Mitzvotמצוות

The Debate Over Wearing Techelet Today

Jewish sources present foundational teachings about techelet (ritual blue dye) in tzitzit, including its symbolic connection to the divine realms and its historical significance in Jewish practice. Subsequent halakhic discussion centers on whether techelet should be worn in contemporary observance, with authorities offering different perspectives on its practical application.

תְּכֵלֶת דּוֹמֶה לַיָּם, וְיָם דּוֹמֶה לָרָקִיעַ, וְרָקִיעַ דּוֹמֶה לַכִּסֵּא הַכָּבוֹד

15 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The Torah itself commands attaching "a cord of blue to the fringe at each corner" (Bamidbar 15:37–41), and the Mishneh Torah (Hilkhot Tzitzit 2:1) specifies that this techelet must be wool dyed a precise, lasting shade resembling the sky — grounding the dispute in whether today's proposed dye genuinely meets that exacting standard.

The case for wearing techelet today rests in part on the principle that techelet and white do not block each other: the Mishneh Torah (Hilkhot Tzitzit 1:1–8) rules explicitly that one who lacks techelet fulfills the mitzvah with white alone, which equally implies that one who does possess a credible techelet is obligated to use it, since both together form a single mitzvah — and the Gemara (Menachot 38a–44a) records that the Rabbis read "and you shall see it" as each strand standing independently, so adding techelet when available enhances rather than risks the mitzvah.

The case against wearing techelet today turns on the identification of the chilazon sea-creature from whose blood it is produced: the Mishnah Berurah (9:7) describes techelet as "wool dyed with the blood of the chilazon" and frames the entire current practice of white-only tzitzit around the premise that "we do not have techelet" — implying that an unverified identification cannot be treated as the real article — while Ibn Ezra (Shemot 25:4) notes that even Rishonim disagreed about the very color of techelet, concluding only that "we rely on Chazal who said it is green," underscoring how uncertain the identification has always been.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Numbers 15:37-41

במדבר ט״ו:ל״ז-מ״א

Numbers 15:37-41

The Torah commands tzitzit and mentions the blue thread, techelet, as a reminder of all the mitzvot. This is the foundational biblical source for the mitzvah and for the symbolic significance of the blue dye.

דַּבֵּ֞ר אֶל־בְּנֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֲלֵהֶ֔ם וְעָשׂ֨וּ לָהֶ֥ם צִיצִ֛ת עַל־כַּנְפֵ֥י בִגְדֵיהֶ֖ם לְדֹרֹתָ֑ם וְנָ֥תְנ֛וּ עַל־צִיצִ֥ת הַכָּנָ֖ף פְּתִ֥יל תְּכֵֽלֶת׃ וְהָיָ֣ה לָכֶם֮ לְצִיצִת֒ וּרְאִיתֶ֣ם אֹת֗וֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם֙ אֶת־כׇּל־מִצְוֺ֣ת יְהֹוָ֔ה וַעֲשִׂיתֶ֖ם אֹתָ֑ם וְלֹֽא־תָת֜וּרוּ אַחֲרֵ֤י לְבַבְכֶם֙ וְאַחֲרֵ֣י עֵֽינֵיכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־אַתֶּ֥ם זֹנִ֖ים אַחֲרֵיהֶֽם׃

Speak to the Israelite people and instruct them to make for themselves fringes on the corners of their garments throughout the ages; let them attach a cord of blue to the fringe at each corner. That shall be your fringe; look at it and recall all GOD’s commandments and observe them, so that you do not follow your heart and eyes in your urge to stray.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Sulam on Zohar, Sh'lach 125

Sulam on Zohar, Sh'lach 125

A person wearing tzitzit properly with four corners achieves a complete bond with the divine realm daily through the techelet of the tzitzit, which corresponds to seventy levels and prevents harmful forces from damaging that person through the evil eye or drawing them toward transgression, thereby making them wholly righteous before G-d.

כעין זה אדם הלובש ציצית, נעשה בכל יום תמים בחינת תם של המלכות מקבל בד׳ כנפים של הבגד המתתקנים כראוי, בחינת ים הוא מקבל מן המלכות, בתכלת ההוא של הציצית, שה״ס הדג של ע׳ מדרגות שבים, כנ״ל בסמוך, אשר צד הרע, כשמסתכל באדם הזה לא יוכל להזיק אותו בעין הרע, כלומר שלא יוכל להמשיכהו לרשות שור המועד כנ״ל, כי התכלת מעכב עליהם, כנ״ל בדבור הסמוך, ואז הוא תם ים עם ה׳ אלקיו ממש בתקון אחד.

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Sotah 17a

סוטה י״ז א — ד"ה אֶלָּא חוּט שֶׁל תְּכֵלֶת

Sotah 17a:23

Rabbi Meir teaches that techelet is specified for the mitzva of ritual fringes because sky-blue dye resembles the sea, which resembles the sky, which resembles the Throne of Glory, thereby serving as a sign of the bond between the Jewish people and the Divine Presence.

