Shabbatשבת

Grooming and Haircuts During Chol HaMoed

Sources address the prohibition against cutting hair and shaving during the intermediate days of a festival, the biblical foundation of this restriction, and the narrow circumstances under which exceptions are permitted. The sources examine whether different methods of trimming—such as scissors versus razors, or electric trimmers—affect the permissibility of grooming during Chol HaMoed.

לֹא תַקִּיפוּ פְּאַת רֹאשְׁכֶם וְלֹא תַשְׁחִית אֵת פְּאַת זְקָנֶךָ

15 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The core ruling is unambiguous: Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 531:2 states that one may not shave or cut hair during Chol HaMoed, even if he was prevented from doing so before the festival, and Arukh HaShulchan, Orach Chaim 531:1 explains that this prohibition exists precisely so that people will not postpone their preparations and come into the festival unkempt.

The reasoning behind this, as given in Moed Katan 14a:3 and Mishnah Berurah 531:3, is that if shaving were permitted during the festival days themselves, everyone would rely on that leniency and enter the festival disheveled, so the practice is barred even for someone genuinely unable to shave beforehand.

The Mishnah and Gemara in Mishnah Moed Katan 3:1, Moed Katan 13b:15, and Moed Katan 17b:3 list a narrow set of exceptions — one returning from overseas, from captivity, from prison, one released from a ban of nazirite status, or a leper completing purification — but only where there was no opportunity (פנאי) to shave before the festival began; one who had such an opportunity remains forbidden even if he falls into one of these categories.

Contemporary codification confirms this remains the operative halacha: Kitzur Shulchan Arukh Yalkut Yosef, Orach Chaim 531:1 states that one does not shave or cut hair on Chol HaMoed even under constraint, and Kitzur Shulchan Arukh Yalkut Yosef, Orach Chaim 531:3 adds that even someone who shaved with a machine or depilatory before the festival may not shave again during Chol HaMoed, noting that most later authorities rejected a lenient view permitting it for a poor laborer.

Modern responsa applying this to practical situations reinforce the stringency: Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (Shut HaRav HaRashi 36:26) rules that one must shave before the festival if that is his practice, and that shaving during Chol HaMoed is forbidden even if one already shaved before Yom Tov, stressing this is especially strict for public figures whom the community watches and learns from; and Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (Shut HaRav HaRashi 36:25) rules flatly that there is no permission whatsoever to shave during Chol HaMoed, following the Shulchan Arukh's prohibition.

None of these sources carve out an exception for a job interview or similar personal need, and the exceptions that do exist in Mishnah Moed Katan 3:1 and Moed Katan 17b:3 are limited to cases where there was literally no time to shave before the festival began, not cases of convenience arising during the festival itself.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Leviticus 19:27

ויקרא י״ט:כ״ז

Leviticus 19:27

The Torah's foundational verse — 'You shall not round the corners of your head, nor shall you destroy the corners of your beard' — provides the biblical source for the prohibition of shaving the beard, which underlies the entire discussion of whether trimming is permitted.

לֹ֣א תַקִּ֔פוּ פְּאַ֖ת רֹאשְׁכֶ֑ם וְלֹ֣א תַשְׁחִ֔ית אֵ֖ת פְּאַ֥ת זְקָנֶֽךָ׃

You [men] shall not round off the side-growth on your head, or destroy the side-growth of your beard.

See also

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Mishnah Moed Katan 3:1

משנה מועד קטן ג׳:א׳

Mishnah Moed Katan 3:1

The Mishnah enumerates categories of people who are permitted to take a haircut on Chol HaMoed because they were unable to do so before the festival (e.g. one who came from captivity, from overseas, or was released from prison). This establishes the Talmudic framework for exceptions to the grooming prohibition.

וְאֵלּוּ מְגַלְּחִין בַּמּוֹעֵד, הַבָּא מִמְּדִינַת הַיָּם, וּמִבֵּית הַשִּׁבְיָה, וְהַיּוֹצֵא מִבֵּית הָאֲסוּרִין, וְהַמְנֻדֶּה שֶׁהִתִּירוּ לוֹ חֲכָמִים, וְכֵן מִי שֶׁנִּשְׁאַל לְחָכָם וְהֻתַּר, וְהַנָּזִיר, וְהַמְּצֹרָע הָעוֹלֶה מִטֻּמְאָתוֹ לְטָהֳרָתוֹ:

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Moed Katan 13b

מועד קטן י״ג ב — ד"ה וְאֵלּוּ מְגַלְּחִין בַּמּוֹעֵד

Moed Katan 13b:15

The Gemara discusses the principle of 'tzorech hamoed' (need of the festival) and 'davar ha'aved' (preventing significant loss), which are the operative halakhic categories for permitting otherwise forbidden labor on Chol HaMoed. The question of whether a job interview constitutes a 'davar ha'aved' is anchored in this sugya.

וְאֵלּוּ מְגַלְּחִין בַּמּוֹעֵד: הַבָּא מִמְּדִינַת הַיָּם וּמִבֵּית הַשִּׁבְיָה, וְהַיּוֹצֵא מִבֵּית הָאֲסוּרִין, וְהַמְנוּדֶּה שֶׁהִתִּירוּ לוֹ חֲכָמִים, וְכֵן מִי שֶׁנִּשְׁאַל לְחָכָם וְהוּתַּר, וְהַנָּזִיר וְהַמְּצוֹרָע מִטּוּמְאָתוֹ לְטׇהֳרָתוֹ.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Moed Katan 17b

מועד קטן י״ז ב — ד"ה וְהַנָּזִיר וְהַמְּצוֹרָע מִטּוּמְאָתוֹ לְטׇהֳרָתוֹ

Moed Katan 17b:3

The Gemara discusses further details of grooming and appearance on Chol HaMoed, including what constitutes a forbidden act versus what is permitted in situations involving dignity or necessity — relevant to the question of whether a compelling personal circumstance can override the rabbinic decree.

וְהַנָּזִיר וְהַמְּצוֹרָע מִטּוּמְאָתוֹ לְטׇהֳרָתוֹ. בְּעָא מִינֵּיהּ רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה מֵרַבִּי זֵירָא: בְּשֶׁלֹּא הָיָה לָהֶם פְּנַאי, אוֹ דִלְמָא אַף בְּשֶׁהָיָה לָהֶם פְּנַאי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ, תְּנֵינָא: כׇּל אֵלּוּ שֶׁאָמְרוּ מוּתָּרִין לְגַלֵּחַ בַּמּוֹעֵד — בְּשֶׁלֹּא הָיָה לָהֶם פְּנַאי, אֲבָל הָיָה לָהֶם פְּנַאי — אֲסוּרִים.

§ It is taught in the mishna: And the nazirite whose term of naziriteship ended on the intermediate days of a Festival, and the leper who needs to purify himself on the intermediate days and must shave his entire body in order to leave his state of ritual impurity and regain his ritual purity, these people are permitted to cut their hair on the intermediate days of the Festival because they were not able to do so on the eve of the Festival. Rabbi Yirmeya raised a question before Rabbi Zeira: Is this allowance limited to the case where they did not have the time to cut their hair before the Festival, as it was prohibited for them to do so beforehand? Or perhaps they may cut their hair even in a case where they had the time to do so beforehand. He said to him: We already learned this in a baraita: With regard to all those about whom the Sages said that they are permitted to cut their hair on the intermediate days of a Festival, they may do so only if they did not have time to cut their hair before the Festival. But if they had time before the Festival began, then they are prohibited from doing so.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Moed Katan 14a

מועד קטן י״ד א — ד"ה גְּמָ׳ וּשְׁאָר כׇּל אָדָם מַאי טַעְמָא

Moed Katan 14a:3

The Gemara discusses the biblical and rabbinic basis for the prohibition of haircutting on Chol HaMoed, analyzing the categories listed in the Mishnah and the reasoning behind the rabbinic decree — namely, that one should prepare for Yom Tov before it begins so as to honor the festival.

גְּמָ׳ וּשְׁאָר כׇּל אָדָם מַאי טַעְמָא אֲסוּרִין? וְאָמַר רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: מַאי טַעְמָא — כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנְסוּ לְמִשְׁמַרְתָּן כְּשֶׁהֵן מְנֻוּוֹלִין, הָכָא נָמֵי: כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנְסוּ לָרֶגֶל כְּשֶׁהֵן מְנֻוּוֹלִין.

GEMARA: The Gemara asks: What is the reason that all other people are prohibited from performing these actions during the intermediate days? Why are these actions not included in the category of actions that are permitted in deference to the Festival? And Rabba bar bar Ḥana said in the name of Rabbi Elazar: What is the reason that the members of the priestly and non-priestly watch are prohibited from cutting their hair and laundering their clothes? It is in order that they not enter their watch when they are untidy. If it were permitted for them to cut their hair and launder their clothes during the week of their watch, they would leave their haircuts and laundry until the middle of that week and begin their service in a disorderly state. Here, too, ordinary people are prohibited from cutting their hair or laundering their clothes on the intermediate days of a Festival, in order that they complete all necessary preparations beforehand and not enter the Festival when they are untidy.

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Foreign Worship 12:6

משנה תורה, הלכות עבודה זרה וחוקות הגויים י״ב:ו׳

Mishneh Torah, Foreign Worship and Customs of the Nations 12:6

The Rambam codifies the prohibition of shaving the corners of the beard, specifying that the prohibition applies only when done with a razor ('ta'ar') and not with scissors or similar instruments — a key precedent for the argument that electric trimmers, which cut rather than shave, may be more permissible.

וּמֻתָּר לְלַקֵּט הַפֵּאוֹת בְּמִסְפָּרַיִם לֹא נֶאֱסַר אֶלָּא הַשְׁחָתָה בְּתַעַר:

Source 7 · Acharonim
Verified

Mishnah Berurah 531:1

משנה ברורה תקל״א:א׳

Mishnah Berurah 531:1

The Mishnah Berurah explains in detail that the rabbis prohibited haircutting on Chol HaMoed to ensure people groom themselves before the festival begins. He notes the specific cases of permitted haircuts and discusses whether occupational considerations carry any weight.

(א) מצוה לגלח וכו' - כדי שלא יכנס לרגל כשהוא מנוול:

See also

Source 8 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 531

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים תקל״א — ד"ה אין מגלחין במועד אפילו אם גילח

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 531:2

The Shulchan Arukh rules that taking a haircut on Chol HaMoed is prohibited, as it was rabbinically forbidden so that people would enter the festival already groomed. This is the governing siman for all grooming prohibitions on Chol HaMoed.

אין מגלחין במועד אפילו אם גילח קודם מועד: אפילו אם היה אנוס ומפני כך לא גילח בערב מועד אינו מגלח במועד והוא הדין למי שהיה חולה ונתרפא במועד: ואלו מגלחין במועד מי שיצא מבית השביה ולא היה לו פנאי לגלח קודם המועד ומי שיצא מבית האסורים ואפי' היה חבוש ביד ישראל שהיו מניחין לו לגלח וכן המנודה שהתירו לו ברגל וכן מי שנדר שלא לגלח ונשאל על נדרו ברגל וכן הבא ממדינת הים בחול המועד או שבא בערב הרגל ולא היה שהות ביום לגלח והוא שלא יצא מארץ ישראל לחוצה לארץ לטייל:

2. One may not shave during the holiday, even if he shaved before the holiday. 3. Even if one was forced and thus did not shave on the day before the holiday, he should not shave during hol hamoed. This is also the rule for one who was sick and got better during the holiday. 4. The following people may shave during the holiday: he who left captivity and did not have an opportunity to shave before the holiday; he who left jail, even if he was imprisoned by Jews who would have allowed him to shave; he who was banned [formally by the community] and allowed [back into the community] during the holiday; he who vowed not to shave and asked for the nullification of his vow during the holiday; he who arrived from abroad during hol hamoed or who arrived on the day before the holiday but didn't have time that day to shave, assuming that he did not go from Israel to outside of Israel for recreational purposes.

See also

Source 9 · Acharonim
Verified

Mishnah Berurah 531

משנה ברורה תקל״א — ד"ה (ג) אין מגלחין במועד - וה"ה

Mishnah Berurah 531:3

The Mishnah Berurah elaborates on the prohibition of haircutting on Chol HaMoed, discussing its scope and various exceptional cases — including those who were unable to groom before Yom Tov — which may bear on whether pressing need (e.g. a job interview) could provide grounds for leniency.

(ג) אין מגלחין במועד - וה"ה סיפור הראש אלא שדרכן היה לגלח ואף דסיפור וגילוח הוא דבר של יפוי ותיקון הגוף שהוא צורך המועד אפ"ה אסרו בתוך המועד כדי שיזדרז לגלח קודם המועד דאם היו מותרין לגלח בתוך המועד היו סומכין עצמן לכתחילה ע"ז ויכנסו לרגל כשהן מנוולין: (ה) אפילו אם היה אנוס - כגון שנאבד לו אבידה בערב הרגל או להאומן ולא היה יכול לגלח וכה"ג שארי אונסין לבד המבוארים להיתר בסעיפים שאח"ז דהני אונסין מפורסמין וגלוין לכל הוא שא"א להם לגלח מקודם אבל שארי אונסין אינם מפורסמין וידועים ואם נתיר להם יבואו להתיר אף שלא מתוך אונס:

See also

Source 10 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 181

שולחן ערוך, יורה דעה קפ״א — ד"ה אינו חייב על השחתת פאת הזקן

Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 181:10

This siman governs the prohibition of destroying the beard's corners (pe'at hazakan), defining which areas of the beard are biblically forbidden to shave and with which implements. Understanding this prohibition is crucial for the electric trimmer question, as an electric trimmer may not constitute 'hashchata' (destruction) in the biblical sense.

אינו חייב על השחתת פאת הזקן אלא בתער אבל במספרים מותר אפילו כעין תער: הגה ומ"מ נזהרים כשמסתפרין במספרים שיעשה היקף הגילוח בחלק העליון מן המספרות ולא בתחתון פן יעשה הכל עם חלק התחתון והוי כתער (ת"ה סימן רצ"ה) מיהו נראה דתחת הגרון אין לחוש בזה הואיל ואינו עיקר מקום הפאות (ד"ע): פאות הזקן הם ה' ורבו בהם הדעות לפיכך ירא שמים יצא את כולם ולא יעביר תער על כל זקנו כלל (ואפילו תחת הגרון) (ב"י בשם אגרת ר"י וסמ"ג):

One is not liable in destroying the corner of the beard except by means of a razor, however by scissors it is permitted, even cutting so close as a razor. Rema: But in any case we are cautious when trimming with scissors to do the shaving motion with the upper piece of the scissors and not with the bottom piece, lest one does it all with the bottom piece and it be as a razor (See Siman 395). Anyhow, it seems that under the throat there is no concern about this, since it is not the main location of the pe'ot. There are five corners of the beard, and there are many opinions on them, therefore a God-fearing man should fulfill all of them and not pass a razor over any of his beard at all. (And even under the throat) (Beit Yosef in the name of the Iggeret R"Y and the Smag)

Source 11 · Acharonim
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Arukh HaShulchan, Orach Chaim 531

ערוך השולחן, אורח חיים תקל״א — ד"ה גילוח ותספורת אסור בחול המועד

Arukh HaShulchan, Orach Chaim 531:1

The Arukh HaShulchan reviews the prohibition of haircutting on Chol HaMoed and discusses whether the electric age's tools change the underlying prohibition, as well as the scope of pressing needs that might permit grooming. His analysis is important for assessing modern leniencies.

גילוח ותספורת אסור בחול המועד. ואף על גב דזהו צורך יום טוב, דניוול הוא לו לילך בגודל שערות, וגם צער הוא למי שאינו מורגל בכך – מכל מקום הא היה יכול לגלח קודם המועד. ואדרבא דמשום זה גופא אסרו, דהא מצוה לגלח ולהסתפר בערב הרגל משום כבוד הרגל, ואם תתיר לו בחול המועד – כל אחד מפני טרדתו קודם הרגל יניח על חול המועד. ומטעם זה אסרו אפילו גילח קודם הרגל, ולפי טבעו נצרך לו לגלח עוד פעם בחול המועד – אסור, כדי שלא יראו מי שמגלח בחול המועד. ולכן אפילו אם היה אנוס, שלא היה יכול לגלח קודם המועד, או שהיה חולה שהגילוח קשה לו, ונתרפא בחול המועד, אף שמעיקר הדין ביכולת להתיר לו – מכל מקום מפני מראית העין אסור. דלאו כולי עלמא ידעי שהיה אנוס או חולה, שלא היה יכול לגלח, או שהוא מוכרח לגלח עוד פעם. ואסרו אפילו בכהאי גוונא.

Source 12 · Modern
Verified

Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (Shut HaRav HaRashi 36:26)

שו"ת הרב הראשי, ל״ו:כ״ו — ד"ה ועיין באורך בדברי הגר"ש משאש

Shut HaRav HaRashi 36:26

Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu states that one is obligated to have a haircut before a holiday, and if accustomed to shaving should do so before the holiday; it is forbidden to cut hair or shave during Chol HaMoed even if one did so before the holiday. He further notes that although some permit shaving for one whose practice is to shave daily, the law does not follow this leniency, and the restriction is particularly stringent for public figures since the public learns from their example.

"מצווה על האדם להסתפר לפני החג, ואם רגיל להתגלח – יעשה כן לפני החג. ואסור להסתפר ולהתגלח בחול המועד אפילו אם הסתפר או התגלח בערב יום טוב" (שו"ע סי' תקל"א סעי' א'-ב'). ועוד שם (סעי' ח"י): "אע"פ שיש מתירים לאדם שדרכו להתגלח בכל יום, אין הדין כן ובמיוחד חמור הדין באנשי ציבור כיון שהציבור לומדים מהם".

Source 13 · Modern
Verified

Kitzur Shulchan Arukh Yalkut Yosef, Orach Chaim 531:3

קיצור שלחן ערוך ילקוט יוסף, Orach Chaim תקל״א:ג׳ — ד"ה אפילו אם גילח את הזקן [ע"י

Kitzur Shulchan Arukh Yalkut Yosef, Orach Chaim 531:3

Even if one shaved the beard before the festival using a machine or chemical treatment, it is prohibited to shave again during Chol HaMoed, even if one ordinarily shaves every two or three days; while some permit shaving during Chol HaMoed through a poor laborer who has nothing to eat, most later authorities dispute this and agree it is forbidden.

אפילו אם גילח את הזקן [ע"י מכונה או סם] מערב יום טוב, אסור להתגלח שוב בחול המועד, ואפילו דרכו להתגלח כל יומיים או שלשה ימים, ויש מי שמתיר למי שהתגלח מערב יום טוב להתגלח בחול המועד על ידי פועל עני שאין לו מה לאכול, וחלקו עליו רוב האחרונים והסכימו לאסור. [ילקוט יוסף על המועדים עמוד תקטז] .

Source 14 · Modern
Verified

Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (Shut HaRav HaRashi 36:25)

שו"ת הרב הראשי, ל״ו:כ״ה — ד"ה האם מותר להתגלח בחול המועד

Shut HaRav HaRashi 36:25

Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu states that there is no permission to shave on Chol HaMoed, citing the Shulchan Aruch's prohibition, and adds that one does not shave even on the eve of Shmini Atzeret (Hoshanah Rabbah), even when it falls on the eve of Shabbat.

אין שום היתר להתגלח בחול המועד. וכבר פסק מר"ן בשו"ע (או"ח סי' תקל"א סעי' ב') לאסור. וגם בערב שמיני עצרת שהוא יום הושענא רבא, אין מתגלחין ואפילו שחל בערב שבת.

Source 15 · Modern
Verified

Kitzur Shulchan Arukh Yalkut Yosef, Orach Chaim 531:1

קיצור שלחן ערוך ילקוט יוסף, Orach Chaim תקל״א:א׳ — ד"ה מצוה להסתפר ולהתגלח בערב יום טוב

Kitzur Shulchan Arukh Yalkut Yosef, Orach Chaim 531:1

Rav Yitzchak Yosef states that one may not shave on Chol HaMoed—neither the head nor any hair on the body—even if compelled by circumstance and did not shave before the holiday.

ואין מגלחים בחול המועד, אחד ראשו ואחד כל שיער שבו, אפילו אם נאנס ולא גילח בערב יום טוב.

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