Machshavaמחשבה

How Earthly Judgment Reflects Divine Perspective

These sources explore the correspondence between human judgment and divine judgment, examining how the way people evaluate and judge one another below influences how they are regarded in heaven. The texts draw on mystical teachings about the interconnection of upper and lower worlds, ethical principles of favorable judgment, and the spiritual consequences of human moral reasoning.

כל מה שיש למעלה יש למטה

19 sources · 18 verified

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What the sources say

The Gemara teaches as its foundational principle that one who judges another favorably is himself judged favorably in return (Shabbat 127b), and the Mishnah Berurah (156) cites this same principle from Shabbat 127b alongside the warning that one who suspects the innocent is stricken in his body — establishing that how we judge others below directly shapes how we are judged above.

The Zohar, as explained in the Sulam (Zohar, Vayakhel 283), articulates the structural principle underlying this dynamic: all upper and lower levels are drawn from one another and mirror each other like a seal and its impression, so that each lower reality receives from its corresponding upper counterpart — meaning the judgments enacted below are reflected in the judgments applied from above.

Yoma 86a extends this reciprocal logic in a different direction: when a person conducts himself pleasantly in business and earns the admiration of those around him, people declare 'fortunate is his father who taught him Torah' and 'fortunate is his teacher' — demonstrating that one's earthly comportment actively shapes how one's teachers and the Name of Heaven are perceived on high.

Source 1 · Chazal
Verified

Sulam on Zohar, Vayakhel 283

Sulam on Zohar, Vayakhel 283

All upper and lower levels are interconnected, each drawn from the other, such that what exists above exists below and vice versa; they correspond like a seal and its impression, where each level below receives from its counterpart above.

וכל המדרגות העליונות ותחתונות כולם כעין זה נמשכים אלו מאלו, וכל מה שיש למעלה יש למטה. ודומים זה לזה כמו חותם והנחתם ממנו, שכל מה שיש בחותם יש בנחתם ממנו, וכל אחד למטה מקבל מבחינה שכנגדו למעלה.

Source 2 · Chazal
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Pesachim 112b

פסחים קי״ב ב — ד"ה מֵעִיקָּרָא הֲווֹ שְׁכִיחִי כּוּלֵּי יוֹמָא

Pesachim 112b:16

According to the Gemara, heavenly announcements about Torah scholars create protective decrees against demons: the demon Agrat daughter of Maḥalat reports that announcements in Heaven about Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa and Abaye—warning others to be careful of them and their Torah—prevent her from harming them, and when each rabbi declares himself important in Heaven, he decrees that she may not travel through inhabited places (though she negotiates a limited exception for Shabbat and Tuesday nights).

מֵעִיקָּרָא הֲווֹ שְׁכִיחִי כּוּלֵּי יוֹמָא. זִמְנָא חֲדָא פְּגַעָה בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן דּוֹסָא, אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ: אִי לָאו דְּמַכְרְזִן עֲלָךְ בְּרָקִיעַ: ״הִזָּהֲרוּ בַּחֲנִינָא וּבְתוֹרָתוֹ״ — סַכַּנְתָּיךְ. אֲמַר לַהּ: אִי חֲשִׁיבְנָא בְּרָקִיעַ, גּוֹזֵר אֲנִי עָלַיִךְ שֶׁלֹּא תַּעֲבוֹרִי בַּיִּישּׁוּב לְעוֹלָם. אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ: בְּמָטוּתָא מִינָּךְ, שְׁבֹק לִי רַוְוחָא פּוּרְתָּא. שְׁבַק לַהּ לֵילֵי שַׁבָּתוֹת וְלֵילֵי רְבִיעִיּוֹת. וְתוּ: חֲדָא זִמְנָא פְּגַעָה בֵּיהּ בְּאַבָּיֵי, אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ: אִי לָאו דְּמַכְרְזִי עֲלָךְ בְּרָקִיעַ: ״הִזָּהֲרוּ בְּנַחְמָנִי וּבְתוֹרָתוֹ״ — הֲוָה סַכַּנְתָּיךְ. אֲמַר לַהּ: אִי חֲשִׁיבְנָא בְּרָקִיעַ, גּוֹזְרַנִי עֲלַיְיכִי שֶׁלֹּא תַּעֲבוּרִי בַּיִּישּׁוּב לְעוֹלָם. הָא קָא חָזֵינַן דְּעָבְרָה?! אָמְרִי: הָנֵי

The Gemara states: Initially, these demons were present every day. Once Agrat, daughter of Maḥalat, met Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa and said to him: Had they not announced about you in the Heavens: Be careful of Ḥanina and his Torah, I would have placed you in danger. He said to her: If I am considered important in Heaven, I decree upon you that you should never travel through inhabited places. She said to him: I beg you, leave me a little space. He left for her Shabbat nights and Tuesday nights. And furthermore, once Agrat, daughter of Maḥalat met Abaye and said to him: Had they not announced about you in the Heavens: Be careful of Naḥmani, Abaye, and his Torah, I would have placed you in danger. He said to her: If I am considered important in Heaven, I decree upon you that you should never pass through inhabited places. The Gemara asks: But we see that, notwithstanding these anecdotes, demons do pass through inhabited areas. The Sages say in explanation: These demons

Source 3 · Chazal
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Megillah 31b

מגילה ל״א ב — ד"ה רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ אָב שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת

Megillah 31b:1

God states that when the Jewish people sin, they burden Him by forcing Him to decide what harsh decree to bring upon them; however, He established that whenever they study the Torah's laws of offerings, He considers it as if they sacrificed an offering before Him and pardons all their iniquities.

רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ אָב שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת, מַפְטִירִין ״חׇדְשֵׁיכֶם וּמוֹעֲדֵיכֶם שָׂנְאָה נַפְשִׁי הָיוּ עָלַי לָטוֹרַח״. מַאי ״הָיוּ עָלַי לָטוֹרַח״? אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: לֹא דַּיָּין לָהֶם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁחוֹטְאִין לְפָנַי, אֶלָּא שֶׁמַּטְרִיחִין אוֹתִי לֵידַע אֵיזוֹ גְּזֵירָה קָשָׁה אָבִיא עֲלֵיהֶם. אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, ״בַּמֶּה אֵדַע״? אָמַר לוֹ: ״קְחָה לִי עֶגְלָה מְשׁוּלֶּשֶׁת וְגוֹ׳״. אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, תִּינַח בִּזְמַן שֶׁבֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ קַיָּים. בִּזְמַן שֶׁאֵין בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ קַיָּים מָה תְּהֵא עֲלֵיהֶם? אָמַר לוֹ: כְּבָר תִּקַּנְתִּי לָהֶם סֵדֶר קׇרְבָּנוֹת, כׇּל זְמַן שֶׁקּוֹרְאִין בָּהֶן מַעֲלֶה אֲנִי עֲלֵיהֶן כְּאִילּוּ מַקְרִיבִין לְפָנַי קׇרְבָּן, וּמוֹחֵל אֲנִי עַל כׇּל עֲוֹנוֹתֵיהֶם.

