Tanakhתנ״ך

The Destruction of the First Temple

Classical rabbinic and biblical sources explain the First Temple's destruction through the lens of three cardinal sins—idolatry, sexual immorality, and bloodshed—that pervaded Judean society. The sources trace both the spiritual causes of divine abandonment and the historical narrative of the Temple's fall.

מִפְּנֵי שְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים שֶׁהָיוּ בּוֹ

13 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The core answer comes from Yoma 9b, which states explicitly that the First Temple was destroyed on account of three matters: idol worship, forbidden sexual relations, and bloodshed — and the same trio is recorded by Tosefta Menachot 13 in the name of Rabbi Yochanan ben Torta.

The Tanach itself grounds this verdict: Melachim II 24–25 traces the destruction directly to the sins of Manasseh, who filled Jerusalem with innocent blood, and declares that God would not forgive; and Yechezkel 8:6 records God showing the prophet the abominations practiced in the Temple itself — idol worship spreading from hidden chambers to open display — as the very acts driving God from His sanctuary, a progression that Eikhah Rabbah, Petichta 22 traces step by step.

The prophets framed the catastrophe as contingent and reversible right up until the end: Yirmiyahu 7:3 warns that continued theft, murder, adultery, and sacrifice to Baal would bring destruction, and Yirmiyahu 26:4 threatens that refusal to heed the Torah would make the Temple like Shiloh, while Yirmiyahu 11:8 records that the people nonetheless followed the willfulness of their evil hearts and broke the covenant, compelling God to bring upon them a disaster from which there was no escape.

Nefesh HaChayim, Gate I 4:5 supplies the deeper theological frame: Nebuchadnezzar had no root in the upper worlds and could not have caused any harm on his own — it was Israel's sins that first defiled the heavenly Temple, and only thereby was power given to him to destroy its earthly counterpart, so that, as the sages said, he merely milled flour that had already been ground.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

II Kings 24-25

מלכים ב כ״ד-כ״ה

II Kings 24-25

The narrative of the First Temple’s destruction: Judah’s sins lead to Babylonian siege, exile, the burning of the Temple, and the city’s ruin. It presents the historical cause in terms of covenantal unfaithfulness and national collapse.

וַיְשַׁלַּ֣ח יְהֹוָ֣ה ׀ בּ֡וֹ אֶת־גְּדוּדֵ֣י כַשְׂדִּים֩ וְאֶת־גְּדוּדֵ֨י אֲרָ֜ם וְאֵ֣ת ׀ גְּדוּדֵ֣י מוֹאָ֗ב וְאֵת֙ גְּדוּדֵ֣י בְנֵֽי־עַמּ֔וֹן וַיְשַׁלְּחֵ֥ם בִּיהוּדָ֖ה לְהַאֲבִיד֑וֹ כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבֶּ֔ר בְּיַ֖ד עֲבָדָ֥יו הַנְּבִיאִֽים׃ אַ֣ךְ ׀ עַל־פִּ֣י יְהֹוָ֗ה הָֽיְתָה֙ בִּֽיהוּדָ֔ה לְהָסִ֖יר מֵעַ֣ל פָּנָ֑יו בְּחַטֹּ֣את מְנַשֶּׁ֔ה כְּכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָֽׂה׃ וְגַ֤ם דַּֽם־הַנָּקִי֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר שָׁפָ֔ךְ וַיְמַלֵּ֥א אֶת־יְרוּשָׁלַ֖͏ִם דָּ֣ם נָקִ֑י וְלֹא־אָבָ֥ה יְהֹוָ֖ה לִסְלֹֽחַ׃

GOD let loose against him the raiding bands of the Chaldeans, Arameans, Moabites, and Ammonites—letting them loose against Judah to destroy it, in accordance with the word that GOD had spoken through the prophets—God’s servants. All this befell Judah at the command of GOD, who banished [them] from the divine presence because of all the sins that Manasseh had committed, and also because of the blood of the innocent that he shed. For he filled Jerusalem with the blood of the innocent, and GOD would not forgive.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Ezekiel 8

יחזקאל ח׳ — ד"ה וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלַ֔י בֶּן־אָדָ֕ם הֲרֹאֶ֥ה אַתָּ֖ה

Ezekiel 8:6

Ezekiel’s vision of the abominations in the Temple portrays idolatry and corrupt worship as the spiritual cause of the Temple’s abandonment. The chapter explains why the Divine Presence withdraws from the sanctuary.

וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלַ֔י בֶּן־אָדָ֕ם הֲרֹאֶ֥ה אַתָּ֖ה (מהם) [מָ֣ה הֵ֣ם] עֹשִׂ֑ים תּוֹעֵב֨וֹת גְּדֹל֜וֹת אֲשֶׁ֥ר בֵּ֥ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל ׀ עֹשִׂ֣ים פֹּ֗ה לְרׇֽחֳקָה֙ מֵעַ֣ל מִקְדָּשִׁ֔י וְעוֹד֙ תָּשׁ֣וּב תִּרְאֶ֔ה תּוֹעֵב֖וֹת גְּדֹלֽוֹת׃ {פ} וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלַי֮ הֲרָאִ֣יתָ בֶן־אָדָם֒ הֲנָקֵל֙ לְבֵ֣ית יְהוּדָ֔ה מֵעֲשׂ֕וֹת אֶת־הַתּוֹעֵב֖וֹת אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשׂוּ־פֹ֑ה כִּֽי־מָלְא֨וּ אֶת־הָאָ֜רֶץ חָמָ֗ס וַיָּשֻׁ֙בוּ֙ לְהַכְעִיסֵ֔נִי וְהִנָּ֛ם שֹׁלְחִ֥ים אֶת־הַזְּמוֹרָ֖ה אֶל־אַפָּֽם׃ וְגַם־אֲנִי֙ אֶעֱשֶׂ֣ה בְחֵמָ֔ה לֹא־תָח֥וֹס עֵינִ֖י וְלֹ֣א אֶחְמֹ֑ל וְקָרְא֤וּ בְאׇזְנַי֙ ק֣וֹל גָּד֔וֹל וְלֹ֥א אֶשְׁמַ֖ע אוֹתָֽם׃

And [God] said to me, “Mortal, do you see what they are doing, the terrible abominations that the House of Israel is practicing here, to drive Me far from My Sanctuary? You shall yet see even greater abominations!” And I was told, “Do you see, O mortal? Is it not enough for the House of Judah to practice the abominations that they have committed here, that they must fill the country with lawlessness and provoke Me still further and thrust the branch to their nostrils? I in turn will act with fury, I will show no pity or compassion; though they cry aloud to Me, I will not listen to them.”

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Jeremiah 11

ירמיהו י״א

Jeremiah 11:8

Jeremiah links disaster to Israel’s failure to heed the covenant and notes that God will bring evil upon them because they broke the terms of the covenant made at Sinai.

וְלֹ֤א שָֽׁמְעוּ֙ וְלֹא־הִטּ֣וּ אֶת־אׇזְנָ֔ם וַיֵּ֣לְכ֔וּ אִ֕ישׁ בִּשְׁרִיר֖וּת לִבָּ֣ם הָרָ֑ע וָאָבִ֨יא עֲלֵיהֶ֜ם אֶֽת־כׇּל־דִּבְרֵ֧י הַבְּרִית־הַזֹּ֛את אֲשֶׁר־צִוִּ֥יתִי לַעֲשׂ֖וֹת וְלֹ֥א עָשֽׂוּ׃ {ס} שָׁ֩בוּ֩ עַל־עֲוֺנֹ֨ת אֲבוֹתָ֜ם הָרִאשֹׁנִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר מֵֽאֲנוּ֙ לִשְׁמ֣וֹעַ אֶת־דְּבָרַ֔י וְהֵ֣מָּה הָלְכ֗וּ אַחֲרֵ֛י אֱלֹהִ֥ים אֲחֵרִ֖ים לְעׇבְדָ֑ם הֵפֵ֤רוּ בֵֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וּבֵ֣ית יְהוּדָ֔ה אֶת־בְּרִיתִ֕י אֲשֶׁ֥ר כָּרַ֖תִּי אֶת־אֲבוֹתָֽם׃ {ס} לָכֵ֗ן כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֔ה הִנְנִ֨י מֵבִ֤יא אֲלֵיהֶם֙ רָעָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־יוּכְל֖וּ לָצֵ֣את מִמֶּ֑נָּה וְזָעֲק֣וּ אֵלַ֔י וְלֹ֥א אֶשְׁמַ֖ע אֲלֵיהֶֽם׃

