Tanakhתנ״ך

Commentaries on Gad's Portion in Deuteronomy 33:21

Classical and medieval commentaries explain Gad's choice of land east of the Jordan, emphasizing his recognition of the territory's spiritual significance and his commitment to supporting Israel's collective conquest and justice before settling his own inheritance.

וַיַּרְא רֵאשִׁית לוֹ כִּי שָׁם חֶלְקַת מְחוֹקֵק

8 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The pasuk itself, Devarim 33:21, describes Gad as choosing the best portion for himself because there the 'portion of the revered chieftain' was preserved, and there the heads of the people came to execute God's judgments for Israel — a verse whose every phrase requires explanation.

Rashi (Devarim 33:21) reads the verse on two levels: first, that Gad saw it was advantageous to take territory in the lands of Sihon and Og — the beginning of the conquest — because he knew Moses was buried there ('the lawgiver' being Moses), and that Gad's tribe fulfilled righteousness by keeping their promise to cross the Jordan; and in a second interpretation, the entire verse refers to Moses himself as the lawgiver who came at the head of the people.

The Sforno (Devarim 33:21) and the Or HaChaim (Devarim 33:21) both amplify the Moses-burial motif: the Sforno explains that Gad's deeper motivation for choosing land east of the Jordan was specifically that Moses' burial plot lay within that territory, and that Moses the 'legislator' had also expounded the Torah there; the Or HaChaim adds that Moses was interred there so that the generation of the Shemot — called 'heads of the nation' because they were the first whom God acquired as His treasured people — would eventually be resurrected alongside Moses and cross the Jordan.

Ibn Ezra (Devarim 33:21) offers a more straightforward reading, understanding 'he saw the first part for himself' as Gad simply securing an inheritance before the other tribes, and 'the portion of the ruler' as referring to the palaces of the Amorite nobles that Gad saw and desired — though he acknowledges the verse concludes by praising Gad for fulfilling the righteous act God had promised, namely their pledge to march ahead of Israel in battle.

The Haamek Davar (Devarim 33:21) and the Malbim (Devarim 33:21) stress that Moses' grave gave Gad's territory its singular spiritual value — the Haamek Davar noting that placing Torah leaders there added further protection, and the Malbim explaining that because Moses himself would apportion the land, the territory counted as a unified 'first portion,' and Gad's volunteering to march at the head of the people constituted an act of righteousness beyond strict obligation.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 33:21

דברים ל״ג:כ״א

Deuteronomy 33:21

The passage describes how one chose the best portion for himself, where the revered chieftain's allotment is located and where the people's heads gather, and how he executed God's judgments and decisions for Israel.

וַיַּ֤רְא רֵאשִׁית֙ ל֔וֹ כִּי־שָׁ֛ם חֶלְקַ֥ת מְחֹקֵ֖ק סָפ֑וּן וַיֵּתֵא֙ רָ֣אשֵׁי עָ֔ם צִדְקַ֤ת יְהֹוָה֙ עָשָׂ֔ה וּמִשְׁפָּטָ֖יו עִם־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ {ס}

He chose for himself the best, For there is the portion of the revered chieftain, Where the heads of the people come. He executed GOD’s judgments And decisions for Israel.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Bava Kamma 17a

בבא קמא י״ז א

Bava Kamma 17a

Rabbi Yochanan, in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai, explains that one who engages in Torah study and acts of loving-kindness merits the inheritance of two tribes—understanding "sowing" as charity, "waters" as Torah, and the resulting inheritance as combining the blessing of Joseph (fertile abundance) with the blessing of Issachar (strength and stability).

אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַאי, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״אַשְׁרֵיכֶם זֹרְעֵי עַל כׇּל מָיִם, מְשַׁלְּחֵי רֶגֶל הַשּׁוֹר וְהַחֲמוֹר״? כׇּל הָעוֹסֵק בְּתוֹרָה וּבִגְמִילוּת חֲסָדִים, זוֹכֶה לְנַחֲלַת שְׁנֵי שְׁבָטִים. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אַשְׁרֵיכֶם זֹרְעֵי״ – וְאֵין ״זְרִיעָה״ אֶלָּא צְדָקָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״זִרְעוּ לָכֶם לִצְדָקָה וְקִצְרוּ לְפִי חֶסֶד״; וְאֵין ״מַיִם״ אֶלָּא תּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הוֹי כׇּל צָמֵא לְכוּ לַמַּיִם״. וְזוֹכֶה לְנַחֲלַת שְׁנֵי שְׁבָטִים – זוֹכֶה לְכִילָה כְּיוֹסֵף, דִּכְתִיב: ״בֵּן פֹּרָת יוֹסֵף, בָּנוֹת צָעֲדָה עֲלֵי שׁוּר״; וְזוֹכֶה לְנַחֲלַת יִשָּׂשכָר, דִּכְתִיב: ״יִשָּׂשכָר חֲמֹר גָּרֶם״.

Source 3 · Rishonim
Verified

Sforno on Deuteronomy 33:21

ספורנו על דברים ל״ג:כ״א

Sforno on Deuteronomy 33:21

Sforno reads the verse as praising Gad for choosing a portion fit for a warrior-tribe and for supporting the nation's justice and military effort before enjoying its own land.

וַיַּרְא רֵאשִׁית לוֹ. וְגַם כֵּן רָאוּי הוּא לְכָךְ, כִּי אָמְנָם כְּשֶׁבָּחַר גָּד אֶת אֶרֶץ סִיחוֹן וְעוֹג, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָהּ כִּקְדֻשַּׁת עֵבֶר הַיַּרְדֵּן, הָיְתָה כַּוָּנָתוֹ לְהַשִּׂיג דָּבָר עִקָּרִי אֶצְלוֹ, כִּי שָׁם בְּאֶרֶץ סִיחוֹן וְעוֹג חֶלְקַת מְחֹקֵק סְפוּן הָיְתָה, אוֹתָהּ הַחֶלְקָה שֶׁהַמְחֹקֵק קָבוּר בָּהּ, שֶׁהוּא מֹשֶׁה. וַיֵּתֵא רָאשֵׁי עָם. וְשָׁם בְּאֶרֶץ סִיחוֹן וְעוֹג אָתָא הַמְחֹקֵק בְּרָאשֵׁי הָעָם לִכְבּוֹשׁ אֶת הָאָרֶץ. צִדְקַת ה׳ עָשָׂה וּמִשְׁפָּטָיו עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל. וְשָׁם עָשָה הַמְחוֹקֵק אֶת צִדְקַת ה׳ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁבֵּאֵר שָׁם אֶת תּוֹרָתוֹ. וְשָׁם נִשְׁפַּט עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל וְהִתְוַכֵּחַ מִשְׁפְּטֵי ה׳ וְדִינָיו עֲלֵיהֶם, כְּעִנְיַן שְׁמוּאֵל בְּאָמְרוֹ (שמואל א יב:ז) ״הִתְיַצְּבוּ וְאִשָּׁפְטָה אִתְּכֶם אֶת כָּל צִדְקוֹת ה׳״.

וירא ראשית לו, he was also entitled to this, although when the tribe of Gad chose lands formerly belonging to Sichon or Og, a land which was not part of the “Holy Land,” there had been additional motivation to that of having good grazing land for their flocks, namely that their part of the land would contain Moses’ burial place. This is the meaning of the reference to מחוקק, “the legislator” in our verse. ויתא ראשי עם, this was where the leaders of the people came together at the head of the nation in order to conquer the land. צדקת ה' עשה ומשפטיו עם ישראל, this was where the legislator, מחוקק, performed the righteous deeds of Hashem, by explaining to them G’d’s Torah in detail. This was also where the people of Israel were judged, and where Moses argued with the people about the application of the various social laws of the Torah. The term is found in Samuel I 12,7 where the prophet Samuel tells the people to line up so that he can not only judge the people but explain the righteousness of the laws of G’d, i.e. צדקות ה'.

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy 33:21

אור החיים על דברים ל״ג:כ״א

Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy 33:21

Or HaChaim develops the verse as a praise of Gad for recognizing the significance of the land he chose and for acting with zeal in securing Israel's collective inheritance before his own.