When the New Moon of Av occurs on Shabbat, they read as the haftara the portion that includes the verse “Your New Moons and your Festivals, My soul hated; they were a burden to Me” (Isaiah 1:14). The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of: “They were a burden to Me”? The Gemara explains: The Holy One, Blessed be He, said: It is not enough for the Jewish people that they sin before Me, but in addition, they burden Me to reconsider what harsh decree I shall bring upon them, for they are petitioning Me to annul those decrees. Abraham then said before Him: Master of the Universe: “By what shall I know this?” God said to him: “Take Me a heifer of three years old” (Genesis 15:9). With this, God intimated to Abraham that even if his descendants will sin, they will be able to achieve atonement through sacrificing offerings. Abraham said before Him: Master of the Universe, this works out well when the Temple is standing and offerings can be brought to achieve atonement, but when the Temple will no longer be standing, what will become of them? God said to him: I have already established for them the order of offerings, i.e., the verses of the Torah pertaining to the halakhot of the offerings. Whenever they read those portions, I will deem it as if they sacrificed an offering before Me, and I will pardon them for all of their iniquities.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Shabbat 127b

שבת קכ״ז ב — ד"ה תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן

Shabbat 127b:2

The Gemara derives from 'with righteousness shall you judge your fellow' the principle of judging others favorably, and teaches that one who judges another favorably is himself judged favorably. It connects human judgment below with heavenly judgment above.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: הַדָּן חֲבֵירוֹ לְכַף זְכוּת — דָּנִין אוֹתוֹ לִזְכוּת. וּמַעֲשֶׂה בְּאָדָם אֶחָד שֶׁיָּרַד מִגָּלִיל הָעֶלְיוֹן וְנִשְׂכַּר אֵצֶל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת אֶחָד בַּדָּרוֹם שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים. עֶרֶב יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים אָמַר לוֹ: תֵּן לִי שְׂכָרִי, וְאֵלֵךְ וְאָזוּן אֶת אִשְׁתִּי וּבָנַי. אָמַר לוֹ: אֵין לִי מָעוֹת. אָמַר לוֹ: תֵּן לִי פֵּירוֹת. אָמַר לוֹ: אֵין לִי. תֵּן לִי קַרְקַע — אֵין לִי. תֵּן לִי בְּהֵמָה — אֵין לִי. תֵּן לִי כָּרִים וּכְסָתוֹת — אֵין לִי. הִפְשִׁיל כֵּלָיו לַאֲחוֹרָיו, וְהָלַךְ לְבֵיתוֹ בְּפַחֵי נֶפֶשׁ. אָמַר לוֹ: הָעֲבוֹדָה! כָּךְ הָיָה. הִדַּרְתִּי כׇּל נְכָסַי בִּשְׁבִיל הוּרְקָנוֹס בְּנִי שֶׁלֹּא עָסַק בַּתּוֹרָה. וּכְשֶׁבָּאתִי אֵצֶל חֲבֵירַי בַּדָּרוֹם הִתִּירוּ לִי כָּל נְדָרַי. וְאַתָּה, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁדַּנְתַּנִי לִזְכוּת, הַמָּקוֹם יָדִין אוֹתְךָ לִזְכוּת.

The Sages taught in a baraita: One who judges another favorably is himself judged favorably. And there was an incident involving a certain person who descended from the Upper Galilee and was hired to work for a certain homeowner in the South for three years. On the eve of the Day of Atonement, he said to the homeowner: Give me my wages, and I will go and feed my wife and children. The homeowner said to him: I have no money. He said to him: In that case, give me my wages in the form of produce. He said to him: I have none. The worker said to him: Give me my wages in the form of land. The homeowner said to him: I have none. The worker said to him: Give me my wages in the form of animals. He said to him: I have none. The worker said to him: Give me cushions and blankets. He said to him: I have none. The worker slung his tools over his shoulder behind him and went to his home in anguish. The homeowner said to him: I swear by the Temple service that it was so. I had no money available at the time because I vowed and consecrated all my property on account of Hyrcanus, my son, who did not engage in Torah study. The homeowner sought to avoid leaving an inheritance for his son. And when I came to my colleagues in the South, the Sages of that generation, they dissolved all my vows. At that point, the homeowner had immediately gone to pay his worker. Now the homeowner said: And you, just as you judged favorably, so may God judge you favorably.

Source 5 · Chazal
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Yoma 86a

יומא פ״ו א — ד"ה אַבָּיֵי אָמַר

Yoma 86a:12

The sugya on teshuvah states that when a person sanctifies God's name, others learn to honor Heaven, and when one causes חילול השם the effect is opposite. It highlights how behavior in this world shapes the divine response and the way Heaven relates to a person.

אַבָּיֵי אָמַר, כִּדְתַנְיָא: ״וְאָהַבְתָּ אֵת ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ״, שֶׁיְּהֵא שֵׁם שָׁמַיִם מִתְאַהֵב עַל יָדְךָ. שֶׁיְּהֵא קוֹרֵא וְשׁוֹנֶה וּמְשַׁמֵּשׁ תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים, וִיהֵא מַשָּׂאוֹ וּמַתָּנוֹ בְּנַחַת עִם הַבְּרִיּוֹת, מָה הַבְּרִיּוֹת אוֹמְרוֹת עָלָיו — אַשְׁרֵי אָבִיו שֶׁלִּמְּדוֹ תּוֹרָה, אַשְׁרֵי רַבּוֹ שֶׁלִּמְּדוֹ תּוֹרָה. אוֹי לָהֶם לַבְּרִיּוֹת שֶׁלֹּא לָמְדוּ תּוֹרָה, פְּלוֹנִי שֶׁלִּמְּדוֹ תּוֹרָה — רְאוּ כַּמָּה נָאִים דְּרָכָיו, כַּמָּה מְתוּקָּנִים מַעֲשָׂיו. עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר: ״וַיֹּאמֶר לִי עַבְדִּי אָתָּה יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר בְּךָ אֶתְפָּאָר״. אֲבָל מִי שֶׁקּוֹרֵא וְשׁוֹנֶה וּמְשַׁמֵּשׁ תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים, וְאֵין מַשָּׂאוֹ וּמַתָּנוֹ בֶּאֱמוּנָה, וְאֵין דִּבּוּרוֹ בְּנַחַת עִם הַבְּרִיּוֹת, מָה הַבְּרִיּוֹת אוֹמְרוֹת עָלָיו — אוֹי לוֹ לִפְלוֹנִי שֶׁלָּמַד תּוֹרָה. אוֹי לוֹ לְאָבִיו שֶׁלִּמְּדוֹ תּוֹרָה, אוֹי לוֹ לְרַבּוֹ שֶׁלִּמְּדוֹ תּוֹרָה. פְּלוֹנִי שֶׁלָּמַד תּוֹרָה — רְאוּ כַּמָּה מְקוּלְקָלִין מַעֲשָׂיו וְכַמָּה מְכוֹעָרִין דְּרָכָיו, וְעָלָיו הַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר: ״בֶּאֱמוֹר לָהֶם עַם ה׳ אֵלֶּה וּמֵאַרְצוֹ יָצָאוּ״.