But they would not listen or give ear; they all followed the willfulness of their evil hearts. So I have brought upon them all the terms of this covenant, because they did not do what I commanded them to do.” They have returned to the iniquities of their ancestors of old, who refused to heed My words. They, too, have followed other gods and served them. The House of Israel and the House of Judah have broken the covenant that I made with their ancestors.” Assuredly, thus said GOD: I am going to bring upon them disaster from which they will not be able to escape. Then they will cry out to me, but I will not listen to them.

Source 4 · Tanach
Verified

Jeremiah 26

ירמיהו כ״ו — ד"ה וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֲלֵיהֶ֔ם כֹּ֖ה אָמַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֑ה אִם־לֹ֤א

Jeremiah 26:4

The prophet recounts earlier warnings that the Temple could become like Shiloh if the nation did not amend its ways, emphasizing repentance as the condition for averting destruction.

וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֲלֵיהֶ֔ם כֹּ֖ה אָמַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֑ה אִם־לֹ֤א תִשְׁמְעוּ֙ אֵלַ֔י לָלֶ֙כֶת֙ בְּת֣וֹרָתִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֥ר נָתַ֖תִּי לִפְנֵיכֶֽם׃ לִשְׁמֹ֗עַ עַל־דִּבְרֵי֙ עֲבָדַ֣י הַנְּבִאִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י שֹׁלֵ֣חַ אֲלֵיכֶ֑ם וְהַשְׁכֵּ֥ם וְשָׁלֹ֖חַ וְלֹ֥א שְׁמַעְתֶּֽם׃ וְנָתַתִּ֛י אֶת־הַבַּ֥יִת הַזֶּ֖ה כְּשִׁלֹ֑ה וְאֶת־הָעִ֤יר (הזאתה) [הַזֹּאת֙] אֶתֵּ֣ן לִקְלָלָ֔ה לְכֹ֖ל גּוֹיֵ֥ הָאָֽרֶץ׃ {פ}

“Say to them: Thus said GOD: If you do not obey Me, abiding by the Teaching that I have set before you, heeding the words of My servants the prophets whom I have been sending to you persistently—but you have not heeded— then I will make this House like Shiloh, and I will make this city a curse for all the nations of earth.”

Source 5 · Tanach
Verified

Jeremiah 7

ירמיהו ז׳

Jeremiah 7:3

Jeremiah’s Temple sermon warns that false confidence in the Temple will not save a people who oppress the vulnerable and violate God’s covenant. It frames destruction as the result of moral and religious corruption.