וַיַּרְא רֵאשִׁית לוֹ. פֵּרוּשׁ, הָיָה רָאוּי רֵאשִׁית שֶׁהִיא הַתּוֹרָה לוֹ, וְטַעַם לַדָּבָר – ״כִּי שָׁם חֶלְקַת״, פֵּרוּשׁ חֶלְקוֹ שֶׁל מְחוֹקֵק שֶׁהוּא מֹשֶׁה ״סָפוּן״, אוֹ חֵלֶק מִמְּחוֹקֵק, כִּי חֵלֶק הַגָּדוֹל עָלָה לְמַעְלָה, וְלֹא נִשְׁאַר שָׁם אֶלָּא גּוּפוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ הַחַי סָפוּן. וְטַעַם הַדָּבָר לְהָבִיא רָאשֵׁי עָם, כְּאָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ספרי כאן) לְהָבִיא דּוֹר הַמִּדְבָּר לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ ״וַיֵּתֵא״ וְגוֹ׳, וּקְרָאָם רָאשֵׁי עָם לְפִי שֶׁהֵם תְּחִלַּת קְנִיַּת יִשְׂרָאֵל לַה׳ לְעַם סְגֻלָּה. עוֹד יִרְצֶה, ״וַיַּרְא רֵאשִׁית״ – הַנַּחֲלָה שֶׁנָּחֲלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁהִיא אֶרֶץ סִיחוֹן וְעוֹג ״לוֹ״, פֵּרוּשׁ לִטְּלָהּ לְחֶלְקוֹ. וְלַחֲשַׁשׁ סְגֻלַּת הָאָרֶץ שֶׁכָּל הַדָּר בָּהּ אוֹ כָּל הַקָּבוּר בָּהּ יֵשׁ לוֹ חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא (כתובות קי:), אָמַר טַעַם שֶׁלֹּא חָשׁ לְדָבָר זֶה ״כִּי שָׁם״, פֵּרוּשׁ בַּמָּקוֹם הַהוּא שֶׁלָּקַח לְנַחֲלָתוֹ, שָׁם ״חֶלְקַת מְחֹקֵק״, שֶׁהוּא מֹשֶׁה, ״סָפוּן״, ״וַיֵּתֵא רָאשֵׁי עָם״, וּמֵעַתָּה גַּם הוּא יָבֹא עִם רָאשֵׁי עָם לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא.

וירא ראשית לו. "He chose the first portion for himself." Moses means that actually the ראשית, i.e. the Torah, should have been his share as Moses the lawgiver was buried in his territory. Alternatively, Gad became custodian of a חלק, a small part of the lawgiver, i.e. Moses' earthly remains securely hidden. The reason why Moses was buried there, i.e. on the East Bank of the Jordan was ויתא ראשי עם, in order for the generation of the Exodus, the heads of the nation, to eventually be resurrected together with Moses in order to be allowed to cross the Jordan. The reason that generation is referred to as ראשי עם is that they were the generation whom G'd acquired as His people. Another meaning of the words וירא ראשית לו is that it is a reference to the initial inheritance this tribe took possession of in the lands formerly owned by Sichon and Og. The word לו means that it became his inheritance rightfully. It was not just a land grab. There was a need to confirm this in view of Ketuvot 111 that anyone who lived in the land of Israel or is buried there is assured of a portion of the hereafter. Moses had to confirm that as far as the land of Gad (and Reuven and half the tribe of Menashe) is concerned the same consideration applied. The words כי שם חלקת מחקק ספון mean that just as Moses who is buried in that land will be resurrected so will be the tribe of Gad, or vice versa, i.e. that Moses was not buried in exile.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Rashi on Deuteronomy 33:21

רש"י על דברים ל״ג:כ״א

Rashi on Deuteronomy 33:21

Rashi explains that Gad chose the first portion because he recognized the holiness of the land where Moshe would be buried, and that he carried out Hashem's righteousness by helping his brothers conquer their inheritance before settling his own.

וירא ראשית לו. רָאָה לִטֹּל לוֹ חֵלֶק בְּאֶרֶץ סִיחוֹן וְעוֹג, שֶׁהִיא רֵאשִׁית כִּבּוּשׁ הָאָרֶץ: כי שם חלקת. כִּי יָדַע אֲשֶׁר שָׁם בְּנַחֲלָתוֹ חלקת שְׂדֵה קְבוּרַת מחקק, וְהוּא מֹשֶׁה (עי' ספרי; סוטה י"ג): צדקת ה' עשה. שֶׁהֶאֱמִינוּ דִבְרֵיהֶם וְשָׁמְרוּ הַבְטָחָתָם לַעֲבֹר אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּן עַד שֶׁכָּבְשׁוּ וְחָלְקוּ; דָּ"אַ — ויתא מֹשֶׁה ראשי עם, צדקת ה' עשה עַל מֹשֶׁה אָמוּר (עי' ספרי):

וירא ראשית לו AND HE SAW THE FIRST PART FOR HIMSELF — i.e. he saw good to take for himself territory in the land of Sihon and Og, the subjugation of which was the beginning (ראשית) of the conquest of the Land, כי שם חלקת BECAUSE THERE WAS THE PORTION — i.e., because he knew that there in his territory was the portion of the field where was the grave of the מחקק, THE LAWGIVER, viz., Moses, צדקת ה' עשה HE DID THE RIGHTEOUSNESS OF THE LORD — because they proved true to their word and kept their promise to cross the Jordan and to remain there until they (the Israelites) had conquered it and divided it amongst the tribes. — Another explanation: ויתא AND HE — the Lawgiver, Moses — CAME ראשי עם AT THE HEAD OF THE PEOPLE, צדקת ה' עשה HE DID THE RIGHTEOUSNESS OF THE LORD — This, too, is spoken of Moses (cf. Sifrei Devarim 355:9).

