Halachaהלכה

Instrumental Music in the Synagogue

Poskim discuss the prohibition on playing musical instruments in the synagogue, grounding the restriction in laws of mourning for the destruction of the Temple and the requirement to maintain reverence and proper conduct within the sanctuary. The sources address which instruments are forbidden and under what circumstances.

שלא לנגן בכלי שיר וכל מיני זמר

5 sources · 4 verified

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What the sources say

The baseline prohibition against playing musical instruments traces to a rabbinic decree mourning the destruction, as the Shulchan Arukh (Orach Chayim 560:3) rules: 'they decreed not to play with instruments, and musical devices, and all things that make music,' with the Rama adding that according to one view the ban applies specifically to one who regularly plays before kings or at a feast, while another view prohibits all instrumental music even outside a drinking context.

The Mishnah Berurah (560) clarifies this dispute, noting that according to the stricter position instruments are forbidden even without wine, and cites the Peri Megadim that those who play instruments daily for people dining certainly violate a full prohibition.

A separate concern for music inside a shul specifically flows from the rules of synagogue sanctity: the Shulchan Arukh (Orach Chayim 151:1) and the Rambam (Prayer and the Priestly Blessing 11:1–7) both forbid lightheadedness, idle chatter, eating, drinking, and using the space for personal benefit — a framework within which poskim discussing instrumental music in shul locate their additional stringency.

Source 1 · Rishonim
Verified

recovered from “Mishneh Torah, The Order of Prayer 11:1-7”

Mishneh Torah, The Order of Prayer 11:1-7

משנה תורה, הלכות תפילה וברכת כהנים י״א:א׳-ז׳

Mishneh Torah, Prayer and the Priestly Blessing 11:1-7

Rambam discusses the sanctity and conduct of the synagogue, including respect for the beit keneset. While not directly about instruments, it is a foundational source for synagogue decorum and misuse of the sanctuary.

בָּתֵּי כְּנֵסִיּוֹת וּבָתֵּי מִדְרָשׁוֹת אֵין נוֹהֲגִין בָּהֶן קַלּוּת רֹאשׁ כְּגוֹן שְׂחוֹק וְהִתּוּל וְשִׂיחָה בְּטֵלָה. וְאֵין אוֹכְלִין בָּהֶן וְאֵין שׁוֹתִין בָּהֶן וְאֵין נֵאוֹתִין בָּהֶן וְאֵין מְטַיְּלִין בָּהֶן וְאֵין נִכְנָסִין בָּהֶן בַּחַמָּה מִפְּנֵי הַחַמָּה וּבַגְּשָׁמִים מִפְּנֵי הַגְּשָׁמִים. וַחֲכָמִים וְתַלְמִידֵיהֶם מֻתָּרִין לֶאֱכל וְלִשְׁתּוֹת בָּהֶן מִדֹּחַק:

No lightheadedness - i.e., jests, frivolity, and idle conversation - should be seen in a synagogue. We may not eat or drink inside [a synagogue], nor use [a synagogue] for our benefit, nor stroll inside one. On a sunny [day], one should not enter [a synagogue to seek shade] from the sun, and on a rainy [day], [one should not enter a synagogue to seek shelter] from the rain. [However,] the sages and their students are permitted to eat and drink in a synagogue because of the difficulty [observing the prohibition would cause them].

Source 2 · Acharonim
External

B'Tzel HaChochma 1:68

B'Tzel HaChochma 1:68

This responsum is among the modern halakhic discussions of using an organ or other instruments in synagogue. It is commonly cited on the conservative side of the issue, treating instrumental accompaniment in shul as prohibited or highly problematic.

B'Tzel HaChochma 1:68 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 165

B'tzel HaChochma is not freely available in text. This PDF surfaced in our research. Please use the feedback buttons below to help us improve.

Source 3 · Acharonim
Verified

Mishnah Berurah 560

משנה ברורה תק״ס

Mishnah Berurah 560

The Mishnah Berurah elaborates on the prohibitions and customs of music and rejoicing in the wake of the Churban. Later poskim use these discussions when considering whether instruments may be used in a shul.

(יא) שלא לנגן בכלי שיר - היינו דבכלי אסור אפילו שלא על היין לדעה זו: (יב) או בבית המשתה - ר"ל לפי שהוא על היין אסרו בזה ואפילו למי שאינו רגיל בזה ודע דאפילו בפה אסור על היין לכו"ע. וע"כ יש למחות באותן שיושבין לאכול סעודתן ובחוץ עומדים ומנגנים ובכל יום עושין כן דזהו ודאי איסור גמור [פמ"ג]:

Source 4 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 560

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים תק״ס — ד"ה וכן גזרו שלא לנגן בכלי שיר

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 560:3

The siman discusses practices of mourning for the destruction of the Temple, including the ban on music and festive rejoicing. It is a key halakhic basis for later discussions of instrumental music in synagogue and Jewish communal settings.