כֹּֽה־אָמַ֞ר יְהֹוָ֤ה צְבָאוֹת֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל הֵיטִ֥יבוּ דַרְכֵיכֶ֖ם וּמַעַלְלֵיכֶ֑ם וַאֲשַׁכְּנָ֣ה אֶתְכֶ֔ם בַּמָּק֖וֹם הַזֶּֽה׃ כִּ֤י אִם־הֵיטֵיב֙ תֵּיטִ֔יבוּ אֶת־דַּרְכֵיכֶ֖ם וְאֶת־מַעַלְלֵיכֶ֑ם אִם־עָשׂ֤וֹ תַֽעֲשׂוּ֙ מִשְׁפָּ֔ט בֵּ֥ין אִ֖ישׁ וּבֵ֥ין רֵעֵֽהוּ׃ גֵּ֣ר יָת֤וֹם וְאַלְמָנָה֙ לֹ֣א תַעֲשֹׁ֔קוּ וְדָ֣ם נָקִ֔י אַֽל־תִּשְׁפְּכ֖וּ בַּמָּק֣וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה וְאַחֲרֵ֨י אֱלֹהִ֧ים אֲחֵרִ֛ים לֹ֥א תֵלְכ֖וּ לְרַ֥ע לָכֶֽם׃ הֲגָנֹ֤ב ׀ רָצֹ֙חַ֙ וְֽנָאֹ֔ף וְהִשָּׁבֵ֥עַ לַשֶּׁ֖קֶר וְקַטֵּ֣ר לַבָּ֑עַל וְהָלֹ֗ךְ אַחֲרֵ֛י אֱלֹהִ֥ים אֲחֵרִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹֽא־יְדַעְתֶּֽם׃ וְעַתָּ֗ה יַ֧עַן עֲשׂוֹתְכֶ֛ם אֶת־כׇּל־הַמַּעֲשִׂ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה נְאֻם־יְהֹוָ֑ה וָאֲדַבֵּ֨ר אֲלֵיכֶ֜ם הַשְׁכֵּ֤ם וְדַבֵּר֙ וְלֹ֣א שְׁמַעְתֶּ֔ם וָאֶקְרָ֥א אֶתְכֶ֖ם וְלֹ֥א עֲנִיתֶֽם׃ וְעָשִׂ֜יתִי לַבַּ֣יִת ׀ אֲשֶׁ֧ר נִֽקְרָא־שְׁמִ֣י עָלָ֗יו אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתֶּם֙ בֹּטְחִ֣ים בּ֔וֹ וְלַ֨מָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁר־נָתַ֥תִּי לָכֶ֖ם וְלַאֲבוֹתֵיכֶ֑ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשִׂ֖יתִי לְשִׁלֽוֹ׃

Thus said GOD of Hosts, the God of Israel: Mend your ways and your actions, and I will let you dwell in this place. No, if you really mend your ways and your actions; if you execute justice between one party and another; if you do not oppress the stranger, the orphan, and the widow; if you do not shed the blood of the innocent in this place; if you do not follow other gods, to your own hurt— Will you steal and murder and commit adultery and swear falsely, and sacrifice to Baal, and follow other gods whom you have not experienced, And now, because you do all these things—declares GOD—and though I spoke to you persistently, you would not listen; and though I called to you, you would not respond— therefore I will do to the House that bears My name, on which you rely, and to the place that I gave you and your ancestors, just what I did to Shiloh.

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Tosefta Menachot 13

תוספתא מנחות י״ג

Tosefta Menachot 13

Rabbi Yochanan ben Torta states that Shiloh was destroyed because of the desecration of the holy things within it, and the First Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed because of idolatry, sexual immorality, and bloodshed that existed within it.

א"ר יוחנן בן תורתא מפני מה חרבה שילה מפני בזיון קדשים שבתוכה. ירושלים בנין הראשון מפני מה חרבה מפני עבודת כוכבים וגלוי עריות ושפיכות דמים שהיו בתוכה.

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

Yoma 9b

יומא ט׳ ב — ד"ה מִקְדָּשׁ רִאשׁוֹן מִפְּנֵי מָה חָרַב —

Yoma 9b:3

The sugya states that the First Temple was destroyed because of idolatry, sexual immorality, and bloodshed. This is the classic rabbinic triad explaining the First Temple’s fall.

מִקְדָּשׁ רִאשׁוֹן מִפְּנֵי מָה חָרַב — מִפְּנֵי שְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים שֶׁהָיוּ בּוֹ: עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, וְגִלּוּי עֲרָיוֹת, וּשְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים. עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, דִּכְתִיב: ״כִּי קָצַר הַמַּצָּע מֵהִשְׂתָּרֵעַ״. שְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים, דִּכְתִיב: ״וְגַם דָּם נָקִי שָׁפַךְ מְנַשֶּׁה [הַרְבֵּה מְאֹד] עַד אֲשֶׁר מִלֵּא אֶת יְרוּשָׁלִַם פֶּה לָפֶה״.