אֶלָּא חוּט שֶׁל תְּכֵלֶת, מַאי הִיא? דְּתַנְיָא, הָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: מָה נִשְׁתַּנָּה תְּכֵלֶת מִכׇּל מִינֵי צִבְעוֹנִין? מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַתְּכֵלֶת דּוֹמֶה לַיָּם, וְיָם דּוֹמֶה לָרָקִיעַ, וְרָקִיעַ דּוֹמֶה לְכִסֵּא הַכָּבוֹד — שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיִּרְאוּ אֵת אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְתַחַת רַגְלָיו כְּמַעֲשֵׂה לִבְנַת הַסַּפִּיר וּכְעֶצֶם הַשָּׁמַיִם לָטֹהַר״, וּכְתִיב: ״כְּמַרְאֵה אֶבֶן סַפִּיר דְּמוּת כִּסֵּא״.

But what is the benefit imparted by the thread of sky-blue wool? The Gemara answers: As it is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Meir would say: What is different about sky-blue from all other colors such that it was specified for the mitzva of ritual fringes? It is because sky-blue dye is similar in its color to the sea, and the sea is similar to the sky, and the sky is similar to the Throne of Glory, as it is stated: “And they saw the God of Israel; and there was under His feet the like of a paved work of sapphire stone, and the like of the very heaven for clearness” (Exodus 24:10). This verse shows that the heavens are similar to sapphire, and it is written: “And above the firmament that was over their heads was the likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone” (Ezekiel 1:26). Therefore, the throne is similar to the heavens. The color of sky blue dye acts as an indication of the bond between the Jewish people and the Divine Presence.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Menachot 38a-44a

מנחות ל״ח א-מ״ד א

Menachot 38a-44a

This sugya discusses the laws of tzitzit and techelet, including the derivation that techelet resembles the sea, sky, and Divine Throne. It is the central Chazal source for both the obligation and the symbolism of techelet.

גְּמָ׳ לֵימָא מַתְנִיתִין דְּלָא כְּרַבִּי, דְּתַנְיָא: ״וּרְאִיתֶם אֹתוֹ״ – מְלַמֵּד שֶׁמְּעַכְּבִין זֶה אֶת זֶה, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי, וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: אֵין מְעַכְּבִין. מַאי טַעְמָא דְּרַבִּי? דִּכְתִיב ״הַכָּנָף״ – מִין כָּנָף, וּכְתִיב ״פְּתִיל תְּכֵלֶת״, וְאָמַר רַחֲמָנָא ״וּרְאִיתֶם אוֹתוֹ״ – עַד דְּאִיכָּא תַּרְוַיְיהוּ בְּחַד. וְרַבָּנַן, ״וּרְאִיתֶם אוֹתוֹ״ – כֹּל חַד לְחוֹדֵיהּ מַשְׁמַע.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Sifrei Bamidbar 115

ספרי במדבר קט״ו — ד"ה רבי נתן אומר אין כל מצוה

Sifrei Bamidbar 115:2

The midrash expounds the verses of tzitzit and explains how techelet serves as a visual reminder that leads a person toward reverence and mitzvah observance. It reinforces the Torah's own purpose for the blue thread.

רבי נתן אומר אין כל מצוה ומצוה שאין מתן שכרה בצדה צא ולמד ממצות ציצית מעשה באדם אחד שהיה זהיר במצוות ציצית שמע שיש זונה בכרכי הים מיתה נוטלת ד' מאות זהובים בשכרה שיגר לה שבע מאות זוזים וקבעה לו זמן כיון שהגיע זמנו בא וישב לו על פתח ביתה נכנסה שפחתה ואמרה לה אותו האיש שקבעת לו זמן הרי הוא יושב על פתח הבית אמרה לה יכנס כיון שנכנס הציעה לו שבע מטות (אחת) [שש] של כסף ואחת של זהב והיא היתה בעליונה. ובין כל אחת ואחת (ספסלים) [סולם] של כסף ועליון של זהב. כיון שהגיע לאותו מעשה באו ארבע ציציותיו וטפחו לו על פניו נדמו לו כארבעה אנשים מיד נשמט וישב לו על גבי קרקע אף היא נשמטה וישבה על גבי קרקע אמרה לו נפה של רומי איני (מניחתך) [מניחך] עד שתאמר מה [מום] ראית בי אמר לה העבודה לא ראיתי בך מום שאיו כיופיך בכל העולם אלא מצוה (קלה) [אחת] צונו ה' אלהינו וכחוב בה אני ה' אלהיכם אני ה' אלהיכם ב' פעמים. אני ה' אלהיכם אני עתיד לשלם שכר. אני ה' אלהיכם עתיד ליפרע. אמרה לו העבודה איני מניחתך עד שתכתוב לי שמך ושם עירך ושם מדרשך שאתה למד בו תורה וכתב לה שמו ושם עירו ושם רבו ושם מדרשו שלמד בו תורה עמדה ובזבזה את כל ממונה שליש למלכות שליש לעניים ושליש נטלה עמה [חוץ מאותן מצעות] ובאת ועמדה בבית מדרשו של (ר' חייא) [ר' מאיר] אמרה לו רבי גיירני אמר לה ושמא עיניך נתת באחד מן התלמידים הוציאה לו כתב שבידה אמר (לו) [לה] זכי במקחך אותן המצעות שהציעה (לך) [לו] באיסור (תציע לך) [הציעה לו] בהיתר זה מתן שכרה בעולם הזה ובעולם הבא איני יודע כמה:

R. Nathan said: There is no mitzvah in the Torah whose reward is not "at its side." Go and learn this from the mitzvah of tzitzith. There was once a certain man who was particularly diligent in the mitzvah of tzitzith. Once, hearing of a ("famed") harlot in the cities of the sea, who took four hundred gold coins as her hire, he sent her that sum, and she set a time for him. When the appointed time came, he went there and sat at the door of her house. Her maid-servant went in and said to her: That man whom you appointed a time for is sitting at the door of the house. The harlot: Let him come in. When he came in, she spread seven beds for him, six of silver and one of gold, and she was on the uppermost. Between each one was a silver ladder, and the uppermost, of gold. When he came to the act, his four tzitzith came and struck him across his face. They seemed to him like four men. He immediately left off and sat upon the ground. She, too, left off and sat upon the ground. She said to him "'Gapa of Rome' (an idolatrous oath), I shall not let you go until you tell me what blemish you have seen in me!" He: I swear, I have seen no blemish in you. There is no beauty like yours in all the world, but there is one mitzvah (tzitzith) concerning which it is written two times (Bamidbar 15:41) "I am the L-rd your G-d." "I am the L-rd your G-d" — I am destined to reward; "I am the L-rd your G-d" — I am destined to punish. And now they appeared to me as four witnesses (testifying to the above). At this, she said: I swear that I will not let you go until you write for me your name, the name of your city, and the name of the place where you study Torah. He wrote for her his name, the name of his city, the name of his master, and the name of the place where he studied Torah — whereupon she arose and divided all of her wealth: a third to the authorities (for permission to convert), a third to the poor, and a third which she took with her, in addition to those spreads. When she came to R. Meir's house of study, she said to him: My master, convert me. R. Meir: Is it possible that you have "cast your eyes" upon one of my disciples! At this, she took out the note that she had with her, and he said to her: "Go and claim your purchase!" Those spreads which she had spread for him unlawfully, she now spread for him lawfully, This was her reward in this world. As to the world to come, I do not know how much.

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Fringes 2:1

Mishneh Torah, Fringes 2:1

The techeiling mentioned throughout Torah is wool dyed as parchment dyed in kachol, and it resembles the appearance of the sky as seen by the eye when the sky is in its purity; the techeiling used in tzitzit must be dyed with a known dye that endures in its beauty and does not fade.

תְּכֵלֶת הָאֲמוּרָה בַּתּוֹרָה בְּכָל מָקוֹם הִיא הַצֶּמֶר הַצָּבוּעַ כְּפָתוּךְ שֶׁבַּכָּחל. וְזוֹ הִיא דְּמוּת הָרָקִיעַ הַנִּרְאֵית לְעֵין הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ בְּטָהֳרוֹ שֶׁל רָקִיעַ. וְהַתְּכֵלֶת הָאֲמוּרָה בַּצִּיצִית צָרִיךְ שֶׁתִּהְיֶה צְבִיעָתָהּ צְבִיעָה יְדוּעָה שֶׁעוֹמֶדֶת בְּיָפְיָהּ וְלֹא תִּשְׁתַּנֶּה.

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 25:4

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 25:4

Yafet says that techelet resembles blackness, for it is the limit of all colors and everything returns to it, and it does not revert through human manufacture ever, and we rely on the teaching of the Sages that it is green and it is wool.

ותכלת. אמר יפת שהוא כדמות שחרות, כי הוא תכלית כל הצבעים והכל ישובו אליו, והוא לא ישוב במעשה אדם לעולם, ואנו נסמוך על רז"ל שאמרו שהוא ירוק והוא צמר:

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on Numbers

רמב"ן על במדבר ט״ו — ד"ה וְלַפָּרָשָׁה הַזֹּאת סָמַךְ אַחֲרֶיהָ עִנְיַן הַמְּקוֹשֵׁשׁ

Ramban on Numbers 15:32

The passage disputes Rashi's explanation that tzitzith reminds one of all commandments through gematria (equaling 613), arguing that the word tzitzith in Torah lacks a yod (making it 590, not 600), and that according to Beit Hillel there are only three threads and two knots by Torah law, not eight and five; instead, the author proposes that remembrance comes through the techelet thread itself, which alludes to a transcendent measure encompassing all commandments.

וְלַפָּרָשָׁה הַזֹּאת סָמַךְ אַחֲרֶיהָ עִנְיַן הַמְּקוֹשֵׁשׁ, כִּי הָיָה בַזְּמַן הַזֶּה אַחַר מַעֲשֵׂה הַמְרַגְּלִים עַל דֶּרֶךְ הַפְּשָׁט. וְזֶה טַעַם וַיִּהְיוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמִּדְבָּר, כִּי בְּהִתְאַחֵר שָׁם הָעָם בַּגְּזֵרָה הַנִּזְכֶּרֶת הָיָה הַמְּאוֹרָע הַזֶּה. וְאַחַר כֵּן (במדבר ט״ו:ל״ח) צִוָּה בְּמִצְוַת צִיצִית שֶׁיִּזְכְּרוּ בּוֹ הַמִּצְווֹת כֻּלָּן וְלֹא יִשְׁכְּחוּ אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת אוֹ זוּלָתָהּ מִן הַמִּצְווֹת. וְטַעַם הַזִּכָּרוֹן הַזֶּה שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בַּצִּיצִית לְכָל הַמִּצְווֹת כָּתַב רַשִׁ״י (רש״י על במדבר ט״ו:ל״ט) מִפְּנֵי הַמִּנְיָן שֶׁל צִיצִית בְּגִימַטְרִיָּא שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת וּשְׁמוֹנָה חוּטִין וְחָמֵשׁ קְשָׁרִים הֲרֵי תַּרְיַ״ג. וְלֹא הֲבִינוֹתִי זֶה, שֶׁהַצִּיצִת בַּתּוֹרָה חָסֵר יוֹ״ד, וְאֵין מִנְיָנָם אֶלָּא חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת וְתִשְׁעִים. וְעוֹד שֶׁהַחוּטִין לְדַעַת בֵּית הִלֵּל אֵינָם אֶלָּא שְׁלֹשָׁה (מנחות מא), וְהַקְּשָׁרִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה אֵינָם אֶלָּא שְׁנַיִם, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמְרוּ (שם לט): שְׁמַע מִנָּהּ קֶשֶׁר הָעֶלְיוֹן דְּאוֹרַיְתָא, דְּאִי סָלְקָא דַעְתָּךְ לָאו דְּאוֹרַיְתָא, כִּלְאַיִם בְּצִיצִית דְּשָׁרָא רַחֲמָנָא לָמָּה לִי, הָא קַיְּמָא לָן הַתּוֹכֵף תְּכִיפָה אַחַת אֵינוֹ חִבּוּר. אֲבָל הַזִּכָּרוֹן הוּא בְּחוּט הַתְּכֵלֶת, שֶׁרוֹמֵז לַמִּדָּה הַכּוֹלֶלֶת הַכֹּל שֶׁהִיא בַכֹּל וְהִיא תַכְלִית הַכֹּל, וְלָכֵן אָמַר "וּזְכַרְתֶּם אֶת כָּל" שֶׁהִיא "מִצְווֹת הַשֵּׁם". וְזֶהוּ שֶׁאָמְרוּ (שם מג): מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַתְּכֵלֶת דּוֹמֶה לַיָּם וְיָם דּוֹמֶה לָרָקִיעַ וְרָקִיעַ דּוֹמֶה לְכִסֵּא הַכָּבוֹד וְכוּ', וְהַדִּמְיוֹן בַּשֵּׁם גַּם הַגָּוֶן תַּכְלִית הַמַּרְאוֹת, כִּי בְּרָחְקָם יֵרָאוּ כֻּלָּם כַּגָּוֶן הַהוּא, וּלְפִיכָךְ נִקְרָא תְּכֵלֶת: וְאָמַר וְלֹא תָתוּרוּ אַחֲרֵי לְבַבְכֶם – לְהַזְהִיר מִמֶּנָּה שֶׁלֹּא יִטְעוּ בָהּ. וְזֶה הוּא שֶׁדָּרְשׁוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (ספרי שלח קטו): ״אַחֲרֵי לְבַבְכֶם״ - זוֹ הַמִּינוּת, ״אֲשֶׁר אַתֶּם זֹנִים״ - זוֹ עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, שֶׁלֹּא יְהַרְהְרוּ מִן הַתְּכֵלֶת בְּמִינוּת אוֹ בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, אֲבָל יִהְיֶה לָכֶם הַכֹּל לְצִיצִית וּרְאִיתֶם אוֹתוֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם. וְאָמְרוּ: ״וְאַחֲרֵי עֵינֵיכֶם״ - זוֹ זְנוּת, כְּעִנְיָן שֶׁכָּתוּב: ״וְאָנֹכִי הַיּוֹדֵעַ וָעֵד נְאֻם ה'״ (ירמיהו כט כג), וְהַמַּשְׂכִּיל יָבִין. וּבְמִדְרָשׁוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי נְחוּנְיָא בֶּן הַקָּנָה בַּפָּסוּק ״וְיִתְרוֹן אֶרֶץ בַּכֹּל הוּא״ (קהלת ה ח), וּמַאי נִיהוּ אֶרֶץ, דְּנֶחְצְבָה מִמֶּנּוּ שָׁמַיִם, וְהוּא כִּסְאוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְהִיא אֶבֶן יְקָרָה, וְהִיא יַם הַחָכְמָה, וּכְנֶגְדָּהּ תְּכֵלֶת בְּטַלִּית צִיצִית, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר: מָה נִשְׁתַּנָּה תְּכֵלֶת וְכוּ':

He placed next to this section the subject of the man who gathered sticks [on the Sabbath day] because it happened at this time, after the incident of the spies — this in accordance with the plain meaning of Scripture. And this is the meaning of [the phrase], and while the children of Israel were in the wilderness, for it was because the people tarried there on account of the above-mentioned decree, that this event happened. Afterwards He commanded the precept of Tzitzith (Fringes) in order that they would remember through it all the commandments, and not forget the Sabbath [as did the man who gathered the sticks], or any of the other Commandments. Now the reason why Tzitzith have this [power of] reminding one of all the commandments is, as Rashi wrote, because the total numerical value of the letters of the [Scriptural] word tzitzith is six hundred, and together with the eighth threads and five knots, you have six hundred and thirteen [corresponding to taryag, the six hundred and thirteen commandments]. But I have not understood this, for the word tzitzith in the Torah is written without a [second] yod, so the total numerical value is only five hundred and ninety! Moreover, the number of threads [to be used for each of the Fringes] in the opinion of the school of Hillel is only three [which, when passed through the hole at the corner form six threads — not eight, as Rashi mentioned], and the knots by law of the Torah [need only] be two; as the Rabbis have said: “You must deduce from this that the upper knots in the Fringes are required by Scriptural law. For if you should think that they are not obligatory by Scriptural law, why then did the Torah have to state a [special] permission to use mingled stuff [of wool and linen] in Fringes! Do we not accept as the established law that if one joins two pieces together with only one stitch, it is not considered joined?” Rather, the remembrance [of the commandments] is through the blue thread, which alludes to the all-inclusive attribute, which is bakol and which is the aim of All. Therefore He said, that ye may look upon it, and remember ‘kol’ (all), which is the commandments of the Eternal. This is why the Rabbis said: “[Why was blue chosen rather than any other color?] Because blue resembles the sea, the sea resembles heaven, and heaven resembles the Throne of Glory, etc.” The likeness is in the name, as also in the shade of the color which is the termination of all colors [and which leads one from the blue in the Fringes to the blue of the sea etc., and finally to think of Him Who is on high], for in the distance all colors appear to be that shade. That is why it is called t’cheileth [which is also suggestive of the word tachlith (termination) since this is the end of all colors]. Scripture states, and that ye go not after your own heart, in order that one should take care concerning it and not err through it. It is for this reason that our Rabbis have interpreted: “After your own heart. This refers to scepticism. After which ye use to go astray. This refers to idolatry.” That is to say, through the t’cheileth he should not think [in his heart] of any scepticism or idolatry, but it shall all be unto you for ‘tzitzith’ — that ye may look upon it, and remember. The Rabbis have also said: “After your own eyes. This refers to immorality,” similar to that which is written, I am He that knoweth, and am witness, saith the Eternal. The student learned [in the mysteries of the Cabala] will understand. In the Midrash of Rabbi Nechunya the son of Hakanah it is stated with reference to the verse, and the profit of ‘eretz’ (earth) is ‘bakol’ (in all): “And what is the eretz? It is that from which the heavens were hewn, and it is the Throne of the Holy One, blessed be He, and it is ‘the precious stone,’ and ‘the sea of wisdom,’ and corresponding to it is the blue thread in a garment of Fringes, for Rabbi Meir has said: ‘Why was blue chosen? etc.’” [as quoted above].

Source 9 · Rishonim
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Tur, Orach Chayim 9

טור, אורח חיים ט׳

Tur, Orach Chayim 9

The Tur records the laws of tzitzit and discusses the practical issue of techelet in the rabbinic tradition. It is a standard halakhic starting point for later discussion of whether techelet is worn today.

וכתב הרמב"ם שצריך לעשות הציצית מצבע הטלית אם הוא אדום יעשה הציצית אדום ואם הוא ירוק יעשה הציצית ירוק וכן פי' רש"י ור"י פירש שא"צ וכתב בספר המצות קטן ומיהו נכון ליזהר שלא לעשות ציצית של פשתן בשל משי אע"פ שהגאונים ור"ת אסרו לעשות אפי' ציצית של פשתן בטלית של פשתן רבינו שלמה ורב אלפס התירו ולזה הסכים אדוני אבי הרא"ש זצ"ל:

Source 10 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Fringes 1:1-8

משנה תורה, הלכות ציצית א׳:א׳-ח׳

Mishneh Torah, Fringes 1:1-8

Rambam codifies the mitzvah of tzitzit and techelet, including the requirement of a blue thread when genuine techelet is available. He also frames the halakhic structure of the mitzvah and its dependence on authentic dye.

וְהַתְּכֵלֶת אֵינוֹ מְעַכֵּב אֶת הַלָּבָן וְהַלָּבָן אֵינוֹ מְעַכֵּב אֶת הַתְּכֵלֶת. כֵּיצַד. הֲרֵי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ תְּכֵלֶת עוֹשֶׂה לָבָן לְבַדּוֹ. וְכֵן אִם עָשָׂה לָבָן וּתְכֵלֶת וְנִפְסַק הַלָּבָן וְנִתְמַעֵט עַד הַכָּנָף וְנִשְׁאַר הַתְּכֵלֶת לְבַדּוֹ כָּשֵׁר: אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין אֶחָד מֵהֶן מְעַכֵּב אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ אֵינָן שְׁתֵּי מִצְוֹת אֶלָּא מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה אַחַת. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים (במדבר טו לט) ״וְהָיָה לָכֶם לְצִיצִית״ מְלַמֵּד שֶׁשְּׁנֵיהֶם מִצְוָה אַחַת. וְאַרְבַּע צִיצִיּוֹת מְעַכְּבוֹת זוֹ אֶת זוֹ שֶׁאַרְבַּעְתָּן מִצְוָה אַחַת. וְהַלּוֹבֵשׁ טַלִּית שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ לָבָן אוֹ תְּכֵלֶת אוֹ שְׁנֵיהֶם כְּאֶחָד הֲרֵי קִיֵּם מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה אַחַת:

The [absence of] techelet does not prevent [the mitzvah from being fulfilled with] the white strands, nor does the [absence of] the white strands prevent [the mitzvah from being fulfilled with] techelet. What is implied? A person who does not have techelet should make [tzitzit] from white strands alone. Similarly, if [tzitzit] were made from both white strands and techelet, and afterwards, the white strands snapped and were reduced until [they did not extend beyond] the corner [of the garment], and thus only the techelet remained, it is acceptable. Although the [absence of] one does not prevent [the mitzvah from being fulfilled with] the other, they are not considered as two mitzvot. Instead, they are a single mitzvah. Whether [the tzitzit] a person wears on his garment are white, techelet, or a combination of the two colors, he fulfills a single mitzvah. The Sages of the early generations related: [Numbers 15:39 states:] "And they shall be tzitzit for you." This teaches that they are both one mitzvah. The [presence of each of the] four tzitzit is necessary [for the mitzvah to be fulfilled], because all four are [elements] of a single mitzvah.

Source 11 · Acharonim
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Or HaChaim on Numbers 15:39

Or HaChaim on Numbers 15:39

The passage teaches that techelet symbolizes God's dominion in the heavens because it resembles the sky, and that the halakha requires tying techelet with white to point to a hidden concept—that white represents the secret of mercy and techelet represents the secret of compassion, which is the secret of the heavenly dimension.

גַּם הַתְּכֵלֶת לִרְמֹז עַל שְׁלִיטָתוֹ בַּשָּׁמַיִם, כִּי הַתְּכֵלֶת דּוֹמָה לָרָקִיעַ. גַּם רָשַׁם בְּדַת הָאֵל (מנחות לט.) לַעֲשׂוֹת קֶשֶׁר הַתְּכֵלֶת עִם הַלָּבָן לְהָעִיר בְּמוּשְׂכָּל נֶעְלָם, כִּי הַלָּבָן הוּא סוֹד הַחֶסֶד וְהַתְּכֵלֶת הוּא סוֹד הָרַחֲמִים, וְהוּא סוֹד בְּחִינַת שָׁמַיִם.

Source 12 · Acharonim
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Kli Yakar on Exodus 28:31

כלי יקר על שמות כ״ח:ל״א

Kli Yakar on Exodus 28:31

The passage explains that the priestly robe was made entirely of blue because blue resembles the sea, and by observing the sea's restraint within its divinely-set boundaries, a person learns to restrain the tongue from evil speech, just as God placed protective barriers around human speech through bone and flesh.

וְעָשִׂיתָ אֶת מְעִיל הָאֵפוֹד כְּלִיל תְּכֵלֶת. לְפִי שֶׁהַמְּעִיל מְכַפֵּר עַל לָשׁוֹן הָרָע, עַל כֵּן הָיָה כֻּלּוֹ תְּכֵלֶת, כִּי תְּכֵלֶת דּוֹמָה לַיָּם, וְעַל יְדֵי הַתְּכֵלֶת יִסְתַּכֵּל בַּיָּם וּמִמֶּנּוּ יִרְאֶה וְכֵן יַעֲשֶׂה, כִּי בַּיָּם נֶאֱמַר (איוב לח, י–יא) ״וָאֶשְׁבֹּר עָלָיו חֻקִּי וָאָשִׂים בְּרִיחַ וּדְלָתָיִם״, וְאוֹמֵר ״עַד פֹּה תָבוֹא וְלֹא תוֹסִיף״ וְגוֹ׳. וְכָךְ נָתַן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶל הַלָּשׁוֹן חוֹמָה וּבְרִיחַ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ערכין טו:) ״וְלֹא עוֹד, אֶלָּא שֶׁהִקַּפְתִּי לְךָ שְׁנֵי חוֹמוֹת, אַחַת שֶׁל עֶצֶם וְאַחַת שֶׁל בָּשָׂר״. וּמַה יִּתֵּן וּמַה יּוֹסִיף לָךְ שְׁמִירָה לָשׁוֹן רְמִיָּה, כִּי יֵצֵא לַחוּץ יְדַבֵּר, יִשְׁלַח חֵץ שָׁחוּט לְשׁוֹנוֹ לְכָל אַרְבַּע רוּחוֹת הָעוֹלָם, וְיַעֲבֹר בְּרִיחַ וּדְלָתַיִם. וְהָיָה מִן הָרָאוּי שֶׁיִּלְמַד הָאָדָם מִן הַיָּם אֲשֶׁר אֵינוֹ עוֹבֵר דְּלָתַיִם וּבְרִיחַ וְאֵינוֹ פּוֹרֵץ גְּדֵרוֹ. וְזֶהוּ טַעַם הַתְּכֵלֶת שֶׁדּוֹמָה לַיָּם, כִּי בְּהִסְתַּכְּלוֹ בַּתְּכֵלֶת יִהְיֶה נִזְכָּר אֶל הַיָּם שֶׁדּוֹמֶה לוֹ בַּצֶּבַע, וּמִמֵּילָא יִתְבּוֹנֵן אָז בְּמַעֲשֵׂה הַיָּם וּמִמֶּנּוּ יִרְאֶה וְכֵן יַעֲשֶׂה. וּבְפָרָשַׁת שְׁלַח לְךָ בְּעֶזְרַת ה׳ יִתְבָּאֵר בְּעִנְיָן זֶה גַּם עִנְיַן תְּכֵלֶת שֶׁל צִיצִית, כִּדְמַסִּיק בַּיַּלְקוּט פָּרָשַׁת הַאֲזִינוּ (תתקמב) אָמַר מֹשֶׁה: הִסְתַּכְּלוּ בַּשָּׁמַיִם שֶׁבָּרָאתִי לְשַׁמְּשְׁכֶם, שֶׁמָּא שִׁנּוּ מִדָּתָם כוּ׳. וְכֵן לְעִנְיַן הַיָּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה ה כב) ״הַאוֹתִי לֹא תִירָאוּ נְאֻם ה׳, אֲשֶׁר שַׂמְתִּי חוֹל גְּבוּל לַיָּם״ כוּ׳. וְזֶה טַעַם הַתְּכֵלֶת לִזְכִירַת כָּל מִצְווֹת ה׳, כִּי עַל יְדֵי שֶׁיִּסְתַּכֵּל בַּתְּכֵלֶת הַדּוֹמָה לַיָּם, יִהְיֶה נִזְכָּר לְמַעֲשֵׂה הַיָּם שֶׁאֵינוֹ פּוֹרֵץ גְּדֵרוֹ וְעוֹמֵד בִּגְזֵרַת הַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ, כָּךְ יַעֲשֶׂה גַּם הוּא. וְעַל יְדֵי שֶׁיִּסְתַּכֵּל בַּיָּם הַדּוֹמֶה לָרָקִיעַ, יִהְיֶה נִזְכָּר גַּם לְמַעֲשֵׂה הָרָקִיעַ שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְשַׁנֶּה מִדָּתוֹ, וּמִמֶּנּוּ יִרְאֶה וְכֵן יַעֲשֶׂה בְּקַל וָחֹמֶר. וְעַל יְדֵי שֶׁיִּסְתַּכֵּל בָּרָקִיעַ הַדּוֹמֶה לְכִסֵּא כָבוֹד, בְּעֵינָיו יִרְאֶה מְקוֹם חָצְבּוֹ וְיִהְיֶה נִכְסָף לַחֲזוֹר וּלְהִתְדַּבֵּק שָׁם, כִּי הַנְּשָׁמָה נִכְסְפָה אֶל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר הָיָה שָׁם אָהֳלָהּ בַּתְּחִלָּה. וְעַיֵּן לְקַמָּן פָּרָשַׁת שְׁלַח לְךָ (במדבר טו לח) כִּי שָׁם מְקוֹמוֹ. וְכָאן עִקַּר הַטַּעַם שֶׁל הַתְּכֵלֶת לִלְמוֹד מִן הַיָּם לְבַד כָּאָמוּר. גַּם נוּכַל לוֹמַר שֶׁיֵּשׁ תּוֹעֶלֶת גַּם בְּהִסְתַּכְּלוֹ בַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבְכִסֵּא כָבוֹד, כִּי בְּסִבָּה זוֹ יְמַעֵט בַּדִּבּוּר, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב (קהלת ה א) ״כִּי הָאֱלֹהִים בַּשָּׁמַיִם וְאַתָּה עַל הָאָרֶץ, עַל כֵּן יִהְיוּ דְבָרֶיךָ מְעַטִּים״.

And you shall make the robe of the ephod entirely of blue. Since the robe atones for evil speech, it was therefore made entirely of blue, because blue resembles the sea, and through the blue one will look at the sea and observe it and act accordingly. For regarding the sea it is said I broke My decree upon it, and set bars and doors, and I said, “Until here you shall come and no further…” (Job 38:10-11). Similarly, the Holy One, Blessed be He, placed a wall and a bar for the tongue, as our Sages of blessed memory said (Arachin 15b), “And not only that, but I surrounded you with two walls, one of bone and one of flesh.” What then could He add or increase protection from a deceitful tongue? For it goes outside, speaks, shoots its sharpened arrows to all four corners of the world, and passes through bars and doors. It would be proper for a person to learn from the sea, which does not pass through doors and bars and does not breach its boundaries. This is the reason for the blue, which resembles the sea, because when one looks at the blue, one will be reminded of the sea that resembles it in color, and consequently will then contemplate the sea’s behavior, observe it and act accordingly. And in the section of “Shelach Lecha,” with God’s help, this matter will also be explained regarding the techelet [blue thread] of tzitzit, as concluded in the Yalkut portion of Ha’azinu (942): Moses said, Look at the heavens that I created to serve you — have they ever changed their ways? etc. And likewise regarding the sea, as it is said Do you not fear Me, says the Lord, who has placed sand as a boundary for the sea (Jeremiah 5:22), etc. This is the reason for the techelet as a reminder of all of God’s commandments, because by looking at the techelet which resembles the sea, one will be reminded of the sea’s behavior — that it does not breach its boundaries and stands by God’s decree. So too should a person behave. And by looking at the sea which resembles the firmament, one will also be reminded of the firmament’s behavior, which does not change its measure. One should observe this and do likewise, all the more so. And by looking at the firmament which resembles the Throne of Glory, one will see with his own eyes the source from which he was hewn, and he will yearn to return and cleave to that place, because the soul yearns for the place where its tent was initially situated. See further in the portion of Shelach Lecha (15:38), for that is its place. And here, the main reason for the techelet is to learn from the sea alone, as stated. We can also say that there is benefit in looking at the heavens and the Throne of Glory, because this will cause one to reduce his speech, as it is written For God is in heaven and you are on earth; therefore, let your words be few (Ecclesiastes 5:1).