וכן גזרו שלא לנגן בכלי שיר וכל מיני זמר וכל משמיעי קול של שיר לשמח בהם: הגה ויש אומרים דוקא מי שרגיל בהם כגון המלכים שעומדים ושוכבים בכלי שיר או בבית המשתה [טור] ואסור לשומעם מפני החורבן ואפי' שיר בפה על היין אסורה שנא' בשיר לא ישתו יין וכבר נהגו כל ישראל לומר דברי תשבחות או שיר של הודאות וזכרון חסדי הקדוש ברוך הוא על היין: הגה וכן לצורך מצוה כגון בבית חתן וכלה הכל שרי [תוס' וסמ"ג והגהות מיימוני]:

Similarly they decreed not to play [music] with instruments, and musical devices, and all things that make music to rejoice with them. {Gloss: There are those who say, [the prohibition is] specifically for those whom they regularly play them, like for kings who stand and rest to instruments or in the house of a feast. (Tur) } It is forbidden to make them heard because of the destruction, and even song by mouth over wine is forbidden, as it says: "In song one may not drink wine" (Isiah 24:9). And all of Israel is already accustomed to saying words of praise or songs of thanks and remembering the goodnes of the holy one blessed be he over wine. {Gloss: Similarly for the need of a Mitzvah, like for the house of a Groom and Bride, all this is permitted. (Tosefot, Smag, and Hagehot Maymoni)}

Source 5 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 151

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים קנ״א — ד"ה דיני קדושת ב"ה

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 151:1

This siman sets out the reverence due to a synagogue and the need to avoid frivolous behavior there. Later poskim cite these rules when rejecting instrument use inside shul as contrary to the sanctity of the מקום תפילה.

דיני קדושת ב"ה. ובו יב סעיפים: בתי כנסיות ובתי מדרשות אין נוהגין בהם קלות ראש כגון שחוק והתול ושיחה בטילה ואין אוכלין ושותים בהם ולא מתקשטין בהם ולא מטיילין בהם ולא נכנסים בהם בחמה מפני החמה ובגשמים מפני הגשמים ות"ח ותלמידיהם מותרים לאכול ולשתות בהם מדוחק: (וי"א דבבית המדרש אפי' שלא מדוחק שרי): (ר"ן פרק בני העיר) ואין מחשבין בהם חשבונות אלא אם כן הם של מצוה כגון קופה של צדקה ופדיון שבויים ואין מספידין בהם אלא אם כן יהיה ההספד לאחד מגדולי העיר שכל בני העיר מתקבצים ובאים להספידו ואם צריך ליכנס בהם לצרכו כגון לקרא לאדם יכנס ויקרא מעט או יאמר דבר שמועה ואח"כ יקראנו כדי שלא יהא נראה כאלו נכנס לצרכו ואם אינו יודע לא לקרות ולא לשנות יאמר לא' מהתינוקות קרא לי פסוק שאתה קורא בו או ישהה מעט ואח"כ יצא שהישיבה בהם מצוה שנאמר אשרי יושבי ביתך (ושיעור הישיבה כדי הלוך שני פתחים) (לדעת הי"מ בסי' צ' ס"ס כ') (מרדכי ר"פ השותפין):

The Laws of the Holiness of a Synagogue (12 Paragraphs): One may not behave in a lightheaded manner in a synagogue or house of study; for example, laughter, humor, or pointless chatter. One should not eat or drink there nor should one adorn oneself there or walk about there. One should not enter there in summer due to the sun, nor in winter to seek shelter from the rain. Torah scholars and their disciples are permitted to eat and drink there if it is really necessary. (And some say that in a house of study, it is permissible even when it is not a real necessity) (Ran, chapter "B'nai Ha'ir"). No monetary calculations should be made there unless they are for the purpose of a mitzvah; for example, collecting money for charity, or for the redemption of captives. No eulogies should be delivered there unless it is for one of the leaders of the city, for all the people assemble there to eulogize him. If one must enter there for his own needs; for example, to call someone - he should enter and read a little or study something and then call him so that it should not appear as if he has entered for his own needs. And if he doesn't know how to read Torah or study, he should say to one of the children: "read me a verse that you are learning", or he should just delay there for a bit and then leave because sitting there is a mitzvah, as it says "praiseworthy are those who dwell in Your house". (And the amount of time required to sit is the time is takes to walk the width of two doorways.) (According to the opinion of "those that explain" in siman 90 at the end of se'if 20) (Mordechi at the beginning of chapter "HaShut'fin").

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