§ The Tosefta continues with a discussion of the sins of the Jewish people over the generations: Due to what reason was the First Temple destroyed? It was destroyed due to the fact that there were three matters that existed in the First Temple: Idol worship, forbidden sexual relations, and bloodshed. Idol worship, as it is written: “The bed is too short for stretching [mehistare’a], and the cover is too narrow for gathering” (Isaiah 28:20). With regard to bloodshed it is written: “Moreover, Manasseh shed innocent blood very much, until he had filled Jerusalem from one end to another” (II Kings 21:16).

Source 8 · Chazal
Verified

Eikhah Rabbah, Petichta 22

איכה רבה, פתיחתא כ״ב

Eikhah Rabbah, Petichta 22

The passage states that the Temple was destroyed because the people left no place untouched by idolatrous star worship—beginning with secret worship in hiding, then progressing to worship behind doors, and finally to worship on rooftops—and those in authority failed to stop them at each stage.

עַד אֶפֶס מָקוֹם, מִי גָרַם לַמָּקוֹם לֵחָרֵב עַל שֶׁלֹא הִנִּיחוּ מָקוֹם שֶׁלֹא עָבְדוּ בוֹ עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים, בַּתְּחִלָּה הָיוּ עוֹבְדִין אוֹתוֹ בְּמַטְמוֹנִיּוֹת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (יחזקאל ח, יב): וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלַי הֲרָאִיתָ בֶּן אָדָם וגו' עֹשִׂים בַּחשֶׁךְ וגו', וְכֵיוָן שֶׁלֹא מִחוּ בְיָדָם חָזְרוּ לִהְיוֹת עוֹשִׂין אַחַר הַדֶּלֶת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נז, ח): וְאַחַר הַדֶּלֶת וְהַמְּזוּזָה שַׂמְתְּ זִכְרוֹנֵךְ, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁלֹא מִחוּ בְיָדָן חָזְרוּ לִהְיוֹת עוֹשִׂין עַל הַגַּגּוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (צפניה א, ה):

Source 9 · Chazal
Verified

Shabbat 119b

שבת קי״ט ב — ד"ה אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב שְׁמוּאֵל

Shabbat 119b:6

This passage ties the destruction of Jerusalem to public desecration of Shabbat and failure of the leaders and people to honor holy time, contributing to the city’s downfall.

אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב שְׁמוּאֵל מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב: אֵין הַדְּלֵיקָה מְצוּיָה אֶלָּא בִּמְקוֹם שֶׁיֵּשׁ חִילּוּל שַׁבָּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְאִם לֹא תִשְׁמְעוּ אֵלַי לְקַדֵּשׁ אֶת יוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת וּלְבִלְתִּי שְׂאֵת מַשָּׂא וְגוֹ׳ וְהִצַּתִּי אֵשׁ בִּשְׁעָרֶיהָ וְאָכְלָה אַרְמְנוֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַים וְלֹא תִכְבֶּה״. מַאי ״וְלֹא תִכְבֶּה״? אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאֵין בְּנֵי אָדָם מְצוּיִין לְכַבּוֹתָהּ. אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: לָא חָרְבָה יְרוּשָׁלַיִם אֶלָּא בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁחִלְּלוּ בָּהּ אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וּמִשַׁבְּתוֹתַי הֶעְלִימוּ עֵינֵיהֶם וָאֵחַל בְּתוֹכָם״.

Rav Yehuda, son of Rav Shmuel, said in the name of Rav: Fire is only found in a place where there is desecration of Shabbat, as it is stated: “And if you do not heed Me to sanctify the day of Shabbat, and to refrain from carrying burdens and come to the gates of Jerusalem on the day of Shabbat, and I will light a fire in its gates and it will consume the palaces of Jerusalem and it will not be extinguished” (Jeremiah 17:27). The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of: And it will not be extinguished? Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: Fire will break out at a time when people are not found to extinguish it. Abaye said: Jerusalem was destroyed only because people desecrated the Shabbat in it, as it is stated: “And from My Shabbatot they averted their eyes, and I was profaned among them” (Ezekiel 22:26). Several punishments were decreed to befall Jerusalem as punishment for this transgression.