Abaye said: As it was taught in a baraita that it is stated: “And you shall love the Lord your God” (Deuteronomy 6:5), which means that you shall make the name of Heaven beloved. How should one do so? One should do so in that he should read Torah, and learn Mishna, and serve Torah scholars, and he should be pleasant with people in his business transactions. What do people say about such a person? Fortunate is his father who taught him Torah, fortunate is his teacher who taught him Torah, woe to the people who have not studied Torah. So-and-so, who taught him Torah, see how pleasant are his ways, how proper are his deeds. The verse states about him and others like him: “You are My servant, Israel, in whom I will be glorified” (Isaiah 49:3). But one who reads Torah, and learns Mishna, and serves Torah scholars, but his business practices are not done faithfully, and he does not speak pleasantly with other people, what do people say about him? Woe to so-and-so who studied Torah, woe to his father who taught him Torah, woe to his teacher who taught him Torah. So-and-so who studied Torah, see how destructive are his deeds, and how ugly are his ways. About him and others like him the verse states that the gentiles will say: “Men said of them: These are the people of the Lord, yet they had to leave His land” (Ezekiel 36:20). Through their sins and subsequent exile, such people have desecrated the name of God.

Source 6 · Chazal
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Bava Metzia 58b

בבא מציעא נ״ח ב — ד"ה אִם הָיוּ חַמָּרִים מְבַקְּשִׁין תְּבוּאָה מִמֶּנּוּ

Bava Metzia 58b:10

The Gemara discusses the prohibition of ona'at devarim, including embarrassing or hurting others with speech. It teaches that verbal mistreatment is treated with special severity, underscoring the moral weight of how we speak about and evaluate other people.

אִם הָיוּ חַמָּרִים מְבַקְּשִׁין תְּבוּאָה מִמֶּנּוּ, לֹא יֹאמַר לָהֶם: ״לְכוּ אֵצֶל פְּלוֹנִי שֶׁהוּא מוֹכֵר תְּבוּאָה״, וְיוֹדֵעַ בּוֹ שֶׁלֹּא מָכַר מֵעוֹלָם. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: אַף לֹא יִתְלֶה עֵינָיו עַל הַמִּקָּח, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאֵין לוֹ דָּמִים, שֶׁהֲרֵי הַדָּבָר מָסוּר לַלֵּב, וְכׇל דָּבָר הַמָּסוּר לַלֵּב נֶאֱמַר בּוֹ ״וְיָרֵאתָ מֵאֱלֹהֶיךָ״. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַאי: גָּדוֹל אוֹנָאַת דְּבָרִים מֵאוֹנָאַת מָמוֹן, שֶׁזֶּה נֶאֱמַר בּוֹ ״וְיָרֵאתָ מֵאֱלֹהֶיךָ״, וְזֶה לֹא נֶאֱמַר בּוֹ ״וְיָרֵאתָ מֵאֱלֹהֶיךָ״. וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר: זֶה בְּגוּפוֹ וְזֶה בְּמָמוֹנוֹ. רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר: זֶה נִיתַּן לְהִישָּׁבוֹן, וְזֶה לֹא נִיתַּן לְהִישָּׁבוֹן. תָּנֵי תַּנָּא קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: כׇּל הַמַּלְבִּין פְּנֵי חֲבֵירוֹ בָּרַבִּים, כְּאִילּוּ שׁוֹפֵךְ דָּמִים. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: שַׁפִּיר קָא אָמְרַתְּ, דְּחָזֵינָא לֵיהּ דְּאָזֵיל סוּמָּקָא וְאָתֵי חִוּוֹרָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַבָּיֵי לְרַב דִּימִי: בְּמַעְרְבָא בְּמַאי זְהִירִי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: בְּאַחְווֹרֵי אַפֵּי, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא: הַכֹּל יוֹרְדִין לְגֵיהִנָּם, חוּץ מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה.

Likewise, if donkey drivers are asking to purchase grain from someone, and he has none, he may not say to them: Go to so-and-so, as he sells grain, if he knows about him that he never sold grain at all. He thereby causes the donkey drivers and the would-be seller anguish. Rabbi Yehuda says: One may not even cast his eyes on the merchandise for sale, creating the impression that he is interested, at a time when he does not have money to purchase it. Verbal mistreatment is not typically obvious, and it is difficult to ascertain the intent of the offender, as the matter is given to the heart of each individual, as only he knows what his intention was when he spoke. And with regard to any matter given to the heart, it is stated: “And you shall fear your God” (Leviticus 25:17), as God is privy to the intent of the heart. Rabbi Yoḥanan says in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: Greater is the transgression of verbal mistreatment than the transgression of monetary exploitation, as with regard to this, verbal mistreatment, it is stated: “And you shall fear your God.” But with regard to that, monetary exploitation, it is not stated: “And you shall fear your God.” And Rabbi Elazar said this explanation: This, verbal mistreatment, affects one’s body; but that, monetary exploitation, affects one’s money. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani says: This, monetary exploitation, is given to restitution; but that, verbal mistreatment, is not given to restitution. The Gemara relates that the tanna who recited mishnayot and baraitot in the study hall taught a baraita before Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak: Anyone who humiliates another in public, it is as though he were spilling blood. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said to him: You have spoken well, as we see that after the humiliated person blushes, the red leaves his face and pallor comes in its place, which is tantamount to spilling his blood. Abaye said to Rav Dimi: In the West, i.e., Eretz Yisrael, with regard to what mitzva are they particularly vigilant? Rav Dimi said to him: They are vigilant in refraining from humiliating others, as Rabbi Ḥanina says: Everyone descends to Gehenna except for three.

Source 7 · Chazal
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Rosh Hashanah 17b

ראש השנה י״ז ב — ד"ה רַב הוּנָא רָמֵי

Rosh Hashanah 17b:2

The Gemara teaches that God responds to a person measure-for-measure, forgiving those who overlook the wrongs of others. This supports the idea that merciful judgment and forgiving speech below can elicit mercy in Heaven.

רַב הוּנָא רָמֵי, כְּתִיב: ״צַדִּיק ה׳ בְּכׇל דְּרָכָיו״, וּכְתִיב: ״וְחָסִיד בְּכׇל מַעֲשָׂיו״! בַּתְּחִלָּה — צַדִּיק, וּלְבַסּוֹף — חָסִיד. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר רָמֵי, כְּתִיב: ״וּלְךָ ה׳ חָסֶד״, וּכְתִיב: ״כִּי אַתָּה תְשַׁלֵּם לְאִישׁ כְּמַעֲשֵׂהוּ״. בַּתְּחִלָּה — ״כִּי אַתָּה תְּשַׁלֵּם כְּמַעֲשֵׂהוּ״, וּלְבַסּוֹף — ״וּלְךָ ה׳ חָסֶד״.

§ Rav Huna raised a contradiction between the two halves of a verse. It is written: “The Lord is righteous [tzaddik] in all His ways” (Psalms 145:17), indicating that God acts in accordance with the attribute of strict justice [tzedek], and then it is written in the same verse: “And kind [ḥasid] in all His works,” implying that He acts with grace and loving-kindness [ḥesed], going beyond the letter of the law. Rav Huna explained: Initially, at the time of judgment, He is righteous, but in the end, at the time of punishment, He is gracious. Rabbi Elazar raised a similar contradiction: It is written: “But to you, O Lord, belongs kindness” (Psalms 62:13), implying that God acts beyond the letter of the law, and then it is written in the same verse: “For You render to a man according to his deeds,” implying that He rewards and punishes measure for measure. Rabbi Elazar answered: Initially, at the time of judgment: “For You render to a man according to his deeds”; but in the end, at the time of punishment: “But to You, O Lord, belongs kindness.”

Source 8 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Repentance 3:1-4

משנה תורה, הלכות תשובה ג׳:א׳-ד׳

Mishneh Torah, Repentance 3:1-4

Each person, country, and the entire world are classified as righteous, wicked, or intermediate based on whether merits exceed sins, sins exceed merits, or they are equal; one's merits and sins are weighed annually on Rosh HaShanah to determine whether his verdict is sealed for life or death, with an intermediate person's verdict remaining open until Yom Kippur depending on whether he repents.

כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מִבְּנֵי הָאָדָם יֵשׁ לוֹ זְכֻיּוֹת וַעֲוֹנוֹת. מִי שֶׁזְּכֻיּוֹתָיו יְתֵרוֹת עַל עֲוֹנוֹתָיו צַדִּיק. וּמִי שֶׁעֲוֹנוֹתָיו יְתֵרוֹת עַל זְכֻיּוֹתָיו רָשָׁע. מֶחֱצָה לְמֶחֱצָה בֵּינוֹנִי. וְכֵן הַמְּדִינָה אִם הָיוּ זְכֻיּוֹת כָּל יוֹשְׁבֶיהָ מְרֻבּוֹת עַל עֲוֹנוֹתֵיהֶן הֲרֵי זוֹ צַדֶּקֶת. וְאִם הָיוּ עֲוֹנוֹתֵיהֶם מְרֻבִּין הֲרֵי זוֹ רְשָׁעָה. וְכֵן כָּל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ: כָּל מִי שֶׁנִּחַם עַל הַמִּצְוֹת שֶׁעָשָׂה וְתָהָה עַל הַזְּכֻיּוֹת וְאָמַר בְּלִבּוֹ וּמַה הוֹעַלְתִּי בַּעֲשִׂיָּתָן הַלְוַאי לֹא עָשִׂיתִי אוֹתָן הֲרֵי זֶה אִבֵּד אֶת כֻּלָּן וְאֵין מַזְכִּירִים לוֹ שׁוּם זְכוּת בָּעוֹלָם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל לג יב) "וְצִדְקַת הַצַּדִּיק לֹא תַצִּילֶנּוּ בְּיוֹם רִשְׁעוֹ", אֵין זֶה אֶלָּא בְּתוֹהֶה עַל הָרִאשׁוֹנוֹת. וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁשּׁוֹקְלִין זְכֻיּוֹת אָדָם וַעֲוֹנוֹתָיו בִּשְׁעַת מִיתָתוֹ כָּךְ בְּכָל שָׁנָה וְשָׁנָה שׁוֹקְלִין עֲוֹנוֹת כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מִבָּאֵי הָעוֹלָם עִם זְכֻיּוֹתָיו, בְּיוֹם טוֹב שֶׁל רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה. מִי שֶׁנִּמְצָא צַדִּיק נֶחְתָּם לְחַיִּים. וּמִי שֶׁנִּמְצָא רָשָׁע נֶחְתָּם לְמִיתָה. וְהַבֵּינוֹנִי תּוֹלִין אוֹתוֹ עַד יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים אִם עָשָׂה תְּשׁוּבָה נֶחְתָּם לְחַיִּים וְאִם לָאו נֶחְתָּם לְמִיתָה:

Each and every person has merits and sins. A person whose merits exceed his sins is [termed] righteous. A person whose sins exceed his merits is [termed] wicked. If [his sins and merits] are equal, he is termed a Beinoni. The same applies to an entire country. If the merits of all its inhabitants exceed their sins, it is [termed] righteous. If their sins are greater, it is [termed] wicked. The same applies to the entire world. Anyone who changes his mind about the mitzvot he has performed and regrets the merits [he has earned], saying in his heart: "What value was there in doing them? I wish I hadn't performed them" - loses them all and no merit is preserved for him at all as [Ezekiel 33:12] states "The righteousness of the upright will not save him on the day of his transgression." This only applies to one who regrets his previous [deeds]. Just as a person's merits and sins are weighed at the time of his death, so, too, the sins of every inhabitant of the world together with his merits are weighed on the festival of Rosh HaShanah. If one is found righteous, his [verdict] is sealed for life. If one is found wicked, his [verdict] is sealed for death. A Beinoni's verdict remains tentative until Yom Kippur. If he repents, his [verdict] is sealed for life. If not, his [verdict] is sealed for death.

Source 9 · Rishonim
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Sefer HaChinukh 240

ספר החינוך ר״מ — ד"ה שֹׁרֶשׁ הַמִּצְוָה יָדוּעַ

Sefer HaChinukh 240:2

On the mitzvah of judging your fellow favorably, the Chinukh explains that a person should incline toward good interpretation because speech and thought about אחרים train the soul toward goodness. The mitzvah is presented as a formative discipline that shapes both earthly society and one's own spiritual standing.

שֹׁרֶשׁ הַמִּצְוָה יָדוּעַ, לְפִי שֶׁהַבֹּשֶׁת צַעַר גָּדוֹל לַבְּרִיּוֹת אֵין גָּדוֹל מִמֶּנּוּ, וְעַל כֵּן מְנָעָנוּ הָאֵל מִלְּצַעֵר בְּרִיּוֹתָיו כָּל כָּךְ, כִּי אֶפְשָׁר לְהוֹכִיחָם בְּיִחוּד וְלֹא יִתְבַּיֵּשׁ הַחוֹטֵא כָּל כָּךְ. מִדִּינֵי הַמִּצְוָה. מָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (יומא פו ב), שֶׁלֹּא בְּכָל הַדְּבָרִים הֻזְהַרְנוּ בְּכָךְ, אֶלָּא בִּדְבָרִים שֶׁבֵּין אָדָם לַחֲבֵרוֹ, אֲבָל בְּדִבְרֵי שָׁמַיִם אִם לֹא חָזַר מִן הַתּוֹכֵחָה שֶׁבַּסֵּתֶר מִצְוָה לְהַכְלִימוֹ בָּרַבִּים וּלְפַרְסֵם חֶטְאוֹ וּלְבַזּוֹתוֹ וּלְקַלְּלוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּחְזֹר לַמּוּטָב, כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁעָשׂוּ הַנְּבִיאִים לְיִשְׂרָאֵל. וּמָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ברכות מג ב) עַל דֶּרֶךְ אַזְהָרָה בְּעִנְיָן זֶה נוֹחַ לוֹ לְאָדָם, שֶׁיַּפִּיל עַצְמוֹ לְכִבְשַׁן הָאֵשׁ וְאַל יַלְבִּין פְּנֵי חֲבֵרוֹ בָּרַבִּים, מְנָא לַן? מִתָּמָר, שֶׁלֹּא רָצְתָה לְהַלְבִּין פְּנֵי חָמִיהָ לֵאמֹר בְּפִרְסוּם שֶׁמִּמֶּנּוּ הִיא הָרָה, וְלוּלֵא שֶׁמָּצְאָה הָעֵרָבוֹן וְהוֹדִיעָה הַדָּבָר בְּרֶמֶז הָיְתָה נִדּוֹנֶת בִּשְׂרֵפָה וְלֹא הִלְבִּינָה פָּנָיו. וּשְׁאָר פְּרָטֵי הַמִּצְוָה בִּמְקוֹמוֹת מֵהַגְּמָרָא בְּפִזּוּר וּבַמִּדְרָשׁוֹת.

The root of the commandment is well-known — since embarrassment is very painful for the creatures — there is nothing greater than it. Therefore God prevented us from causing so much pain to His creatures, since it is possible to rebuke them in private and not to embarrass the sinner so much. From the laws of the commandment is that which they, may their memory be blessed, said (Yoma 86b) that we were not warned like this about all things, but rather [only] about things between a man and his fellow. But with Heavenly matters — if he does not return after the private rebuke — it is a commandment to shame him publicly, to publicize his sin and to disgrace and curse him until he returns to the good, as the prophets did to Israel. And [also] that which they, may their memory be blessed, said (Berakhot 43b) by way of a warning about this matter, “From where do we [know that] it is better for a man to descend into a fiery furnace, and not to whiten the face of his fellow in public? From Tamar,” who did not want to whiten the face of her father-in-law, to say in public that she was pregnant from him. And had she not found the pledge and let the matter be known through a hint, she would have been condemned to burning; but she did not whiten his face. And the rest of the details of the commandment are in scattered places in the Gemara and in the Midrash.

Source 10 · Rishonim
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Guide for the Perplexed III:51

מורה נבוכים, חלק ג' נ״א — ד"ה עקרון ההשגחה המדורגת ההדדית 23 והנה

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 3 51:17

Maimonides explains that human perfection lies in intellectual and moral refinement, and that divine providence relates to a person in accordance with his or her attachment to God and ethical state. It frames earthly conduct as shaping one's standing before Heaven.

עקרון ההשגחה המדורגת ההדדית 23 והנה נגלה לי עתה היבט עיון נפלא מאוד, שעל ידו יוּתרו ספקות ויתגלו סודות אלוהיים. והוא שכבר ביארנו בפרקי ההשגחה (ג,יז-כג) שעל פי מידת שׂכלו של כל בעל שׂכל תהיה בו ההשגחה. תמידית) וכך, האדם השלם בהשגתו ששכלו אינו סר תמיד מעם ה' – ההשגחה עליו תמידית היא. לפרקים) והאדם השלם בהשגתו שמחשבתו מוסרת מה' לעתים – הרי שההשגחה עליו היא רק בזמן מחשבתו בה', ומוסרת ההשגחה ממנו בזמן התעסקותו. הסרתה ממנו אז אינה כהסרתה ממי שמעולם לא השכיל, אלא אותה השגחה מתמעטת, כיוון שלאותו שלם בהשגתו אין בזמן התעסקותו שֵׂכל בפועל אלא הוא משיג אז בכוח קרוב (=פוטנציאל הקרוב למימוש), והוא דומה אז לסופר מיומן בשעה שאינו כותב. העדר) ואילו מי שלא השכיל את ה' כל עיקר – הוא כאדם הנמצא בחושך ולא ראה מעולם אור, כמו שביארנו (ג,יח5) על הפסוק "וּרְשָׁעִים בַּחֹשֶׁךְ יִדָּמּוּ" (שמואל־א ב,ט). שיא) ומי שהשיג, והוא מתקדם כל־כולו למושכלוֹ – הוא כמי שנמצא באור השמש הבהיר. לפרקים) ומי שכבר השיג, והוא עוסק (בעניינים אחרים) – הרי הוא בשעת עיסוקו כמי שנמצא ביום המעונן שהשמש אינה מאירה בו בגלל העננים המבדילים בינה ובינו. 24 על כן נראה לי שכל אחד מהנביאים או מאנשי המעלה השלמים שפגעה בו רעה מרעות העולם הזה, לא מצאה אותו רעה זו אלא בזמן אותו הסח הדעת, וגודל הצרה הוא בהתאם למשך אותו הסח הדעת או פחיתות הדבר שהתעסק בו. ומאחר שהעניין כך הוא, כבר הותר הספק הגדול שהביא את הפילוסופים לשלול את ההשגחה האלוהית מכל פרט מבני האדם ולהשוות בינם ובין פרטי שאר מיני בעלי החיים, וראייתם היתה מכך שאנשי מעלה צדיקים נפגעו מפגעים גדולים. והתבאר הסוד בזה אפילו לפי המתחייב מדעותיהם. ותהיה השגחת ה' יתעלה תמידית על מי שזכה באותו שפע המצוי לכל מי שמשתדל לזכות בו. השגחה בשל השגה ושמחה) ובעת שמחשבת האדם והשגתו את ה' יתעלה בדרכים האמיתיות, ושמחתו במה שהשיג, הופכות שלמות – אי אפשר אז בשום אופן שיפגע באותו אדם אף מין ממיני הרעות, משום שהוא עם ה', וה' עמו. השגחה מאקראיות) אך כאשר הוא פונה מה' יתעלה, שהוא מוסתר אז מה' וה' מוסתר ממנו – אז הוא חשוף לכל רע שיזדמן לפגוע בו. כי הדבר הגורם להשגחה ולהינצלות מים האקראיות הוא אותו שפע שכלי; ויש שהוא מוסתר לזמן מה מאותו איש מעלה טוב, או שכלל לא הגיע לאותו אדם הפחוּת והרשע, ולכן קרה לשניהם מה שקרה. 25 האמנה זו התבררה לי גם מלשון התורה. הוא יתעלה אמר: "[וְחָרָה אַפִּי בוֹ בַיּוֹם הַהוּא וַעֲזַבְתִּים] וְהִסְתַּרְתִּי פָנַי מֵהֶם וְהָיָה לֶאֱכֹל, וּמְצָאֻהוּ רָעוֹת רַבּוֹת וְצָרוֹת, וְאָמַר בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא: הֲלֹא עַל כִּי אֵין אֱלֹהַי בְּקִרְבִּי מְצָאוּנִי הָרָעוֹת הָאֵלֶּה" (דברים לא,יז). הוא הבהיר שאנחנו הסיבה להסתרת פנים זו ואנחנו היוצרים את ההסתרה הזאת. והוא אשר אמר: "וְאָנֹכִי הַסְתֵּר אַסְתִּיר פָּנַי בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא עַל כָּל הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה" (שם,יח). ואין ספק שדין היחיד כדין הציבור. 26 הרי התברר לך שהסיבה להיותו של אחד מבני האדם מופקר לאקראיות, והיותו נתון "לאכול" כבהמות, הוא היסתרו מה'. אך כאשר "אלהיו בקרבו" אין פוגע בו רע כלל. א) הוא יתעלה אמר: "אַל תִּירָא כִּי אִתְּךָ אָנִי, אַל תִּשְׁתָּע כִּי אֲנִי אֱלֹהֶיךָ [אִמַּצְתִּיךָ אַף עֲזַרְתִּיךָ אַף תְּמַכְתִּיךָ בִּימִין צִדְקִי]" (ישעיהו מא,י; ושם: כִּי עִמְּךָ אָנִי). ב) ואמר: "כִּי תַעֲבֹר בַּמַּיִם אִתְּךָ אָנִי, וּבַנְּהָרוֹת לֹא יִשְׁטְפוּךָ [כִּי תֵלֵךְ בְּמוֹ אֵשׁ לֹא תִכָּוֶה, וְלֶהָבָה לֹא תִבְעַר בָּךְ]" (שם מג,ב), כלומר: 'כי תעבר במים ואני אתך – הנהרות לא ישטפוך'. כי כל מי שהוכשר עד ששפע עליו השכל הזה, תילווה אליו ההשגחה ותימנענה ממנו כל הרעות. ג) נאמר: "ה' לִי – לֹא אִירָא, מַה יַּעֲשֶׂה לִי אָדָם?" (תהילים קיח,ו), ונאמר: "הַסְכֶּן נָא עִמּוֹ וּשְלָם" (איוב כב,כא), כלומר פנה אליו ויהיה לך שלום מכל רע.

An excellent idea presents itself here to me, which may serve to remove many doubts, and may help to solve many difficult problems in metaphysics. We have already stated in the chapters which treat of Divine Providence, that Providence watches over every rational being according to the amount of intellect which that being possesses. Those who are perfect in their perception of God, whose mind is never separated from Him, enjoy always the influence of Providence. But those who, perfect in their knowledge of God, turn their mind sometimes away from God, enjoy the presence of Divine Providence only when they meditate on God; when their thoughts are engaged in other matters, divine Providence departs from them. The absence of Providence in this case is not like its absence in the case of those who do not reflect on God at all: it is in this case less intense, because when a person perfect in his knowledge [of God] is busy with worldly matters, he has not knowledge in actuality, but only knowledge in potentiality [though ready to become actual]. This person is then like a trained scribe when he is not writing. Those who have no knowledge of God are like those who are in constant darkness and have never seen light. We have explained in this sense the words: “The wicked shall be silent in darkness” (1 Sam. 2:9), whilst those who possess the knowledge of God, and have their thoughts entirely directed to that knowledge, are, as it were, always in bright sunshine; and those who have the knowledge, but are at times engaged in other themes, have then as it were a cloudy day: the sun does not shine for them on account of the cloud that intervenes between them and God. Hence it appears to me that it is only in times of such neglect that some of the ordinary evils befall a prophet or a perfect and pious man: and the intensity of the evil is proportional to the duration of those moments, or to the character of the things that thus occupy their mind. Such being the case, the great difficulty is removed that led philosophers to assert that Providence does not extend to every individual, and that man is like any other living being in this respect, viz., the argument based on the fact that good and pious men are afflicted with great evils. We have thus explained this difficult question even in accordance with the philosophers’ own principles. Divine Providence is constantly watching over those who have obtained that blessing which is prepared for those who endeavour to obtain it. If man frees his thoughts from worldly matters, obtains a knowledge of God in the right way, and rejoices in that knowledge, it is impossible that any kind of evil should befall him while he is with God, and God with him. When he does not meditate on God, when he is separated from God, then God is also separated from him; then he is exposed to any evil that might befall him; for it is only that intellectual link with God that secures the presence of Providence and protection from evil accidents. Hence it may occur that the perfect man is at times not happy, whilst no evil befalls those who are imperfect; in these cases what happens to them is due to chance. This principle I find also expressed in the Law. Comp. “And I will hide my face from them, and they shall be devoured, and many evils and troubles shall befall them: so that they will say in that day, Are not these evils come upon us, because our God is not among us?” (Deut. 31:17). It is clear that we ourselves are the cause of this hiding of the face, and that the screen that separates us from God is of our own creation. This is the meaning of the words: “And I will surely hide my face in that day, for all the evils which they shall have wrought” (ibid. ver. 18). There is undoubtedly no difference in this regard between one single person and a whole community. It is now clearly established that the cause of our being exposed to chance, and abandoned to destruction like cattle, is to be found in our separation from God. Those who have their God dwelling in their hearts, are not touched by any evil whatever. For God says: “Fear thou not, for I am with thee; be not dismayed, for I am thy God” (Isa. 41:10). “When thou passest through the waters, I will be with thee; and through the rivers, they shall not overflow thee” (ibid. 42:2). For if we prepare ourselves, and attain the influence of the Divine Intellect, Providence is joined to us, and we are guarded against all evils. Comp. “The Lord is on my side; I will not fear; what can man do unto me?” (Ps. 118:6). “Acquaint now thyself with him, and be at peace” (Job 22:2 1); i.e., turn unto Him, and you will be safe from all evil.

Source 11 · Acharonim
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שבט הלוי ח"ח סי' קס"ח אות ג'

שבט הלוי ח"ח סי' קס"ח אות ג'

שבט הלוי ח"ח סי' קס"ח אות ג' — page scan on HebrewBooks

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Source 12 · Acharonim
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Mishnah Berurah 156

משנה ברורה קנ״ו

Mishnah Berurah 156

On the laws of proper conduct and guarding one's speech, the Mishnah Berurah stresses the importance of avoiding negative judgment and harmful speech patterns. The comments connect everyday interpersonal discipline with broader religious accountability.

אמרו חכמינו ז"ל על הפסוק בצדק תשפוט עמיתך הוי דן את חברך לכף זכות עיין בשבת דף קכ"ז והחושד בכשרים לוקה בגופו [יומא י"ט].

Source 13 · Acharonim
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Chafetz Chaim, Introduction

חפץ חיים, פתיחה להלכות לשון הרע ורכילות, הקדמה — ד"ה בְּאַהֲבַת הַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ אֶת עַמּוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל

Chafetz Chaim, Introduction to the Laws of the Prohibition of Lashon Hara and Rechilut, Opening Comments:1

The Chafetz Chaim lays out the gravity of speech about others and how lashon hara damages both the speaker and the subject. He emphasizes that careful speech and favorable judgment are central to a person's merit before Heaven.

בְּאַהֲבַת הַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ אֶת עַמּוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְחָפֵץ מְאֹד בְּטוֹבָתָם עַד שֶׁקְּרָאָם בְּשֵׁם בָּנִים, וְחֵלֶק ה' וְנַחֲלָה, וְכַמָּה שֵׁמוֹת חֲבִיבִים הַמּוֹרִים עַל גֹּדֶל אַהֲבָתוֹ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב (מלאכי א, ב): "אָהַבְתִּי אֶתְכֶם אָמַר ה'", וְגוֹ', לְפִיכָךְ הִרְחִיקָּם מִּכָּל הַמִּדּוֹת רָעוֹת וּבִפְרָט מִלָשׁוֹן הָרָע וּרְכִילוּת, כִּי הוּא מֵּבִיא אֶת בְּנִי אָדָם לִידֵי רִיב וּמַצָּה, וְכַמָּה פְּעָמִים יוּכַל לָבוֹא מִזֶּה לִידֵי שְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַב הָרַמְבַּ"ם זַ"ל בְּהִלְכוֹת דֵּעוֹת (פרק ז' הלכה א'): אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין לוֹקִין עַל לָאו זֶה, עָוֹן גָּדוֹל הוּא וְגוֹרֵם לַהֲרֹג נְפָשׁוֹת רַבּוֹת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, לְכָךְ נִסְמַךְ לוֹ (ויקרא יט, טז): "לֹא תַעֲמֹד עַל דַּם רֵעֶךָ", צֵּא וּלְמַד מָה אֵרַע לְדוֹאֵג הָאְדוֹמִי וּלְנוֹב עִיר הַכֹּהֲנִים. וְגם שֶׁעִקַּר סִבַּת יְרִידַת יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמִצְּרַיִם הָיְתָה לְכתְּחִלָּה עַל יְדֵי זֶה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב (בראשית לז, ב): "וַיָּבֵא יוֹסֵף אֶת דִּבָּתָם רָעָה אֶל אֲבִיהֶם" וְעַל יְדֵי זֶה נִגְזַר עָלָיו מִן השָּׁמַיִם מִדָּה בְּמִדָּה שֶׁנִּמְכַּר לְעֶבֶד, כְּמּוֹ שֶׁאָמַר עֲלֵיהֶם, שֶׁקּוֹרְאִין לַאֲחֵיהֶם עֲבָדִים, כְּמוֹ דְּאִיתָא בַּמִּדְרָשׁ (ב"ר ד, ז) וּבִירוּשַׁלְמִי דְּפֵאָה (פרק א' הלכה א'), הֲגַם שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ טַעַם לְהֶתֵּרָא עַל הַדִּבָּה שֶׁהֵבִיא כְּמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרְשׁוּ המְּפָרְשִׁים, עִם כָּל זֶה, רְאֵה, שֶׁלֹּא הוֹעִיל לוֹ שׁוּם הֶתֵּר.

In the Blessed One's love for His people Israel and His great desire for their good — to the point of calling them "sons," and "the portion of the L–rd," and "inheritance," along with many other terms of affection which show His great love for Israel, viz. (Malachi 1:2): "I have loved You, said the L–rd, etc.," He distanced them from all forms of evil, especially from lashon hara and rechiluth. For it is these which bring men to quarrels and contention and which very often can lead to the spilling of blood, as the Rambam wrote (Hilchoth Deoth 4:1): "Even though there are no malkoth [stripes] for transgression of this negative commandment, it is a great sin, which leads to the killing of many souls in Israel, for which reason it [i.e., 'Do not go tale bearing among your people' (Vayikra 19:16) is followed by: 'Do not stand (idly) by the blood of your brother' — as evidenced by [the episode of] Doeg Ha'adomi and Nov, the city of priests (viz. I Samuel 22:9)." And the descent of Israel into Egypt, too, stemmed initially from this [i.e., from lashon hara], viz. (Bereshith 37:2): "And Joseph brought evil report of them [the sons of Leah] to their father," whence it was decreed by Heaven, measure for measure, that he be sold into slavery, his having accused them of calling their brothers [from the maidservants] "slaves" (viz. Bereshith Rabbah 84:7 and Yerushalmi Peah 1:1). Though Joseph had a heter [halachic license] for bringing this "evil report," as the exegetes explain, it is to be noted that this heter did not avail him [and he was sold into slavery].

Source 14 · Hasidic
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Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 32

תניא, חלק ראשון; ליקוטי אמרים ל״ב — ד"ה כִּי מֵאַחַר שֶׁגּוּפוֹ נִמְאָס וּמְתוֹעָב אֶצְלוֹ

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 32:2

The Alter Rebbe teaches that loving another Jew is bound up with seeing the other favorably and awakening mercy rather than accusation. This chapter presents a spiritual psychology in which the way one sees another below affects the divine measure of judgment above.

כִּי מֵאַחַר שֶׁגּוּפוֹ נִמְאָס וּמְתוֹעָב אֶצְלוֹ, וְהַנֶּפֶשׁ וְהָרוּחַ מִי יוֹדֵעַ גְּדוּלָּתָן וּמַעֲלָתָן בְּשָׁרְשָׁן וּמְקוֹרָן בֵּאלֹקִים חַיִּים. בְּשֶׁגַּם שֶׁכּוּלָּן מַתְאִימוֹת, וְאָב אֶחָד לְכוּלָּנָה, וְלָכֵן נִקְרְאוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל ״אַחִים״ מַמָּשׁ, מִצַּד שׁוֹרֶשׁ נַפְשָׁם בַּה׳ אֶחָד רַק שֶׁהַגּוּפִים מְחוּלָּקִים. וְלָכֵן, הָעוֹשִׂים גּוּפָם עִיקָּר וְנַפְשָׁם טְפֵלָה – אִי אֶפְשָׁר לִהְיוֹת אַהֲבָה וְאַחֲוָה אֲמִיתִּית בֵּינֵיהֶם, אֶלָּא הַתְּלוּיָה בְדָבָר לְבַדָּהּ. וְגַם הַמְקוֹרָבִים אֵלָיו וְהוֹכִיחָם וְלֹא שָׁבוּ מֵעֲוֹנוֹתֵיהֶם שֶׁמִּצְוָה לִשְׂנֹאותָם – מִצְוָה לְאָהֳבָם גַּם כֵּן. וּשְׁתֵּיהֶן הֵן אֱמֶת: שִׂנְאָה – מִצַּד הָרָע שֶׁבָּהֶם, וְאַהֲבָה – מִצַּד בְּחִינַת הַטּוֹב הַגָּנוּז שֶׁבָּהֶם, שֶׁהוּא נִיצוֹץ אֱלֹקוּת שֶׁבְּתוֹכָם הַמְחַיֶּה נַפְשָׁם הָאֱלֹקִית. וְגַם, לְעוֹרֵר רַחֲמִים בְּלִבּוֹ עָלֶיהָ, כִּי הִיא בִּבְחִינַת גָּלוּת בְּתוֹךְ הָרָע מִסִּטְרָא אָחֳרָא הַגּוֹבֵר עָלֶיהָ בָּרְשָׁעִים, וְהָרַחֲמָנוּת – מְבַטֶּלֶת הַשִּׂנְאָה וּמְעוֹרֶרֶת הָאַהֲבָה, כַּנּוֹדָע מִמַּה שֶּׁכָּתוּב: לְ״יַעֲקֹב אֲשֶׁר פָּדָה אֶת אַבְרָהָם״.

For, whereas one despises and loathes one’s body, while as for the soul and spirit, who can know their greatness and excellence in their root and source in the living G–d? Being, moreover, all of a kind and all having one Father—therefore, all Israelites are called real brothers by virtue of the source of their souls in the One G–d; only the bodies are separated. Hence in the case of those who give major consideration to their bodies while regarding their souls as of secondary importance, there can be no true love and brotherhood among them, but only [a love] which is dependent on a [transitory] thing. Even with regard to those who are close to him, and whom he has rebuked, yet they had not repented of their sins, when he is enjoined to hate them, there still remains the duty to love them also, and both are right: hatred because of the wickedness in them, and love on account of the aspect of the hidden good in them, which is the Divine spark in them, which animates their divine soul. He should also awaken pity in his heart for [the divine soul], for she is held captive, as it were, in the evil of the sitra achara that triumphs over her in wicked people. Compassion destroys hatred and awakens love, as is known from the [interpretation of the] text, “To [the house of] Jacob who redeemed Abraham.”

Source 15 · Hasidic
Verified

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 47

תניא, חלק ראשון; ליקוטי אמרים מ״ז — ד"ה וְזֶהוּ שֶׁאוֹמְרִים

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 47:4

The chapter on contemplating divine compassion urges a person to awaken mercy through self-refinement and sensitivity to another's soul. It reinforces the idea that merciful human perspective invites merciful heavenly treatment.

