Machshavaמחשבה

Rabbinic Thought on Repentance and Teshuvah

These sources explore core rabbinic themes on repentance: the human capacity and responsibility to return to God, the conditions under which teshuvah atones for sin, the role of divine mercy and human choice, and the structural requirements of genuine repentance including confession and amendment of conduct. The sources span biblical foundations, Talmudic teachings, and later rabbinic elaborations.

גְּדוֹלָה תְּשׁוּבָה שֶׁמְּקָרַעַת גְּזַר דִּינוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם

18 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The scriptural foundation for teshuvah is already laid in Tanach: Yechezkel 18:21–32 declares that when the wicked repent of all their sins, "none of the transgressions they committed shall be remembered against them," and Devarim 30:1–10 promises that even in exile, a wholehearted return to God will be met with divine help — God Himself will "open up your heart" to love Him.

The Gemara elaborates a precise graduated structure: Yoma 85b rules that repentance alone atones immediately for minor violations of positive and negative commandments, suspends punishment for severe ones until Yom Kippur completes the atonement, and — critically — Yom Kippur does not atone for wrongs between people until the offender has appeased the victim; while Yoma 86a adds that one who violates a positive commandment and repents is "forgiven even before he moves from his place."

Rabbi Yochanan teaches in Rosh Hashanah 17b that repentance is so powerful it "tears up the sentence issued against a person," and that God remains the same merciful God both before a person sins and after that person repents — "He does not recall for him his first sins"; Rosh Hashanah 16b similarly records that four actions tear up a person's sentence: charity, prayer, a change of name, and — most directly — a change of deeds.

The Rambam crystallizes the rabbinic tradition into halakhic form: Mishneh Torah, Repentance 1:1 defines verbal confession (viduy) as the indispensable positive commandment accompanying repentance — "I regret and am embarrassed for my deeds; I promise never to repeat this act again" — while Mishneh Torah, Repentance 7:1 extends the obligation beyond behavioral sins to character traits, insisting that one must repent from anger, envy, and the pursuit of honor, sins that are "more difficult than those that involve deed."

Rabbeinu Yonah frames teshuvah as itself one of God's great gifts to humanity — Sha'arei Teshuvah 1:1 opens by stating that among God's goodnesses to His creatures is that He "prepared for them the way to ascend from the pit of their deeds" and never closed the doors of repentance even to those who sinned repeatedly — a theme that the Hasidic sources deepen: Likutei Moharan 6 teaches that even one who has completed a full teshuvah must repent again over that very teshuvah, since each act of repentance was performed only according to one's understanding at the time.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy – Ki Tavo / Nitzavim

Deuteronomy 30:1-10:1

The foundational biblical passage on teshuvah: if Israel returns to God with all their heart and soul, God will 'circumcise the heart' and restore them from exile. The Torah frames teshuvah as both humanly accessible ('it is not in the heavens') and divinely enabled.

וְהָיָה֩ כִֽי־יָבֹ֨אוּ עָלֶ֜יךָ כׇּל־הַדְּבָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֗לֶּה הַבְּרָכָה֙ וְהַקְּלָלָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר נָתַ֖תִּי לְפָנֶ֑יךָ וַהֲשֵׁבֹתָ֙ אֶל־לְבָבֶ֔ךָ בְּכׇ֨ל־הַגּוֹיִ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֧ר הִדִּיחֲךָ֛ יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ שָֽׁמָּה׃ וְשַׁבְתָּ֞ עַד־יְהֹוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֙יךָ֙ וְשָׁמַעְתָּ֣ בְקֹל֔וֹ כְּכֹ֛ל אֲשֶׁר־אָנֹכִ֥י מְצַוְּךָ֖ הַיּ֑וֹם אַתָּ֣ה וּבָנֶ֔יךָ בְּכׇל־לְבָבְךָ֖ וּבְכׇל־נַפְשֶֽׁךָ׃ וּמָ֨ל יְהֹוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֶ֛יךָ אֶת־לְבָבְךָ֖ וְאֶת־לְבַ֣ב זַרְעֶ֑ךָ לְאַהֲבָ֞ה אֶת־יְהֹוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֶ֛יךָ בְּכׇל־לְבָבְךָ֥ וּבְכׇל־נַפְשְׁךָ֖ לְמַ֥עַן חַיֶּֽיךָ׃

When all these things befall you—the blessing and the curse that I have set before you—and you take them to heart amidst the various nations to which the ETERNAL your God has banished you, and you return to the ETERNAL your God, and you and your children heed God’s command with all your heart and soul, just as I enjoin upon you this day, Then the ETERNAL your God will open up your heart and the hearts of your offspring—to love the ETERNAL your God with all your heart and soul, in order that you may live.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Ezekiel – Individual Repentance

Ezekiel 18:21-32:1

God declares through Ezekiel that each person is judged by their own deeds: 'Cast away all your transgressions… and make yourselves a new heart and a new spirit.' The wicked who repent shall surely live — establishing the personal and radical efficacy of teshuvah.

וְהָרָשָׁ֗ע כִּ֤י יָשׁוּב֙ מִכׇּל־חַטֹּאתָו֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֔ה וְשָׁמַר֙ אֶת־כׇּל־חֻקּוֹתַ֔י וְעָשָׂ֥ה מִשְׁפָּ֖ט וּצְדָקָ֑ה חָיֹ֥ה יִֽחְיֶ֖ה לֹ֥א יָמֽוּת׃ כׇּל־פְּשָׁעָיו֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֔ה לֹ֥א יִזָּכְר֖וּ ל֑וֹ בְּצִדְקָת֥וֹ אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֖ה יִֽחְיֶֽה׃ הֶחָפֹ֤ץ אֶחְפֹּץ֙ מ֣וֹת רָשָׁ֔ע נְאֻ֖ם אֲדֹנָ֣י יֱהֹוִ֑ה הֲל֛וֹא בְּשׁוּב֥וֹ מִדְּרָכָ֖יו וְחָיָֽה׃ {ס}

Moreover, if someone wicked repents of all the sins that were committed and keeps all My laws and does what is just and right, they shall live; they shall not die. None of the transgressions they committed shall be remembered against them; because of the righteousness they have practiced, they shall live. Is it my desire that the wicked shall die?—says the Sovereign GOD. It is rather that they shall turn back from their ways and live.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Psalms 51 – Mizmor of Teshuvah

Psalms 51:3

David's psalm of penitence after his sin with Bathsheba: 'Create in me a clean heart, O God.' This is the paradigmatic poetic expression of remorse, confession, and longing for divine renewal — the heart of personal teshuvah.

חׇנֵּ֣נִי אֱלֹהִ֣ים כְּחַסְדֶּ֑ךָ כְּרֹ֥ב רַ֝חֲמֶ֗יךָ מְחֵ֣ה פְשָׁעָֽי׃ כִּֽי־פְ֭שָׁעַי אֲנִ֣י אֵדָ֑ע וְחַטָּאתִ֖י נֶגְדִּ֣י תָמִֽיד׃ לְךָ֤ לְבַדְּךָ֨ ׀ חָטָאתִי֮ וְהָרַ֥ע בְּעֵינֶ֗יךָ עָ֫שִׂ֥יתִי לְ֭מַעַן תִּצְדַּ֥ק בְּדׇבְרֶ֗ךָ תִּזְכֶּ֥ה בְשׇׁפְטֶֽךָ׃ לֵ֣ב טָ֭הוֹר בְּרָא־לִ֣י אֱלֹהִ֑ים וְר֥וּחַ נָ֝כ֗וֹן חַדֵּ֥שׁ בְּקִרְבִּֽי׃

Have mercy upon me, O God, as befits Your faithfulness; in keeping with Your abundant compassion, blot out my transgressions. for I recognize my transgressions, and am ever conscious of my sin. Against You alone have I sinned, and done what is evil in Your sight; so You are just in Your sentence, and right in Your judgment. Fashion a pure heart for me, O God; create in me a steadfast spirit.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Yoma 85b

Yoma 85b:7

Teshuvah atones for minor transgressions entirely and suspends punishment for severe transgressions until Yom Kippur completes atonement; Yom Kippur atones for transgressions between a person and God only if accompanied by teshuvah, but for transgressions between persons it does not atone unless the offended party is appeased; one who presumes to sin repeatedly relying on teshuvah or Yom Kippur to cover future sins is denied the opportunity to repent.

מַתְנִי׳ חַטָּאת וְאָשָׁם וַדַּאי — מְכַפְּרִין. מִיתָה וְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים — מְכַפְּרִין עִם הַתְּשׁוּבָה. תְּשׁוּבָה — מְכַפֶּרֶת עַל עֲבֵירוֹת קַלּוֹת: עַל עֲשֵׂה, וְעַל לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה. וְעַל הַחֲמוּרוֹת הוּא תּוֹלֶה, עַד שֶׁיָּבֹא יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים וִיכַפֵּר. הָאוֹמֵר: אֶחֱטָא וְאָשׁוּב, אֶחֱטָא וְאָשׁוּב — אֵין מַסְפִּיקִין בְּיָדוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת תְּשׁוּבָה. אֶחֱטָא וְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר — אֵין יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר. עֲבֵירוֹת שֶׁבֵּין אָדָם לַמָּקוֹם — יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר, עֲבֵירוֹת שֶׁבֵּין אָדָם לַחֲבֵירוֹ — אֵין יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר, עַד שֶׁיְּרַצֶּה אֶת חֲבֵירוֹ. דָּרַשׁ רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה: ״מִכֹּל חַטֹּאתֵיכֶם לִפְנֵי ה׳ תִּטְהָרוּ״. עֲבֵירוֹת שֶׁבֵּין אָדָם לַמָּקוֹם — יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר. עֲבֵירוֹת שֶׁבֵּין אָדָם לַחֲבֵירוֹ — אֵין יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר עַד שֶׁיְּרַצֶּה אֶת חֲבֵירוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא: אַשְׁרֵיכֶם יִשְׂרָאֵל! לִפְנֵי מִי אַתֶּם מִטַּהֲרִין, מִי מְטַהֵר אֶתְכֶם? אֲבִיכֶם שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְזָרַקְתִּי עֲלֵיכֶם מַיִם טְהוֹרִים וּטְהַרְתֶּם״, וְאוֹמֵר: ״מִקְוֵה יִשְׂרָאֵל (ה׳)״, מָה מִקְוֶה מְטַהֵר אֶת הַטְּמֵאִים — אַף הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְטַהֵר אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל.

MISHNA: A sin-offering, which atones for unwitting performance of transgressions punishable by karet, and a definite guilt-offering, which is brought for robbery and misuse of consecrated items, atone for those sins. Death and Yom Kippur atone for sins when accompanied by repentance. Repentance itself atones for minor transgressions, for both positive mitzvot and negative mitzvot. And repentance places punishment for severe transgressions in abeyance until Yom Kippur comes and completely atones for the transgression. With regard to one who says: I will sin and then I will repent, I will sin and I will repent, Heaven does not provide him the opportunity to repent, and he will remain a sinner all his days. With regard to one who says: I will sin and Yom Kippur will atone for my sins, Yom Kippur does not atone for his sins. Furthermore, for transgressions between a person and God, Yom Kippur atones; however, for transgressions between a person and another, Yom Kippur does not atone until he appeases the other person. Similarly, Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya taught that point from the verse: “From all your sins you shall be cleansed before the Lord” (Leviticus 16:30). For transgressions between a person and God, Yom Kippur atones; however, for transgressions between a person and another, Yom Kippur does not atone until he appeases the other person. In conclusion, Rabbi Akiva said: How fortunate are you, Israel; before Whom are you purified, and Who purifies you? It is your Father in Heaven, as it is stated: “And I will sprinkle purifying water upon you, and you shall be purified” (Ezekiel 36:25). And it says: “The ritual bath of Israel is God” (Jeremiah 17:13). Just as a ritual bath purifies the impure, so too, the Holy One, Blessed be He, purifies Israel.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Rosh Hashanah 17b

Rosh Hashanah 17b:6

God's identity and mercy remain constant both before and after a person sins, provided the person performs teshuvah and is not recalled for their sins; Rabbi Yoḥanan teaches that teshuvah is great because it tears up a person's issued sentence, enabling healing from all sins through return and repentance.

״ה׳ ה׳״ — אֲנִי הוּא קוֹדֶם שֶׁיֶּחְטָא הָאָדָם, וַאֲנִי הוּא לְאַחַר שֶׁיֶּחְטָא הָאָדָם וְיַעֲשֶׂה תְּשׁוּבָה — ״אֵל רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן״. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: גְּדוֹלָה תְּשׁוּבָה שֶׁמְּקָרַעַת גְּזַר דִּינוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הַשְׁמֵן לֵב הָעָם הַזֶּה וְאׇזְנָיו הַכְבֵּד וְעֵינָיו הָשַׁע פֶּן יִרְאֶה בְעֵינָיו וּבְאׇזְנָיו יִשְׁמָע וּלְבָבוֹ יָבִין וָשָׁב וְרָפָא לוֹ״.

The verse continues: “The Lord, the Lord,” and it should be understood as follows: I am He before a person sins, and I am He after a person sins and performs repentance, as God does not recall for him his first sins, since He is always “God, merciful and gracious” (Exodus 34:6). § Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Great is repentance, for it tears up the sentence issued against a person, as it is stated: “Make the heart of this people fat, and make their ears heavy, and smear over their eyes; lest they see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and they will return, and be healed” (Isaiah 6:10), implying that if indeed they return and repent, they will be healed from all their sins.

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Rosh Hashanah 17a

Rosh Hashanah 17a:2

Beit Hillel teaches that God's abundant kindness tips the scales toward mercy so that those deficient in mitzvot need not enter Gehenna, and Rava further holds that whoever forgoes demanding accountability from others for wrongs done to him will have his own sins forgiven by the heavenly court.

בֵּית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים: ״וְרַב חֶסֶד״ — מַטֶּה כְּלַפֵּי חֶסֶד. וַעֲלֵיהֶם אָמַר דָּוִד: ״אָהַבְתִּי כִּי יִשְׁמַע ה׳ אֶת קוֹלִי״, וַעֲלֵיהֶם אָמַר דָּוִד כׇּל הַפָּרָשָׁה כּוּלָּהּ — ״דַּלּוֹתִי וְלִי יְהוֹשִׁיעַ״. דָּרֵשׁ רָבָא, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״אָהַבְתִּי כִּי יִשְׁמַע ה׳״ — אָמְרָה כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, אֵימָתַי אֲנִי אֲהוּבָה לְפָנֶיךָ — בִּזְמַן שֶׁאַתָּה שׁוֹמֵעַ קוֹל תַּחֲנוּנַי. ״דַּלּוֹתִי וְלִי יְהוֹשִׁיעַ״, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁדַּלָּה אֲנִי מִן הַמִּצְוֹת — לִי נָאֶה לְהוֹשִׁיעַ. רָבָא אָמַר: כׇּל הַמַּעֲבִיר עַל מִדּוֹתָיו — מַעֲבִירִין לוֹ עַל כׇּל פְּשָׁעָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״נוֹשֵׂא עָוֹן וְעוֹבֵר עַל פֶּשַׁע״. לְמִי נוֹשֵׂא עָוֹן — לְמִי שֶׁעוֹבֵר עַל פֶּשַׁע.

Beit Hillel say: He Who is “and abundant in kindness” (Exodus 34:6) tilts the scales in favor of kindness, so that middling people should not have to pass through Gehenna. And about them, David said: “I love the Lord, Who hears my voice and my supplications” (Psalms 116:1). And about them, David said the entire passage: “I was brought low [daloti] and He saved me” (Psalms 116:6). Although they are poor [dalim] in mitzvot, God saves them. Rava interpreted the verse homiletically: What is the meaning of that which is written: “I love the Lord, Who hears my voice and my supplications”? The Congregation of Israel said before the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe, when do I know that I am loved by You? When You hear the voice of my supplications, as the verse states: “I was brought low [daloti], and He saved me” (Psalms 116:6). Although I am poor [dala] in mitzvot, nevertheless it is fitting to save me. Rava understood this verse differently and said: With regard to whoever forgoes his reckonings with others for injustices done to him, the heavenly court in turn forgoes punishment for all his sins, as it is stated: “He bears sin and forgives transgression” (Micah 7:18). Whose sins does He bear? The sins of one who forgoes his reckonings with others for injustices committed against him.

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

Rosh Hashanah 16b

Rosh Hashanah 16b:6

Rabbi Yitzchak teaches that four actions annul a person's harsh decree: charity, fervent prayer, changing one's name, and improving one's deeds, each supported by scriptural sources; Rabbi Yochanan further explains that on Rosh HaShana three books are opened before God—one for wholly righteous people (sealed for life), one for wholly wicked people (sealed for death), and one for those of mixed merit whose fate remains suspended until Yom Kippur, when their judgment is decided based on whether they merit.

וְאָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק: אַרְבָּעָה דְּבָרִים מְקָרְעִין גְּזַר דִּינוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם, אֵלּוּ הֵן: צְדָקָה, צְעָקָה, שִׁינּוּי הַשֵּׁם, וְשִׁינּוּי מַעֲשֶׂה. צְדָקָה, דִּכְתִיב: ״וּצְדָקָה תַּצִּיל מִמָּוֶת״. צְעָקָה, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיִּצְעֲקוּ אֶל ה׳ בַּצַּר לָהֶם וּמִמְּצוּקוֹתֵיהֶם יוֹצִיאֵם״. שִׁינּוּי הַשֵּׁם, דִּכְתִיב: ״שָׂרַי אִשְׁתְּךָ לֹא תִקְרָא אֶת שְׁמָהּ שָׂרָי כִּי שָׂרָה שְׁמָהּ״, וּכְתִיב: ״וּבֵרַכְתִּי אוֹתָהּ וְגַם נָתַתִּי מִמֶּנָּה לְךָ בֵּן״. שִׁינּוּי מַעֲשֶׂה, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיַּרְא הָאֱלֹהִים אֶת מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם״, וּכְתִיב: ״וַיִּנָּחֶם הָאֱלֹהִים עַל הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר לַעֲשׂוֹת לָהֶם וְלֹא עָשָׂה״. אָמַר רַבִּי כְּרוּסְפָּדַאי אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: שְׁלֹשָׁה סְפָרִים נִפְתָּחִין בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה, אֶחָד שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים גְּמוּרִין, וְאֶחָד שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים גְּמוּרִין, וְאֶחָד שֶׁל בֵּינוֹנִיִּים. צַדִּיקִים גְּמוּרִין — נִכְתָּבִין וְנֶחְתָּמִין לְאַלְתַּר לְחַיִּים, רְשָׁעִים גְּמוּרִין — נִכְתָּבִין וְנֶחְתָּמִין לְאַלְתַּר לְמִיתָה, בֵּינוֹנִיִּים — תְּלוּיִין וְעוֹמְדִין מֵרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה וְעַד יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים, זָכוּ — נִכְתָּבִין לְחַיִּים, לֹא זָכוּ — נִכְתָּבִין לְמִיתָה.

And Rabbi Yitzḥak said: A person’s sentence is torn up on account of four types of actions. These are: Giving charity, crying out in prayer, a change of one’s name, and a change of one’s deeds for the better. An allusion may be found in Scripture for all of them: Giving charity, as it is written: “And charity delivers from death” (Proverbs 10:2); crying out in prayer, as it is written: “Then they cry to the Lord in their trouble, and He brings them out of their distresses” (Psalms 107:28); a change of one’s name, as it is written: “As for Sarai your wife, you shall not call her name Sarai, but Sarah shall her name be” (Genesis 17:15), and it is written there: “And I will bless her, and I will also give you a son from her” (Genesis 17:16); a change of one’s deeds for the better, as it is written: “And God saw their deeds” (Jonah 3:10), and it is written there: “And God repented of the evil, which He had said He would do to them, and He did not do it” (Jonah 3:10). § The Gemara goes back to discuss the Day of Judgment. Rabbi Kruspedai said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Three books are opened on Rosh HaShana before the Holy One, Blessed be He: One of wholly wicked people, and one of wholly righteous people, and one of middling people whose good and bad deeds are equally balanced. Wholly righteous people are immediately written and sealed for life; wholly wicked people are immediately written and sealed for death; and middling people are left with their judgment suspended from Rosh HaShana until Yom Kippur, their fate remaining undecided. If they merit, through the good deeds and mitzvot that they perform during this period, they are written for life; if they do not so merit, they are written for death.

Source 8 · Chazal
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Pirkei Avot – Repent One Day Before Death

Pirkei Avot 4:17

A sage teaches that a single hour devoted to teshuvah and good deeds in this world surpasses all the life of the world to come, and conversely, one hour of tranquility in the world to come surpasses all the life of this world.

הוּא הָיָה אוֹמֵר, יָפָה שָׁעָה אַחַת בִּתְשׁוּבָה וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, מִכָּל חַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. וְיָפָה שָׁעָה אַחַת שֶׁל קוֹרַת רוּחַ בָּעוֹלָם הַבָּא, מִכָּל חַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַזֶּה:

He used to say: more precious is one hour in repentance and good deeds in this world, than all the life of the world to come; And more precious is one hour of the tranquility of the world to come, than all the life of this world.

Source 9 · Chazal
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Talmud Yoma – The Power and Greatness of Teshuvah

Yoma 86a:7

The Gemara explores the transformative power of teshuvah: intentional sins become merits for one who repents out of love (teshuvah me'ahavah), the greatness of a baal teshuvah such that even a fully righteous person cannot stand in their place, and requirements of verbal confession (viduy).

עָבַר עַל עֲשֵׂה וְשָׁב — אֵינוֹ זָז מִשָּׁם עַד שֶׁמּוֹחֲלִין לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״שׁוּבוּ בָּנִים שׁוֹבָבִים״. עָבַר עַל לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה וְעָשָׂה תְּשׁוּבָה — תְּשׁוּבָה תּוֹלָה, וְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי בַיּוֹם הַזֶּה יְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיכֶם מִכֹּל חַטֹּאתֵיכֶם״. עָבַר עַל כָּרֵיתוֹת וּמִיתוֹת בֵּית דִּין וְעָשָׂה תְּשׁוּבָה — תְּשׁוּבָה וְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים תּוֹלִין, וְיִסּוּרִין מְמָרְקִין. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וּפָקַדְתִּי בְשֵׁבֶט פִּשְׁעָם וּבִנְגָעִים עֲוֹנָם״. רַבִּי חָמָא (בַּר) חֲנִינָא רָמֵי, כְּתִיב: ״שׁוּבוּ בָּנִים שׁוֹבָבִים״, דְּמֵעִיקָּרָא שׁוֹבָבִים אַתֶּם, וּכְתִיב: ״אֶרְפָּא מְשׁוּבוֹתֵיכֶם״! לָא קַשְׁיָא: כָּאן מֵאַהֲבָה, כָּאן מִיִּרְאָה.

These are the categories: If one violates a positive mitzva and repents, he is forgiven even before he moves from his place, i.e. immediately, as it is stated: “Return, you backsliding children, I will heal your backsliding” (Jeremiah 3:22), implying that when one repents he is immediately forgiven. If one violates a prohibition and repents, repentance suspends his punishment and Yom Kippur atones for his sin, as it is stated: “For on this day shall atonement be made for you, to purify you from all your sins” (Leviticus 16:30). If one commits a transgression that warrants karet or a sin punishable by death from the earthly court and then repents, repentance and Yom Kippur suspend his punishment, and suffering absolves and completes the atonement, as it is stated: “Then will I visit their transgression with the rod, and their iniquity with strokes” (Psalms 89:33). Rabbi Ḥama bar Ḥanina raised a contradiction between two verses. It is written in one verse: “Return, you backsliding children” (Jeremiah 3:14), implying that initially when you sinned, it was only because you were backsliding, i.e., rebelling. It was merely an act of immaturity and foolishness and could be ignored as if it had never happened. But it is written: “I will heal your backsliding” (Jeremiah 3:22), implying that He will heal the sin from this point onward, and that they are still sinners. He resolved this contradiction, explaining that this is not difficult: Here, where everything is forgiven as if the Jewish people never sinned, it is referring to repentance out of love; there, where the sin is still remembered despite the forgiveness and repentance, it is referring to repentance out of fear.

Source 10 · Rishonim
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Radak on Psalms 25:8

Radak on Psalms 25:8

God, being good and upright, does not reject sinners but rather accepts those who wish to repent and teaches them the straight path, which is the way of teshuvah.

לפי שהוא טוב וישר לא ימאס החוטאים, אלא אם ירצו לשוב יקבלם ויורה אותם דרך הישרה. והיא דרך התשובה.

Source 11 · Rishonim
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Rambam, Hilkhot Teshuvah – Definition and Process

Mishneh Torah, Repentance 1:1

The Rambam opens his laws of teshuvah by defining the fundamental act: verbal confession (viduy) is a positive Torah commandment, and one has not fulfilled teshuvah without it. He lays out the structure — cessation of sin, regret, verbal confession, and resolution not to repeat.

כָּל מִצְוֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה בֵּין עֲשֵׂה בֵּין לֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה אִם עָבַר אָדָם עַל אַחַת מֵהֶן בֵּין בְּזָדוֹן בֵּין בִּשְׁגָגָה כְּשֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה תְּשׁוּבָה וְיָשׁוּב מֵחֶטְאוֹ חַיָּב לְהִתְוַדּוֹת לִפְנֵי הָאֵל בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר ה ו) "אִישׁ אוֹ אִשָּׁה כִּי יַעֲשׂוּ" וְגוֹ' (במדבר ה ז) "וְהִתְוַדּוּ אֶת חַטָּאתָם אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ" זֶה וִדּוּי דְּבָרִים. וִדּוּי זֶה מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה. אוֹמֵר אָנָּא הַשֵּׁם חָטָאתִי עָוִיתִי פָּשַׁעְתִּי לְפָנֶיךָ וְעָשִׂיתִי כָּךְ וְכָךְ וַהֲרֵי נִחַמְתִּי וּבֹשְׁתִּי בְּמַעֲשַׂי וּלְעוֹלָם אֵינִי חוֹזֵר לְדָבָר זֶה. וְזֶהוּ עִקָּרוֹ שֶׁל וִדּוּי.

If a person transgresses any of the mitzvot of the Torah, whether a positive command or a negative command - whether willingly or inadvertently - when he repents, and returns from his sin, he must confess before God, blessed be He, as [Numbers 5:6-7] states: "If a man or a woman commit any of the sins of man... they must confess the sin that they committed." This refers to a verbal confession. This confession is a positive command. Behold, I regret and am embarrassed for my deeds. I promise never to repeat this act again." These are the essential elements of the confessional prayer.

Source 12 · Rishonim
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Rabbeinu Yonah, Sha'arei Teshuvah – Gates of Repentance

Sha'arei Teshuvah 1:1

Rabbeinu Yonah's foundational Mussar work opens by establishing that teshuvah is a divine gift and obligation. He enumerates twenty elements of complete teshuvah, including remorse, abandonment of sin, anxiety, mourning, and genuine change of the heart.

מִן הַטּוֹבוֹת אֲשֶׁר הֵיטִיב הַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ עִם בְּרוּאָיו, כִּי הֵכִין לָהֶם הַדֶּרֶךְ לַעֲלוֹת מִתּוֹךְ פַּחַת מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם וְלָנוּס מִפַּח פִּשְׁעֵיהֶם, לַחְשֹׂךְ נַפְשָׁם מִנִּי שַׁחַת וּלְהָשִׁיב מֵעֲלֵיהֶם אַפּוֹ, וְלִמְּדָם וְהִזְהִירָם לָשׁוּב אֵלָיו כִּי יֶחֶטְאוּ לוֹ, לְרֹב טוּבוֹ וְיָשְׁרוֹ כִּי הוּא יָדַע יִצְרָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים כה, ח): "טוֹב וְיָשָׁר ה' עַל כֵּן יוֹרֶה חַטָּאִים בַּדָּרֶךְ", וְאִם הִרְבּוּ לִפְשֹׁעַ וְלִמְרוֹד וּבֶגֶד בּוֹגְדִים בָּגָדוּ, לֹא סָגַר בַּעֲדָם דַּלְתֵי תְּשׁוּבָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה לא, ו): וְהֻזְהַרְנוּ עַל הַתְּשׁוּבָה בְּכַמָּה מְקוֹמוֹת בַּתּוֹרָה, וְהִתְבָּאֵר, כִּי הַתְּשׁוּבָה מְקֻבֶּלֶת גַּם כִּי יָשׁוּב הַחוֹטֵא מֵרֹב צָרוֹתָיו, כָּל שֶׁכֵּן אִם יָשׁוּב מִיִּרְאַת הַשֵּׁם וְאַהֲבָתוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ד, ל):

Source 13 · Rishonim
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Rambam, Hilkhot Teshuvah – Greatness of Teshuvah and Free Will

Mishneh Torah, Repentance 7:1-8:1

Rambam's philosophically rich chapters on the nature of complete teshuvah, the greatness of the baal teshuvah, and the inviolable principle of human free will — God does not decree that a person sin, and teshuvah is always available to everyone.

הוֹאִיל וּרְשׁוּת כָּל אָדָם נְתוּנָה לוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ יִשְׁתַּדֵּל אָדָם לַעֲשׂוֹת תְּשׁוּבָה וּלְהִתְוַדּוֹת בְּפִיו מֵחֲטָאָיו וְלִנְעֹר כַּפָּיו מֵחֲטָאָיו כְּדֵי שֶׁיָּמוּת וְהוּא בַּעַל תְּשׁוּבָה וְיִזְכֶּה לְחַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא: אַל תֹּאמַר שֶׁאֵין תְּשׁוּבָה אֶלָּא מֵעֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶן מַעֲשֶׂה כְּגוֹן זְנוּת וְגֵזֶל וּגְנֵבָה. אֶלָּא כְּשֵׁם שֶׁצָּרִיךְ אָדָם לָשׁוּב מֵאֵלּוּ כָּךְ הוּא צָרִיךְ לְחַפֵּשׂ בְּדֵעוֹת רָעוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ וְלָשׁוּב מִן הַכַּעַס וּמִן הָאֵיבָה וּמִן הַקִּנְאָה וּמִן הַהִתּוּל וּמֵרְדִיפַת הַמָּמוֹן וְהַכָּבוֹד וּמֵרְדִיפַת הַמַּאֲכָלוֹת וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן מִן הַכּל צָרִיךְ לַחֲזֹר בִּתְשׁוּבָה. וְאֵלּוּ הָעֲוֹנוֹת קָשִׁים מֵאוֹתָן שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶן מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁבִּזְמַן שֶׁאָדָם נִשְׁקָע בְּאֵלּוּ קָשֶׁה הוּא לִפְרשׁ מֵהֶם. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (ישעיה נה ז) "יַעֲזֹב רָשָׁע" וְגוֹ': וְאַל יְדַמֶּה אָדָם בַּעַל תְּשׁוּבָה שֶׁהוּא מְרֻחָק מִמַּעֲלַת הַצַּדִּיקִים מִפְּנֵי הָעֲוֹנוֹת וְהַחֲטָאוֹת שֶׁעָשָׂה. אֵין הַדָּבָר כֵּן אֶלָּא אָהוּב וְנֶחְמָד הוּא לִפְנֵי הַבּוֹרֵא כְּאִלּוּ לֹא חָטָא מֵעוֹלָם. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁשְּׂכָרוֹ הַרְבֵּה שֶׁהֲרֵי טָעַם טַעַם הַחֵטְא וּפֵרַשׁ מִמֶּנּוּ וְכָבַשׁ יִצְרוֹ. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים מָקוֹם שֶׁבַּעֲלֵי תְּשׁוּבָה עוֹמְדִין אֵין צַדִּיקִים גְּמוּרִין יְכוֹלִין לַעֲמֹד בּוֹ. כְּלוֹמַר מַעֲלָתָן גְּדוֹלָה מִמַּעֲלַת אֵלּוּ שֶׁלֹּא חָטְאוּ מֵעוֹלָם מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן כּוֹבְשִׁים יִצְרָם יוֹתֵר מֵהֶם:

Since free choice is granted to all men as explained, a person should always strive to do Teshuvah and to confess verbally for his sins, striving to cleanse his hands from sin in order that he may die as a Baal-Teshuvah and merit the life of the world to come. A person should not think that repentance is only necessary for those sins that involve deed such as promiscuity, robbery, or theft. Rather, just as a person is obligated to repent from these, similarly, he must search after the evil character traits he has. He must repent from anger, hatred, envy, frivolity, the pursuit of money and honor, the pursuit of gluttony, and the like. He must repent for all [of the above]. These sins are more difficult than those that involve deed. If a person is attached to these, it is more difficult for him to separate himself. In this context, [Isaiah 55:7] exhorts: "May the wicked abandon his path and the crooked man, his designs." A Baal-Teshuvah should not consider himself distant from the level of the righteous because of the sins and transgressions that he committed. This is not true. He is beloved and desirable before the Creator as if he never sinned. Furthermore, he has a great reward for he has tasted sin and yet, separated himself from it, conquering his [evil] inclination. Our Sages declared: "In the place where Baalei Teshuvah stand, even the completely righteous are not able to stand." The level of Baalei Teshuvah transcends the level of those who never sinned at all, for they overcome their [evil] inclination more.

Source 14 · Rishonim
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Rambam, Eight Chapters – Free Will and Teshuvah

Eight Chapters 8:7

In his introduction to Avot, Rambam devotes a chapter to free will as the metaphysical foundation of teshuvah: without freedom of choice, repentance would be meaningless. This connects teshuvah to the broader philosophical framework of the soul.

ואמנם עניין זה שביארוהו חכמים, שהציות והמרי אינם לא בגזרתו יתברך ולא בחפצו, כי אם ברצון האיש, נמשכו בו אחר דברי ירמיה, והוא אמרו: "מפי עליון לא תצא הרעות והטוב" (איכה ג, לח) – כלומר, אין האלוהים גוזר על האדם שיעשה הרעות, ולא שיעשה הטובות. וכיון שכן הוא, ראוי לו לאדם לבכות ולקונן על חטאיו לאחר שפשע בבחירתו. הוא שכתוב אחריו: "מה יתאונן אדם חי, גבר על חטאיו" (איכה ג, לט). וחזר ואמר שרפוי חולי זה בידינו הוא. כי כשם שמריינו בבחירתנו, כך עלינו לחזור בתשובה ולעזוב רשענו. הוא שכתוב אחריו: "נחפשה דרכינו ונחקורה ונשובה עד ה'. נשא לבבנו אל כפים, אל אל בשמים" (איכה ג', מ'–מ"א). ולא עשינו דברינו פלסתר, באומרנו, שהאלוהים אפשר שמעניש אדם שלא יחזור בתשובה ואינו נותן לו בחירה בתשובה. שכן יתברך שמו יודע החטאים, וחכמתו ויושרו מחייבים שיעור העונש. ויש שמעניש בעולם הזה לבד, ויש שמעניש לעולם הבא לבד, ויש שמעניש בשני העולמות יחד. ועונשו בעולם הזה שונה הוא: יש שמעניש בגוף, או בממון, או בשניהם יחד. וכשם שהוא משבית כמה מתנועות האדם הבחיריות בדרך העונש, כגון שמשבית את ידו מן האחיזה, כמו שעשה לירבעם, או – עיניו מן הראיה, כמו שעשה לאנשי סדום הנקהלים על לוט; כך משבית הוא את בחירת התשובה שבו, עד שלא תתעורר בלבו כלל, ויאבד בחטאו. ולא עלינו לדעת חכמתו, עד שנבין לשם מה העניש באופן של עונש זה ולא העניש באופן אחר. כשם שאין אנו יודעים מה הסיבה הקובעת שתהא לסוג זה צורה זו, ולא תהא לו צורה אחרת. כללו של דבר: "כי כל דרכיו משפט" וגו' (דברים לב, ד), ומעניש החוטא לפי שעור חטאו, וגומל למיטיב לפי שעור הטבתו. ואם תאמר: "לשם מה דרש ממנו שלוח ישראל כמה פעמים, והוא משולל מזה כדי שתבאנה עליו המכות בעמדו בעיקשותו כמו שאמרנו: שנענש לעמוד בעיקשותו? ולא ידרוש ממנו חנם דבר שאי אפשר לו לעשותו?!" הרי שהיה גם זה בחכמה מעם האלוהים יתברך, שיודיעהו על אודות בחירתו: לכשירצה האלוהים לבטלה, הרי היא מבטלה. ואמר לו: "הריני דורש ממך שילוחם. ואם אתה משלחם עתה, ניצלת; אלא שאין אתה משלחם עד שתאבד". והיה פרעה צריך שייטיב, עד שיראה ההפך לתוכחת הנביא שנבצר ממנו להיטיב, ולא היה יכול, והיה בזה אות גדול ומפורסם בכל העולם, כמו שאמר: "ולמען ספר שמי בכל הארץ" (שמות ט, טז). יש שהאלוהים מעניש האדם בזה שימנעהו מבחירת פועל מה. ויודע הוא זאת ואינו יכול למשוך נפשו ולהשיבה אל אותה בחירה. ובאותו באופן ממש היה עונשו של סיחון מלך חשבון, שכן על מריו לשעבר, שלא הייתה כפייה בו, הענישו האלוהים בזה שמנעו מעשות רצון ישראל, עד שהרגוהו. והוא אמרו: "ולא אבה סיחון מלך חשבון העברנו בו, כי הקשה ה' אלוהיך את רוחו ואימץ את לבבו" וגו' (דברים ב, ל). ונתקשו בזה כל המפרשים, הואיל וחשבו שסיחון נענש על שלא הניח את ישראל עבור בארצו. ואמרו: "כיצד נענש והוא אנוס?" כמו שחשבו, שפרעה וסיעתו נענשו על שלא שלח את ישראל. ואין הדבר כן, אלא כמו שביארנו, שפרעה וסיעתו היה עונשם מעם האלוהים על חמסם לשעבר, שלא יחזרו בתשובה עד שתבואנה עליהם כל אותן המכות. והיה עונשו של סיחון על חמסו לשעבר, והעוול שעשה במלכותו, שימנע מעשות רצון ישראל, עד שיהרגוהו.

In making this assertion that obedience or disobedience to the Law of God does not depend upon the power or will of God, but solely upon that of man himself, the sages followed the dictum of Jeremiah, who said, "Out of the mouth of God there cometh neither the bad nor the good". By the words "the bad" he meant vice, and by "the good", virtue; and, accordingly, he maintains that God does not preordain that any man should be vicious or virtuous. Since this is so, it behooves man to mourn and weep over the sins and the transgressions he has committed, as he has sinned of his own free will in accordance with what the prophet says, "Wherefore should a living man mourn? Let every man mourn because of his sins". He continues, then, to tell us that the remedy for this disease is in our own hands, for, as our misdeeds were the result of our own free will, we have, likewise, the power to repent of our evil deeds, and so he goes on to say, "Let us search through and investigate our ways, and let us return to the Lord. Let us lift up our heart with our hands to God, in the heavens". No one can find fault with us when we say that God at times punishes man by withholding repentance from him, thus not allowing him free will as regards repentance, for God (blessed be He) knows the sinners, and His wisdom and equity mete out their punishment. Sometimes, He punishes only in this world, sometimes only in the world to come, sometimes in both. Furthermore, His punishment in this world is varied, sometimes being bodily, sometimes pecuniary, and sometimes both at once. Just as some of man's undertakings, which ordinarily are subject to his own free will, are frustrated by way of punishment, as for instance a man's hand being prevented from working so that he can do nothing with it, as was the case of Jeroboam, the son of Nebat, or a man's eyes from seeing, as happened to the Sodomites who had assembled about Lot, likewise does God withhold man's ability to use his free will in regard to repentance, so that it never at all occurs to him to repent, and he thus finally perishes in his wickedness. It is not necessary for us to know about God's wisdom so as to be able to ascertain why He inflicts precisely such punishment as He does and no other, just as little as we know why one species has a certain particular form and not another. It is sufficient for us to know the general principle, that God is righteous in all His ways, that He punishes the sinner according to his sin, and rewards the pious according to his righteousness. If you should inquire why God repeatedly asked Pharaoh to release Israel which he was unable to do—while he, in spite of the plagues which befell him, persisted in his rebellion and stubbornness, which very rebelliousness and stubbornness was his punishment—and yet God would not in vain have asked him to do a thing which he could not do, then know that, this, too, was a part of God's wisdom, to teach Pharaoh that God can suspend man's freedom of will when it pleases Him to do so. So, God said to him (through Moses), "I desire that thou shouldst liberate them, but thou wilt not dismiss them, so that thou shouldst die". Pharaoh should have consented to release them, and therely disprove the words of the prophet (Moses) that he was unable to obey, but he had not the power. Thus, a great wonder was revealed to the people, as it is said, "In order that they may proclaim my name throughout the earth", namely, that it is possible for God to punish man by depriving him of his free will respecting a certain deed, while he, though realizing it, is, however, unable to influence his soul, and return to his former state of freedom of the will. Such was, likewise, the punishment of Sihon, King of Heshbon; for, on account of his former misdeed, to which he was not forced, God punished him by preventing him from granting the request of the Israelites, as a result of which they put him do death, as Scripture says, "But Sihon, the king of Heshbon, would not suffer our passing by him", etc. What has made this passage difficult for all commentators is their impression that Sihon was punished for not permitting Israel to pass through his land, just as they imagined that Pharaoh and his adherents were punished for not releasing Israel, and so they ask, "How could he (Sihon) be justly punished, since he was not a free agent?" These suppositions are incorrect, and the matter is as we have explained, namely, that Pharaoh and his adherents were punished by God because of their previous oppression of Israel, of which they did not repent, so that there befell them all the plagues; while Sihon's punishment, which consisted of his inability to do the will of Israel, thus resulting in his death, was due to the former deeds of oppression and injustice which he had practised in his kingdom.

Source 15 · Acharonim
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Gevurot Hashem 31

Gevurot Hashem 31

Shemot Rabbah presents a dispute about whether Pharaoh's hardened heart negates his capacity for repentance: Rabbi Yochanan reads "I have hardened his heart" as proof that repentance was impossible for him, while Resh Lakish responds that the Almighty first admonishes a person multiple times, and only when he refuses to listen does the Almighty seal his heart from repentance—because repentance belongs to humans since sin originates from human choice and changeability, making deeds reversible through return, but persistent rejection of warning transforms the deed into something completed and certain, at which point the Almighty closes the paths of repentance and hardens the heart to exact punishment.

אמנם בשמות רבה בפרשת בא (יג, ג), "כי אני הכבדתי את לבו" (שמות י, א), אמר רבי יוחנן, מכאן פתחון פה למינים [לומר] לא היתה ממנו שיעשה תשובה, שנאמר "כי אני הכבדתי את לבו". אמר ריש לקיש, יסתם פיהם של מינים, אלא "אם ללצים הוא יליץ" (משלי ג, לד), שהקב"ה מתרה באדם פעם ראשונה ופעם שניה ושלישי ואינו חוזר [בו], והוא נועל לבו מן התשובה, כדי לפרוע ממנו מה שחטא. וזה כי התשובה שייכת לאדם בשביל שמעשה* החטא בא מן האדם אשר הוא בעל שנוי ותמורה, לכך אין מעשיו וחטאים שלו נחשבים מעשים גמורים. שמתחלה בא המעשה מן האדם אשר אפשר שישנה מעשה שלו מן רע לטוב, ולפיכך יכול לשנות מעשיו בתשובה, ונחשב המעשה כלא היה מעולם. אבל אם מתרה בו, ההעדאה והתראה זאת עושים לו שמעשיו שלו נחשבים מעשה יותר, שהרי העיד ולא שמע, וזהו מעשה גמור בודאי, אז נועל הקב"ה ממנו דרכי תשובה, ומכביד את לבו.

Source 16 · Hasidic
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Likkutei Torah – Shabbat Shuvah: Teshuvah from Love

Likkutei Torah, Shabbat Shuvah

The passage teaches that one who transgresses the commandments—damaging either a prohibition or neglecting an obligation—cannot continue to cleave to the divine names of Havayah and Elohim in their unified higher and lower aspects, since the commandments themselves are called the commandments of Havayah and are suspended like grapes from His name (positive commandments on the right and prohibitions on the left), and just as there exists physical stoning for grave transgressions in the material realm, so too there exists spiritual stoning for sins that the sages weighed among grave transgressions according to the spiritual structure inherent in Torah.

ג והנה יעקב אמר כסדר המדרגה ממטה למעלה והיינו מדרגת הצדיקים ההולכים לפני ה׳ ממדרגה למדרגה אך מי שהעביר את הדרך וחטא על הנפש שפגם באיזה ל״ת או בביטול מ״ע הרי א״א לו להמשיך בחי׳ הוי׳ בבחי׳ אלקים ביחודא עילאה ותתאה להיות אתכפיא ואתהפכא מאחר שפגם בשם הוי׳ כי המצות נקראו מצות הוי׳ כמ״ש בזה״ק דתליין בשמיה כענבין באתכלא מימינא ומשמאלא מימינא מ״ע ומשמאלא מל״ת. והנה אומרים בתיקון ק״ש שעל המטה אם פגמתי באות יו״ד ונתחייבתי סקילה וכן בוידוי על חטא ביוהכ״פ מזכירין סקילה שריפה כו׳ לא דברו בעבירות חמורות דוקא שחייב עליהם סקילה ממש (כגון עובד עבודת כוכבים שהוא מהנסקלין) שהרי התורה היא בבחינת השתלשלות שיש בה גשמיות ורוחניות וכשם שיש סקילה גשמיות על עבירות החמורות בגשמיות כן יש סקילה רוחניות על עון ששקלוהו חז״ל בעבירות חמורות ע״ד מארז״ל בפרק לפני אידיהן ישראל שבחו״ל כו׳ כי ענין עבודת כוכבים בגשמיות הוא המשתחוה לשמש וירח מפני שמהם תצא השפעת המזון וכמ״ש ממגד תבואות שמש וממגד גרש ירחים הגם שבאמת נמשך הה

Source 17 · Hasidic
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Rebbe Nachman of Breslov, Likutei Moharan – Torah 6: Teshuvah and Joy

Likutei Moharan 6

Rebbe Nachman teaches that teshuvah must ultimately be accompanied by joy, not crushing guilt. Excessive self-flagellation over sins can itself become an obstacle; the baal teshuvah must move from brokenheartedness to joy in God.

ב וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לִזְכּוֹת לַכָּבוֹד הַזֶּה אֶלָּא עַל־יְדֵי תְּשׁוּבָה. וְעִקַּר הַתְּשׁוּבָה – כְּשֶׁיִּשְׁמַע בִּזְיוֹנוֹ יִדֹּם וְיִשְׁתֹּק, נִמְצָא, שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לַעֲשׂוֹת תְּשׁוּבָה עַל הַתְּשׁוּבָה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה, הַיְנוּ עַל "חָטָאתִי, עָוִיתִי, פָּשַׁעְתִּי" שֶׁאָמַר, כִּי עָלָיו נֶאֱמַר (ישעיהו כ״ט:י״ג): וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם יוֹדֵעַ אָדָם בְּעַצְמוֹ, שֶׁעָשָׂה תְּשׁוּבָה שְׁלֵמָה, אַף עַל־פִּי־כֵן צָרִיךְ לַעֲשׂוֹת תְּשׁוּבָה עַל תְּשׁוּבָה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה, כִּי מִתְּחִלָּה, כְּשֶׁעָשָׂה תְּשׁוּבָה, עָשָׂה לְפִי הַשָּׂגָתוֹ, וְאַחַר־כָּךְ בְּוַדַּאי כְּשֶׁעוֹשֶׂה תְּשׁוּבָה, בְּוַדַּאי הוּא מַכִּיר וּמַשִּׂיג יוֹתֵר אֶת הַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ.

Source 18 · Hasidic
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Tanya, Iggeret HaTeshuvah – Chassidic Approach to Repentance

Tanya, Part III; Iggeret HaTeshuvah 1:1

The Alter Rebbe analyzes the Talmudic types of teshuvah — for kareit-level sins versus lesser transgressions — and introduces the Kabbalistic framework of teshuvah as the restoration of divine light (ohr) to the soul that had been extinguished by sin.

תַּנְיָא בְּסוֹף יוֹמָא: שְׁלֹשָׁה חִלּוּקֵי כַפָּרָה הֵם, וּתְשׁוּבָה עִם כָּל אֶחָד; עָבַר עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה וְשָׁב – אֵינוֹ זָז מִשָּׁם עַד שֶׁמּוֹחֲלִין לוֹ; עָבַר עַל מִצְוַת לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה וְשָׁב – תְּשׁוּבָה תּוֹלָה, וְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר. (פֵּירוּשׁ, דְּאַף־עַל־גַּב דִּלְעִנְיַן קִיּוּם, מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה גְּדוֹלָה, שֶׁדּוֹחָה אֶת לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה, הַיְינוּ מִשּׁוּם שֶׁעַל־יְדֵי קִיּוּם מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה מַמְשִׁיךְ אוֹר וְשֶׁפַע בְּעוֹלָמוֹת עֶלְיוֹנִים מֵהֶאָרַת אוֹר־אֵין־סוֹף בָּרוּךְ־הוּא (כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב בַּזֹּהַר, דְּ״רַמַ״ח פִּקּוּדִין אִינּוּן רַמַ״ח אֵבָרִין דְּמַלְכָּא״), וְגַם עַל נַפְשׁוֹ הָאֱלֹקִית, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאוֹמְרִים: ״אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו״; אֲבָל לְעִנְיַן תְּשׁוּבָה, אַף שֶׁמּוֹחֲלִין לוֹ הָעוֹנֶשׁ עַל שֶׁמָּרַד בְּמַלְכוּתוֹ יִתְבָּרֵךְ וְלֹא עָשָׂה מַאֲמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ, מִכָּל מָקוֹם הָאוֹר נֶעְדָּר וְכוּ׳. וְהָעוֹבֵר עַל מִצְוַת לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה, עַל־יְדֵי שֶׁנִּדְבַּק הָרָע בְּנַפְשׁוֹ – עוֹשֶׂה פְּגַם לְמַעְלָה בְּשָׁרְשָׁהּ וּמְקוֹר חוּצְבָּהּ (בַּלְּבוּשִׁים דְּי׳ סְפִירוֹת דַּעֲשִׂיָּה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּתִיקּוּנֵי זֹהַר: ״לְבוּשִׁין תְּקִּינַת לוֹן, דְּמִנַּיְיהוּ פָּרְחִין נִשְׁמָתִין לִבְנֵי נָשָׁא וְכוּ׳״), לְכָךְ, אֵין כַּפָּרָה לְנַפְשׁוֹ וְלֹא לְמַעְלָה עַד יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב: ״וְכִפֶּר עַל הַקֹּדֶשׁ מִטּוּמְאוֹת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמִפִּשְׁעֵיהֶם וְגוֹ׳״, ״לִפְנֵי ה׳ תִּטְהָרוּ״ – ״לִפְנֵי ה׳״ דַּיְיקָא.

LIKKUTEI AMARIM PART THREE Called “Iggeret Hateshuvah” It has been taught in a Baraita at the end of Tractate Yoma: There are three types of atonement, and repentance accompanies each. If one neglects a positive commandment and repents, he is forgiven forthwith. If one violates a prohibition and repents, his repentance is tentative, and Yom Kippur atones. (This means that though, in terms of fulfillment, positive commandments are superior and supersede prohibitions, this is because by performing a positive command one precipitates an illumination and flow into the higher worlds from the reflected Light of the En Sof, blessed is He, (in Zohar we find the 248 positive commandments equated with the 248 “organs of the King”) and also to his Divine soul, as we declare in the blessings, “Who has hallowed us with His commandments.” But concerning repentance, though the punishment for rebelling against His rule and not performing the King’s word is commuted, nonetheless, that illumination is withheld…. By violating a prohibition, evil cleaves to his soul, he impairs its root and origin (in the garbs of the ten sefirot of Asiyah, as Tikkunei Zohar writes, “You have made garments for them, from which souls issue forth to man….”) Therefore there is no atonement for his own soul or higher until Yom Kippur, as is written, “He will atone for the holy place for the impurities of Israel and their sins…before G–d will you be purified.” Before G–d is stressed.