Source 10 · Chazal
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Sanhedrin 102b

סנהדרין ק״ב ב — ד"ה אֲמַר לֵיהּ

Sanhedrin 102b:4

The Gemara portrays the sins of kings and their misrule as part of the background to national catastrophe, illustrating how leadership failure can bring destruction.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מֵאַחַר דְּחַכִּימַתְּ כּוּלֵּי הַאי, מַאי טַעְמָא קָא פָּלְחִיתוּ לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִי הֲוֵת הָתָם, הֲוֵת נָקֵיטַתְּ בְּשִׁיפּוּלֵי גְּלִימָא וְרָהֲטַתְּ אַבַּתְרַאי. לִמְחַר אֲמַר לְהוּ לְרַבָּנַן: נִפְתָּח בְּרַבְּווֹתָא. אַחְאָב: אָח לַשָּׁמַיִם, אָב לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. אָח לַשָּׁמַיִם, דִּכְתִיב: ״אָח לְצָרָה יִוָּלֵד״. אָב לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, דִּכְתִיב: ״כְּרַחֵם אָב עַל בָּנִים״. ״וַיְהִי הֲנָקֵל לֶכְתּוֹ בְּחַטֹּאות יָרׇבְעָם בֶּן נְבָט״. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: קַלּוֹת שֶׁעָשָׂה אַחְאָב – כַּחֲמוּרוֹת שֶׁעָשָׂה יָרׇבְעָם. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה תָּלָה הַכָּתוּב בְּיָרׇבְעָם? מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא הָיָה תְּחִילָּה לַקַּלְקָלָה. ״גַּם מִזְבְּחוֹתָם כְּגַלִּים עַל תַּלְמֵי שָׂדָי״. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אֵין לָךְ כׇּל תֶּלֶם וָתֶלֶם בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁלֹּא הֶעֱמִיד עָלָיו אַחְאָב עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְהִשְׁתַּחֲוָה לָהּ.

Rav Ashi said to him: Since you were so wise, what is the reason you engaged in idol worship? Manasseh said to him: Had you been there at that time, you would have taken and lifted the hem of your cloak and run after me due to the fierce desire to engage in idol worship and due to the fact that it was a common faith. The next day Rav Ashi said to the Sages as a prelude to his lecture: We will begin with the treatment of our teachers, those kings who were greater than us in Torah knowledge but whose sins caused them to lose their share in the World-to-Come. § The Gemara proceeds to discuss the second king enumerated in the mishna, Ahab. Ahab [Aḥav], although he was a brother [aḥ] to Heaven, he was a father [av] for idol worship. He was a brother to Heaven, as it is written: “And a brother is born for adversity” (Proverbs 17:17), and in desperate times, he turned to Heaven. He was a father for idolatry. This is the highest level of attachment, as it is written: “As a father has compassion for his children” (Psalms 103:13). With regard to Ahab, it is written: “And it came to pass, the most minor of his transgressions was his walking in the sins of Jeroboam, son of Nebat” (I Kings 16:31). Rabbi Yoḥanan says: The minor sins that Ahab performed were on par with the major sins that Jeroboam performed, as the transgressions committed by Ahab were much more serious than those committed by Jeroboam. And for what reason did the verse attribute the sins of all the kings of Israel to Jeroboam, even though the sins of Ahab were more substantial? It is due to the fact that he was first to engage in iniquity. With regard to the verse: “Their altars shall also be like droppings in the furrows of the field” (Hosea 12:12), Rabbi Yoḥanan says: You do not have even one furrow in Eretz Yisrael upon which Ahab did not place an object of idol worship and bow to it.

Source 11 · Rishonim
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Nefesh HaChayim, Gate IV

נפש החיים, שער א ד׳ — ד"ה כי הלא נ"נ וטיטוס לא עשו

Nefesh HaChayim, Gate I 4:5

The work emphasizes the cosmic and communal consequences of human action, giving a later philosophical framework for how spiritual failure can bring ruin on the sanctuary and the nation.

כי הלא נ"נ וטיטוס לא עשו במעשיהם שום קלקול כלל למעלה כי לא להם חלק ושורש בעולמות העליונים שיהו יכולים לנגוע שם כלל במעשיהם. רק שבחטאינו נתמעט ותש כביכול כח גבורה של מעלה. את מקדש ה' טמאו כביכול המקדש העליון. ועי"כ היה להם כח לנ"נ וטיטוס להחריב המקדש של מטה המכוון נגד המקדש של מעלה. כמו שארז"ל (איכה רבתי) קמחא טחינא טחינת. הרי כי עונותינו החריבו נוה מעלה עולמות עליונים הקדושים. והמה החריבו רק נוה מטה. לזאת כשקלקלו פנימיות המקדש שבתוכם. אז לא הועיל המקדש החיצוני ונהרסו יסודותיו ר״ל.

For surely Nebuchadnezzar and Titus, via their actions, didn’t cause a single blemish or ruination above, because they have no place or root in the higher worlds that they could affect in any way via their actions. It was only because of our sins that the greatness of heaven lessened and weakened (so to speak), God’s Temple was defiled (so to speak)—the heavenly Temple—and by way of this, Nebuchadnezzar and Titus were given power to lay waste to the earthly Temple, which is the counterpart of the heavenly Temple. As the sages said (Kohelet Rabba 1:43): “pre-milled flour did you mill.” After all, our sins ruined the upper dwelling, the lofty holy worlds, while they ruined only the lower dwelling. And for this reason, when they ruined the inner aspect of the Holy Temple within them, then the external Holy Temple no longer served its purpose and its foundations were destroyed (may the Merciful save us).

Source 12 · Acharonim
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Netzach Yisrael 4:2

Netzach Yisrael 4:2

The passage poses the question why the first temple was destroyed because of three specific sins—idolatry, sexual immorality, and bloodshed—which share the characteristic that one must die rather than transgress them, and therefore all three participated together in the temple's destruction.

ויש לך לשאול, למה חרב בית המקדש ראשון בעון אלו ג' עונות, ואילו מקדש שני בשביל שנאת חנם. ועוד, כי אלו ג' עבירות, דהיינו עבודה זרה גילוי עריות ושפיכות דמים, יש להם ענין אחד, כי בשלשתן יהרג ואל יעבור (סנהדרין עד:), ולמה נשתתפו שלשתן בחורבן. ולפיכך בשביל אלו ג' טומאות חרב הבית.

Source 13 · Acharonim
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Netzach Yisrael

נצח ישראל — ד"ה סבת הגלות הוא מבואר בעצמו בכתוב

Netzach Yisrael:2

The passage cites a Talmudic passage from Sukah that interprets a verse from Yoel as describing the evil inclination's actions: it fixed its gaze on the First Temple, destroyed it, and killed Torah scholars there, while leaving other nations alone and provoking Israel instead, acting with particular intensity against Abaye and the Torah scholars.

אבל התשובה לשאלה הקשה הזאת, מזקנים וחכמים אתבונן, אשר השיבו על שאלה זאת בפרק החליל (סוכה נב.), "ואת הצפוני ארחיק מעליכם" (יואל ב, כ) זה יצר הרע שעומד צפון בתוך לבו של אדם. "והדחתיו ארץ ציה" (שם) למקום שאין בני אדם מצויין שם להתגרות בהם. "פניו אל הים הקדמוני" (שם) שנתן עיניו במקדש הראשון והחריב והרג תלמידי חכמים שם. "ועלה באשו ותעלה צחנתו" (שם) שמניח אומות עולם ומתגרה בישראל. "כי הגדיל לעשות" (שם), אמר אביי ובתלמידי חכמים יותר מכולם, עד כאן: