies that "they could not tarry any longer." The principal element of the redemption was the פסיחה, "the skipping over." Hillel (Pessachim 115) symbolised the importance of the simultaneous occurrence of these three elements when he insisted that we must consume the meat, the bitter herbs and the unleavened bread as a single "sandwich."

Source 8 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Numbers 24:8

Or HaChaim on Numbers 24:8

When Israel left Egypt, they extracted all the sparks of holiness that had been trapped within Egypt's spiritually negative forces; holiness possesses the power to identify and reclaim its separated branches, and through Israel's own holiness these sparks are absorbed into the collective soul of the Jewish people, while the destruction of Egypt's enemies represents the liberation of the holy sparks contained within them.

אֵל מוֹצִיאוֹ מִמִּצְרַיִם וְגוֹ׳. פֵּרוּשׁ עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה כִּי בְּצֵאת יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם בֵּרְרוּ כָּל נִיצוֹצֵי הַקְּדֻשָּׁה שֶׁהָיוּ בִּקְלִפַּת מִצְרַיִם. וּכְבָר הִקְדַּמְנוּ שֶׁתּוֹקֶף הַקְּדֻשָּׁה הִיא כְּשֶׁמְּבָרֶרֶת עֲנָפֶיהָ, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ מוֹצִיאוֹ וְגוֹ׳, כְּתוֹעֲפֹת רְאֵם לוֹ פֵּרוּשׁ לָעָם, וְלָזֶה גַּם כֵּן רָמַז בְּמַאֲמַר יֹאכַל גּוֹיִם צָרָיו, שֶׁהָאֲכִילָה הִיא לְהוֹצִיא נִיצוֹץ הַקְּדֻשָּׁה שֶׁבּוֹ וְתִהְיֶה נִכְלֶלֶת בְּנֶפֶשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל, בְּסוֹד (משלי יג:כה) ״צַדִּיק אוֹכֵל לְשׂוֹבַע נַפְשׁוֹ״. וְאָמְרוֹ וְעַצְמֹתֵיהֶם פֵּרוּשׁ, וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּחִינָה הַמִּתְעַצֶּמֶת בָּהֶם יְגָרֵם אוֹתָהּ.

א־ל מוציאו ממצרים, "The G'd who has taken them out from Egypt, etc." We approach this on the basis of the tradition that when the Israelites left Egypt they had isolated all the sparks of sanctity which had been trapped inside Egypt by the forces of the קליפה, spiritually negative forces. We have explained already that holiness possesses the power to seek out and identify its branches (which had been lost temporarily). When Bileam speaks about מוציאו…כתועפות ראם לו, the subject is the Jewish people. [The word א־ל then is not to be translated as plain "G'd," but as "the divine power possessed by Israel." Ed.] These Israeliteshad taken out the sparks of sanctity previously trapped inside of Egypt by dint of their own holiness. The words: "he consumes nations which are its enemies" refer to the process which liberates the sparks of sanctity trapped inside the bodies of the pagans. These "sparks" will be absorbed by the collective "Soul" of the community of Israel. This is the mystical dimension of Proverbs 13,25: צדיק אכל לשבע נפשו, "The righteous eats in order to satisfy his soul" [as opposed to his body. Ed.]. ועצמותיהם יגרם, "and he crushes their bones." Bileam means that Israel crushes even the strongest parts of its opponents.

Source 9 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Numbers 23:22

Or HaChaim on Numbers 23:22

The passage states that "God brings them out from Egypt" refers not only to the historical exodus but to an ongoing annual occurrence, since in each generation one must regard oneself as if personally leaving Egypt; the kabbalists teach that on every Pesach night, holy forces are separated from impurity and added to the Jewish people, which is the very essence of the exodus itself.

אֵל מוֹצִיאָם מִמִּצְרָיִם. וְנִרְאֶה עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרָם זַ״ל (פסחים קטז:) בְּכָל דּוֹר וָדוֹר חַיָּב אָדָם לִרְאוֹת אֶת עַצְמוֹ כְּאִלּוּ הוּא יָצָא מִמִּצְרַיִם, עַל כֵּן אָמְרוּ יוֹדְעֵי פְּנִימִיּוּת הַתּוֹרָה כִּי כָל לֵיל פֶּסַח מִתְבָּרְרִים כֹּחוֹת הַקְּדֻשָּׁה מֵהַקְּלִפָּה וְנוֹסָפִים בְּעַם בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְהִיא הַבְּחִינָה עַצְמָהּ שֶׁל יְצִיאַת מִצְרַיִם. וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ אֵל מוֹצִיאָם כִּי לֹא יְצִיאָה רִאשׁוֹנָה לְבַד אֶלָּא בְּכָל שָׁנָה וְשָׁנָה מוֹצִיאָם כַּנִּזְכָּר.