Source 13 · Acharonim
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Arukh HaShulchan, Orach Chaim 9

ערוך השולחן, אורח חיים ט׳

Arukh HaShulchan, Orach Chaim 9

Arukh HaShulchan surveys the halakhic and historical background of tzitzit and techelet and addresses why the practice was not ongoing in his time. It is a major Acharonim source for the cautious position on reintroducing techelet.

אבל בזמן הזה דליכא תכלת – הרי אין ביכולת לבוא לידי איסור.

Source 14 · Acharonim
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Mishnah Berurah 9

משנה ברורה ט׳ — ד"ה (ז) בזמן הזה - פי' דבזמן

Mishnah Berurah 9:7

The Mishnah Berurah discusses the laws of tzitzit and the accepted practice regarding techelet, reflecting the classic later-halakhic posture that techelet was not in common use because the authentic dye was not established. It is useful for the traditional side of the modern debate.

(ז) בזמן הזה - פי' דבזמן שהיה תכלת שהיה צריך להטיל ד' חוטין שני חוטי לבן ושני חוטי תכלת (הוא צמר צבוע בדם חלזון) והיה מתקיים עי"ז המצות ציצית כראוי התירה לנו התורה להטיל השנים של לבן בין מצמר או מפשתים בין בבגד צמר או בבגד פשתים ולהי"א שזכר רמ"א בס"א דכל מיני בגדים חייבין מדאורייתא אפילו בהם היה אז מותר לנו מן התורה ציצית של צמר ופשתים יחדיו אבל עכשיו דאין לנו תכלת נמצא דאין אנו מקיימין המצוה בשלמותה לא שרי לן כלאים:

Nowadays - Meaning, that at the time that we had תכלת, when one had to affix four strings: two white strings and two תכלת strings (which is wool dyed with the blood of the חלזון [sea creature])... and he would fulfill through this the מצוה of ציצית properly... the Torah permitted us to affix the two white strings, whether of wool or linen... whether on a wool garment or on a linen garment. And according to the other opinion that the Rem"a mentioned in Se'if 1: that all garment materials are obligated on a Torah level... even those [garments] were permitted to us [back] then on a Torah level [to have] ציצית of wool and linen together. But nowadays where we don't have תכלת, it comes out that we cannot fulfill the מצוה in it's [most] complete way... [and therefore] it is not permitted to us [to wear a garment made of] כלאים (mixed species).

Source 15 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 9

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים ט׳ — ד"ה ציצית של פשתים או של צמר

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 9:2

Shulchan Arukh codifies the laws of tzitzit in the absence of verified techelet in ordinary practice, laying the baseline for why many did not wear techelet for centuries. This siman is central for the practical halakhic discussion.

ציצית של פשתים או של צמר ורחלים פוטרים בכל מיני בגדים חוץ משל פשתים לצמר או של צמר לפשתים בזמן הזה דליכא תכלת מפני שהם כלאים: הגה ויש אומרים שלא לעשות ציצית של פשתים כלל אפי' בשאר מינים והכי נהוג [סמ"ק סימן ל"א]: י"א שאין לעשות טלית של פשתן אף על פי שאין הלכה כן ירא שמים יצא את כולם ועושה טלית של צמר רחלים שהוא חייב בציצית מן התורה בלי פקפוק: הגה ומיהו אם אי אפשר רק בטלית של פשתן מוטב שיעשה טלית של פשתן וציצית של פשתן משיתבטל מצות ציצית: [תשו' הרא"ש כלל ב']:

Tzitzit of linen or of sheep wool are acceptable on all kinds of garments except for cases when tzitzit of linen are put on a garment of wool or tzitzit of wool placed on a garment of linen... [and this is] nowadays when there is no techelet, since they (ie. wool and linen, when combined) are Kilayim [forbidden mixtures]. REMA: And there are some that say not to make tzitzit of linen at all, even [to put them on a garment made of] other materials and this is our practice. [Sma"k Siman 31] Some say not to make a tallit out of linen even though there isn't a halacha [not to do so]. A G-d fearing individual should make a tallit out of wool that it is obligated in the precept of tzitzit from the Torah without a doubt. Rema : if it is only possible for an individual [to fufill the precept of tallit] only with a tallit of linen, better that he fulfilled the precept with a tallit made of linen with linen tzitzit then he void the precept of tzitzit. (Responsa of the Rosh, Section B)