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Ibn Ezra on Deuteronomy 33:21

אבן עזרא על דברים ל״ג:כ״א

Ibn Ezra on Deuteronomy 33:21

Ibn Ezra offers a peshat reading focused on the meaning of the wording: Gad's chosen portion, the 'lawgiver's share,' and the tribe's role in carrying out justice alongside the rest of Israel.

וירא ראשית לו. הטעם שראה לנפשו ויבקש לו נחלה קודם לישראל: כי שם חלקת. כמו חלק: ומחוקק הוא הגדול והשליט כמו לבי לחוקקי ישראל: וספון כמו וספון בארז (בתוכם ספונים) [צ״‎ל בבתיכ' ספוני'] שטעמו שהם ספונים וכן קירות הספון והטעם כי ראה ארמונים ספונים שהיו חלק גדולי האמורי: ויתא. חסר אל״‎ף והטעם שבאו ראשי גד עם ישראל חלוצי צבא ומשה ראה זה בנבואה: צדקת ה' עשה. שמלא בידו את אשר דבר בפיו שנדרו בני גד שיצאו עם ישראל להלחם עם אויביהם ולא הזכיר ראובן ויתכן כי זה בעבור שהיו בני גד גבורים יותר מבני ראובן והנה דברי הימים לעד שאמר על בני גד ופני אריה פניהם ולא תמצא כן בבני ראובן:

AND HE CHOSE A FIRST PART FOR HIMSELF. This means he looked out for himself and sought an inheritance before the other Israelites. FOR THERE A PORTION OF A RULER WAS RESERVED. The word chelkat (portion of) means a portion. [A RULER.] Mechokek (ruler) refers to someone who is great and a ruler. Compare, My heart is toward the governors (le-chokeke) of Israel (Jud. 5:9). [RESERVED.] The word safun (reserved) is similar to safun (ceiled) in and it is ceiled with cedar (Jer. 22:14); and sefunim (ceiled) in be-vattekhem sefunim (Haggai 1:4), which means your houses which are ceiled. The import of ki sham chelkak mechokek safun (for there a portion of a ruler was preserved) is that Gad saw the paneled palaces that were the portion of the nobles of the Amorites. CAME. Va-yeta (came) is missing an alef. The meaning of our clause is that the heads of Gad came armed with the children of Israel. Moses prophetically saw this. HE EXECUTED THE RIGHTEOUSNESS OF THE LORD. Gad fulfilled with his hands that which he spoke with his mouth, for the children of Gad vowed that they would go out with Israel to wage battle against their enemies. Moses did not mention Reuben. It is possible that he omitted Reuben because the tribe of Gad were greater warriors than the tribe of Reuben. The words of Chronicles, which states regarding the tribe of Gad, whose faces were like the faces of lions (I Chron. 12:9), is proof of this. We do not find this stated regarding the tribe of Reuben.

Source 7 · Acharonim
Verified

Haamek Davar on Deuteronomy 33:21

העמק דבר על דברים ל״ג:כ״א

Haamek Davar on Deuteronomy 33:21

Netziv reads the verse in a more literary-historical way, stressing Gad's strategic choice of territory and its faithful contribution to Israel's conquest and settlement.

ראשית ועיקר הבטחון היה כי שם חלקת מחוקק ספון. דמשה רבינו קבור שם וכדאיתא במדרש והובא בתוספות סוטה די״ד דבשעה שמגבהת עבודת כוכבים זו ראשה ורואה קבר משה אזי נשקע בארץ: ויתא ראשי עם. הוסיף להזהר ע״י שהושיב שם ראשי עם לעסוק בתורה.

Source 8 · Acharonim
Verified

Malbim on Deuteronomy 33:21

מלבי"ם על דברים ל״ג:כ״א

Malbim on Deuteronomy 33:21

Malbim distinguishes the clauses of the verse, explaining the 'first portion' and 'lawgiver's share' as distinct ideas and highlighting Gad's public righteousness in supporting the nation.

תורה אור מה שבחרו בעבר הירדן, לא מרכות הלב רק שהיה להם כראשית, ואף שאינם מענין אחד, ולא יתכן לחשבו לראשית לכן יאמר כי שם חלקת מחוקק ספון. יתפרש כאלו כתוב כי שם ספון חלקת מחוקק, שהמקום ספון ויקר מפני שיתחלק ע"י המחוקק בעצמו הוא משה ונחשב לו כענין אחד ולכן נחשב כראשית. ויתא ראשי עם שבא בראש העם לעבור לפני החלוץ, ובזה צדקת ה' עשה שתחשב לו לצדקה כי לא היו מחויבים בזה: