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The Source of Modim de'Rabbanan
Modim de'Rabbanan is the congregational thanksgiving recitation during the chazzan's repetition of the Amidah. The primary source is Sotah 40a, where the Gemara records various formulations from the Amoraim that were later harmonized into the unified text codified by the Rishonim and Acharonim.
מוֹדִים אֲנַחְנוּ לָךְ עַל שֶׁאָנוּ מוֹדִים לָךְ
The Source and Practice of Modim de'Rabbanan
Sources tracing Modim de'Rabbanan from its Talmudic origin in Sotah 40a through the codifications of the Rishonim and Acharonim. These sources establish the congregation's obligation to bow and recite their own version of Modim when the prayer leader reaches that blessing during the repetition of the Amidah.
בִּזְמַן שֶׁשְּׁלִיחַ צִבּוּר אוֹמֵר מוֹדִים, הָעָם מָה הֵם אוֹמְרִים