Esther Rabbah
Esther Rabbah, Petichta:9
The passage identifies Aḥashverosh as a hypocritical king who exemplifies the verse from Job about a hypocrite's rule; it notes sarcastically that he killed his wife because of his friend and at another time killed his friend because of his wife, and presents him as the hypocritical ruler whom the Holy One places over a people when their beloved children anger Him through their misdeeds.
רַבִּי יוּדָא בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן פָּתַח (איוב לד, ל): מִמְּלֹךְ אָדָם חָנֵף מִמֹּקְשֵׁי עָם, רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן וְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ, רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהַמֶּלֶךְ חָנֵף וּמוֹשֵׁל עַל הַבְּרִיּוֹת, מִמֹּקְשֵׁי עָם, מִן קַשְׁיוּתֵיהֶן וְחוֹבֵיהֶן דִּבְרִיָּתָא דִּי לָא עָבְדִין רְעוּתֵיהּ דְּבָרְיָיא עָלְמָא, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ אוֹמֵר נוֹחַ לָהֶן לַבְּרִיּוֹת לְהַגְדִּיל לָהֶן כְּנָפַיִם וְלִפְרֹחַ בָּאֲוִיר, וְאַל יִמָּסְרוּ וְיִשְׁתַּעְבְּדוּ תַּחַת יַד מֶלֶךְ חָנֵף. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מִמְלֹךְ אָדָם חָנֵף, זֶה אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, שֶׁהָיָה חָנֵף, שֶׁהָרַג אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ מִפְּנֵי אוֹהֲבוֹ, וּפַעַם אַחֶרֶת הָרַג אֶת אוֹהֲבוֹ מִפְּנֵי אִשְׁתּוֹ. אַבָּא אוֹרְיָן אִישׁ צִידָן אָמַר חֲמִשָּׁה דְבָרִים מִשֵּׁם רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, מִן דִּסְגוֹ דַּיָּינֵי שִׁקְרָא סְגוֹן סַהֲדֵי שִׁקְרָא. מִן דִּסְגוֹן דֵּלָטוֹרְיָא סַגִיָן מָמוֹנְהוֹן דִּבְרִיָּיתָא מִתְבַּזְּזָה. מִדִּסְגוֹ אַפַּיָּיא חֲצִיפָתָא, אִיתְנְסֵיב הוֹדָא וַהֲדָרָא וִיקָרָא מִן בְּרִיָּיתָא. מִן דְּאַכְעֲסוּן בְּנַיָא חֲבִיבַיָא עוֹבָדֵיהוֹן קֳדָם אֲבוּהוֹן דְּבִשְׁמַיָא, אֲקֵים עֲלֵיהוֹן מַלְכָּא חֲנֵפָא וְיִתְפְּרַע מִנְּהוֹן, וְאֵי זֶה זֶה אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ. וְכֵיוָן שֶׁרָאוּ הַכֹּל כֵּן, הִתְחִלּוּ צוֹוְחִין וַי, וַיְהִי בִּימֵי אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ.
Rabbi Yuda son of Rabbi Simon began: “From a hypocritical person’s rule; from snares of the people” (Job 34:30). Rabbi Yoḥanan and Reish Lakish: Rabbi Yoḥanan said: When the king is a hypocrite and rules the people, “from snares [mimokeshei] of the people,” it is due to the stubbornness [kashyuteihen] and the liabilities of the people who do not perform the will of the Creator of the world. Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: It is preferable for people to grow themselves wings and fly in the air rather than for them to be turned over and subjugated to a hypocritical king. Alternatively, “from a hypocritical person’s rule,” that is Aḥashverosh, who was hypocritical, who killed his wife because of his friend, and a different time killed his friend because of his wife. Abba Oriyan of Sidon said five things in the name of Rabban Gamliel: When lying judges increase, lying witnesses increase. When informants increase, the property of the people is plundered. When brazenness increases, glory, majesty, and honor are taken from the people. When the actions of beloved children anger their Father in Heaven, He sets over them a hypocritical king who exacts retribution from them. And who is this? It is Aḥashverosh. When everyone saw that it was so, they began screaming; ‘Woe [vai];’ “it was [vayhi] during the days of Aḥashverosh” (Esther 1:1).