רמב"ן על במדבר ט״ו — ד"ה וְלַפָּרָשָׁה הַזֹּאת סָמַךְ אַחֲרֶיהָ עִנְיַן הַמְּקוֹשֵׁשׁ
The passage disputes Rashi's explanation that tzitzith reminds one of all commandments through gematria (equaling 613), arguing that the word tzitzith in Torah lacks a yod (making it 590, not 600), and that according to Beit Hillel there are only three threads and two knots by Torah law, not eight and five; instead, the author proposes that remembrance comes through the techelet thread itself, which alludes to a transcendent measure encompassing all commandments.
וְלַפָּרָשָׁה הַזֹּאת סָמַךְ אַחֲרֶיהָ עִנְיַן הַמְּקוֹשֵׁשׁ, כִּי הָיָה בַזְּמַן הַזֶּה אַחַר מַעֲשֵׂה הַמְרַגְּלִים עַל דֶּרֶךְ הַפְּשָׁט. וְזֶה טַעַם וַיִּהְיוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמִּדְבָּר, כִּי בְּהִתְאַחֵר שָׁם הָעָם בַּגְּזֵרָה הַנִּזְכֶּרֶת הָיָה הַמְּאוֹרָע הַזֶּה. וְאַחַר כֵּן (במדבר ט״ו:ל״ח) צִוָּה בְּמִצְוַת צִיצִית שֶׁיִּזְכְּרוּ בּוֹ הַמִּצְווֹת כֻּלָּן וְלֹא יִשְׁכְּחוּ אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת אוֹ זוּלָתָהּ מִן הַמִּצְווֹת. וְטַעַם הַזִּכָּרוֹן הַזֶּה שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בַּצִּיצִית לְכָל הַמִּצְווֹת כָּתַב רַשִׁ״י (רש״י על במדבר ט״ו:ל״ט) מִפְּנֵי הַמִּנְיָן שֶׁל צִיצִית בְּגִימַטְרִיָּא שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת וּשְׁמוֹנָה חוּטִין וְחָמֵשׁ קְשָׁרִים הֲרֵי תַּרְיַ״ג. וְלֹא הֲבִינוֹתִי זֶה, שֶׁהַצִּיצִת בַּתּוֹרָה חָסֵר יוֹ״ד, וְאֵין מִנְיָנָם אֶלָּא חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת וְתִשְׁעִים. וְעוֹד שֶׁהַחוּטִין לְדַעַת בֵּית הִלֵּל אֵינָם אֶלָּא שְׁלֹשָׁה (מנחות מא), וְהַקְּשָׁרִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה אֵינָם אֶלָּא שְׁנַיִם, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמְרוּ (שם לט): שְׁמַע מִנָּהּ קֶשֶׁר הָעֶלְיוֹן דְּאוֹרַיְתָא, דְּאִי סָלְקָא דַעְתָּךְ לָאו דְּאוֹרַיְתָא, כִּלְאַיִם בְּצִיצִית דְּשָׁרָא רַחֲמָנָא לָמָּה לִי, הָא קַיְּמָא לָן הַתּוֹכֵף תְּכִיפָה אַחַת אֵינוֹ חִבּוּר. אֲבָל הַזִּכָּרוֹן הוּא בְּחוּט הַתְּכֵלֶת, שֶׁרוֹמֵז לַמִּדָּה הַכּוֹלֶלֶת הַכֹּל שֶׁהִיא בַכֹּל וְהִיא תַכְלִית הַכֹּל, וְלָכֵן אָמַר "וּזְכַרְתֶּם אֶת כָּל" שֶׁהִיא "מִצְווֹת הַשֵּׁם". וְזֶהוּ שֶׁאָמְרוּ (שם מג): מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַתְּכֵלֶת דּוֹמֶה לַיָּם וְיָם דּוֹמֶה לָרָקִיעַ וְרָקִיעַ דּוֹמֶה לְכִסֵּא הַכָּבוֹד וְכוּ', וְהַדִּמְיוֹן בַּשֵּׁם גַּם הַגָּוֶן תַּכְלִית הַמַּרְאוֹת, כִּי בְּרָחְקָם יֵרָאוּ כֻּלָּם כַּגָּוֶן הַהוּא, וּלְפִיכָךְ נִקְרָא תְּכֵלֶת: וְאָמַר וְלֹא תָתוּרוּ אַחֲרֵי לְבַבְכֶם – לְהַזְהִיר מִמֶּנָּה שֶׁלֹּא יִטְעוּ בָהּ. וְזֶה הוּא שֶׁדָּרְשׁוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (ספרי שלח קטו): ״אַחֲרֵי לְבַבְכֶם״ - זוֹ הַמִּינוּת, ״אֲשֶׁר אַתֶּם זֹנִים״ - זוֹ עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, שֶׁלֹּא יְהַרְהְרוּ מִן הַתְּכֵלֶת בְּמִינוּת אוֹ בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, אֲבָל יִהְיֶה לָכֶם הַכֹּל לְצִיצִית וּרְאִיתֶם אוֹתוֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם. וְאָמְרוּ: ״וְאַחֲרֵי עֵינֵיכֶם״ - זוֹ זְנוּת, כְּעִנְיָן שֶׁכָּתוּב: ״וְאָנֹכִי הַיּוֹדֵעַ וָעֵד נְאֻם ה'״ (ירמיהו כט כג), וְהַמַּשְׂכִּיל יָבִין. וּבְמִדְרָשׁוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי נְחוּנְיָא בֶּן הַקָּנָה בַּפָּסוּק ״וְיִתְרוֹן אֶרֶץ בַּכֹּל הוּא״ (קהלת ה ח), וּמַאי נִיהוּ אֶרֶץ, דְּנֶחְצְבָה מִמֶּנּוּ שָׁמַיִם, וְהוּא כִּסְאוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְהִיא אֶבֶן יְקָרָה, וְהִיא יַם הַחָכְמָה, וּכְנֶגְדָּהּ תְּכֵלֶת בְּטַלִּית צִיצִית, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר: מָה נִשְׁתַּנָּה תְּכֵלֶת וְכוּ':
He placed next to this section the subject of the man who gathered sticks [on the Sabbath day] because it happened at this time, after the incident of the spies — this in accordance with the plain meaning of Scripture. And this is the meaning of [the phrase], and while the children of Israel were in the wilderness, for it was because the people tarried there on account of the above-mentioned decree, that this event happened. Afterwards He commanded the precept of Tzitzith (Fringes) in order that they would remember through it all the commandments, and not forget the Sabbath [as did the man who gathered the sticks], or any of the other Commandments. Now the reason why Tzitzith have this [power of] reminding one of all the commandments is, as Rashi wrote, because the total numerical value of the letters of the [Scriptural] word tzitzith is six hundred, and together with the eighth threads and five knots, you have six hundred and thirteen [corresponding to taryag, the six hundred and thirteen commandments]. But I have not understood this, for the word tzitzith in the Torah is written without a [second] yod, so the total numerical value is only five hundred and ninety! Moreover, the number of threads [to be used for each of the Fringes] in the opinion of the school of Hillel is only three [which, when passed through the hole at the corner form six threads — not eight, as Rashi mentioned], and the knots by law of the Torah [need only] be two; as the Rabbis have said: “You must deduce from this that the upper knots in the Fringes are required by Scriptural law. For if you should think that they are not obligatory by Scriptural law, why then did the Torah have to state a [special] permission to use mingled stuff [of wool and linen] in Fringes! Do we not accept as the established law that if one joins two pieces together with only one stitch, it is not considered joined?” Rather, the remembrance [of the commandments] is through the blue thread, which alludes to the all-inclusive attribute, which is bakol and which is the aim of All. Therefore He said, that ye may look upon it, and remember ‘kol’ (all), which is the commandments of the Eternal. This is why the Rabbis said: “[Why was blue chosen rather than any other color?] Because blue resembles the sea, the sea resembles heaven, and heaven resembles the Throne of Glory, etc.” The likeness is in the name, as also in the shade of the color which is the termination of all colors [and which leads one from the blue in the Fringes to the blue of the sea etc., and finally to think of Him Who is on high], for in the distance all colors appear to be that shade. That is why it is called t’cheileth [which is also suggestive of the word tachlith (termination) since this is the end of all colors]. Scripture states, and that ye go not after your own heart, in order that one should take care concerning it and not err through it. It is for this reason that our Rabbis have interpreted: “After your own heart. This refers to scepticism. After which ye use to go astray. This refers to idolatry.” That is to say, through the t’cheileth he should not think [in his heart] of any scepticism or idolatry, but it shall all be unto you for ‘tzitzith’ — that ye may look upon it, and remember. The Rabbis have also said: “After your own eyes. This refers to immorality,” similar to that which is written, I am He that knoweth, and am witness, saith the Eternal. The student learned [in the mysteries of the Cabala] will understand. In the Midrash of Rabbi Nechunya the son of Hakanah it is stated with reference to the verse, and the profit of ‘eretz’ (earth) is ‘bakol’ (in all): “And what is the eretz? It is that from which the heavens were hewn, and it is the Throne of the Holy One, blessed be He, and it is ‘the precious stone,’ and ‘the sea of wisdom,’ and corresponding to it is the blue thread in a garment of Fringes, for Rabbi Meir has said: ‘Why was blue chosen? etc.’” [as quoted above].