וְזֶהוּ שֶׁאוֹמְרִים: ״וַתִּתֶּן לָנוּ ה׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ בְּאַהֲבָה כוּ׳״, ״כִּי בְאוֹר פָּנֶיךָ נָתַתָּ לָּנוּ ה׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ כוּ׳״. וְלָזֶה אֵין מוֹנֵעַ לָנוּ מִדְּבֵיקוּת הַנֶּפֶשׁ בְּיִחוּדוֹ וְאוֹרוֹ יִתְבָּרֵךְ, אֶלָּא הָרָצוֹן, שֶׁאִם אֵין הָאָדָם רוֹצֶה כְּלָל חַס וְשָׁלוֹם לְדָבְקָה בוֹ כוּ׳. אֲבָל מִיָּד שֶׁרוֹצֶה וּמְקַבֵּל וּמַמְשִׁיךְ עָלָיו אֱלֹהוּתוֹ יִתְבָּרֵךְ וְאוֹמֵר ״ה׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ ה׳ אֶחָד״ – הֲרֵי מִמֵּילָא נִכְלֶלֶת נַפְשׁוֹ בְּיִחוּדוֹ יִתְבָּרֵךְ, דְּ״רוּחַ אַיְיתִי רוּחַ וְאַמְשִׁיךְ רוּחַ״, וְהִיא בְּחִינַת יְצִיאַת מִצְרַיִם. וְלָכֵן תִּקְּנוּ פָּרָשַׁת יְצִיאַת מִצְרַיִם בִּשְׁעַת קְרִיאַת־שְׁמַע דַּוְקָא, אַף שֶׁהִיא מִצְוָה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ, וְלֹא מִמִּצְוַת קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע, כִּדְאִיתָא בַּגְּמָרָא וּפוֹסְקִים, אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן דָּבָר אֶחָד מַמָּשׁ. וְכֵן בְּסוֹף פָּרָשַׁת יְצִיאַת מִצְרַיִם מְסַיֵּים גַּם כֵּן ״אֲנִי ה׳ אֱלֹהֵיכֶם״, וְהַיְינוּ גַם כֵּן כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל:

This is the interpretation of “And You, L–rd our G–d, have given us, in love…,” [and] “For by the light of Your Countenance You gave us, L–rd our G–d….” Therefore the only thing that precludes us from the attachment of the soul to His Unity and light, blessed be He, is the will, that is, if the human being does not will it at all, G–d forbid, to cleave to Him…. But immediately he does so desire, and he accepts and draws upon himself His G–dliness, blessed be He, and declares, “the L–rd is our G–d, the L–rd is One,” then his soul is spontaneously absorbed into His Unity, blessed be He, for “Spirit evokes spirit and draws forth spirit.” This is a form of “Exodus from Egypt.” Therefore it was ordained that the paragraph concerning the Exodus from Egypt be read specifically during the recital of the Shema, although it is a commandment by itself and not appertaining to the commandment of the recital of the Shema, as is stated in the Talmud and Codes, for they are actually the same thing. Likewise, the paragraph referring to the Exodus from Egypt also concludes, “I am the L–rd your G–d.” This also accords with what has been explained earlier.

Source 16 · Hasidic
Verified

Ohev Yisrael, Vayera

אוהב ישראל, וירא — ד"ה וה' אמר המכסה אני מאברהם גו'

Ohev Yisrael, Vayera:2

The Apter Rav emphasizes love of fellow Jews and the habit of seeing their merit, presenting it as a channel for arousing heavenly compassion. The teaching connects how one views others here below with how one is viewed in the higher worlds.

היינו שיתנהג הבורא ית' וית' בחסד עם כל העולמות. כמו שהוא מתנהג בעצמו עם כל באי העולם. וזהו את אשר דיבר עליו. דיבר הוא לשון הנהגה היינו שההנהגה העליונה יהיה ע"י מדתו חסד להמשיך שפע טובה וברכה ורחמים וחסדים טובים לכל זרע ישראל כיר"א.

Source 17 · Modern
Verified

Ein Aya, Berakhot 9:301

עין איה, ברכות ט׳:ש״א (ברכות נ״ח ע״א) — ד"ה א"ל מאי קאמרת

Ein Aya, Berakhot 9:301

Human understanding and conventions of justice according to wise deliberation correspond to the paths of righteousness, which are the ways of God upon which He founded the earth and which are also foundations of Torah; the purpose emerging from human culture and uprightness is the same purpose that emerges at a higher level from the yoke of heavenly kingdom and the yoke of commandment according to God's Torah.

שההשכלה האנושית וארחות הצדק המוסכמות ע"פ שיקול דעת נבונים הם מתאימות לארחות הצדק, שהם דרכי ד' שעל פיהם יסד ארץ. והם יסודי התורה ג"כ, שהתכלית העולה מהתרבות והיושר האנושי היא אותה התכלית עצמה העולה במעלה יותר גבוהה מעול מלכות שמים ועול מצות ע"פ תורת ד' אשר עמנו.

Source 18 · Modern
Verified

Ein Aya, Berakhot 9:300

עין איה, ברכות ט׳:ש׳ (ברכות נ״ח ע״א) — ד"ה עד דמעייני ביה בדינא

Ein Aya, Berakhot 9:300

The orders of customs and laws established in the life of each nation according to their moral concepts are related to divine action, and therefore the honor and glory and proper character traits that sustain the world's settlement—whether from heavenly matters like prophecy and the holy spirit and divine manifestation unique to Israel, or from earthly customs that constitute righteous governance of good and uprightness—are influenced by the categories of divine providence, and thus it is fitting to honor every just law in each nation according to its nature and moral understanding, insofar as it endeavors thereby to improve and ascend in degrees of holiness and the way of God.

סדרי הנימוסים והמשפטים הנקבעים בחיי כל עם ועם לפי מושגי המוסר שלהם המה מתיחסים למעשה ד'. ע"כ כל ההוד והתפארת, וכל המדות הנכונות שבהם מתקיים ישובו של עולם, בין הנובעות מענינים שמימיים כנבואה ורוה"ק והופעה אלהית המיוחדת לישראל, בין הנימוסים הארציים שהם פועלים הנהגה ישרה של טוב ויושר, הם מושפעים מכללות ההשגחה. ע"כ ראוי לכבד כל משפט צדק שבכל אומה לפי תכונתה והכרתה המוסרית, באשר היא משתדלת בזה להטיב ולעלות במעלות הקודש ודרך ד'.

Source 19 · Modern
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Ein Aya, Berakhot 3:13

עין איה, ברכות ג׳:י״ג (ברכות י״ח ע״ב) — ד"ה ת"ש

Ein Aya, Berakhot 3:13

The world's judgment originates from divine wisdom according to the measure of justice, established through laws of comprehensive wisdom that govern all existing things and achieve governance according to wisdom's laws based on actions that have assembled and operated in general existence; however, the spirit can grasp this system after it has already descended into the beginning of action and judge according to its results, and the comprehension that comes after the power of judgment has been lowered to operate in certain practical matters is that which lies behind the veil, outside the separated intellectual boundary.

משפט העולם בהתחלתו הוא נובע מהחכמה האלהית לפי מדת דיני הצדק, בנוי ע"פ חוקי חכמה כוללת הנהגת הנמצאות ולהשיג התהוות ההנהגה ע"פ חוקי החכמה לפי המעשים שנקבצו ופעלו פעולתם במציאות הכללי. אבל הרוח תוכל להשיג את המערכה אחר שכבר ירדה להתחלת פעולה, ולדון על פיה תוצאותי', וההשגה שבאה אחרי שהושפל כח המשפט לחול באיזה דברים מעשיים, זהו אחורי הפרגוד, חוץ למחיצה השכלית הנבדלת.