Tanakhתנ״ך

The Kidneys in Biblical Symbolism

Biblical sources use the kidneys as a metaphor for the innermost dimension of human consciousness—the seat of hidden motives, moral awareness, and spiritual longing. These verses explore how the kidneys represent the deepest, most concealed aspects of the human heart that only God can fully perceive and judge.

בֹּחֵן כְּלָיוֹת וָלֵב

23 sources · all verified

Opens as a working sheet — explore, annotate, and export.

What the sources say

The foundational theological claim runs through Tanach: God examines the kidneys as the seat of a person's inner life and moral character, as stated in Yirmiyahu 17:10, where He declares Himself the one who searches the heart and tests the kidneys, and echoed in Yirmiyahu 11:20, where God is described as testing kidneys and heart in His just judgment, and in Tehillim 7:10, which likewise calls God the righteous examiner of hearts and kidneys.

The kidneys also appear in Tanach as organs of personal conscience and inner counsel: Tehillim 16:7 describes the kidneys as instructing the psalmist even at night, and Tehillim 26:2 is a prayer that God refine the kidneys alongside the heart, while Tehillim 73:21 and Job 19:27 use the kidneys as a measure of emotional and existential intensity.

The Gemara in Berakhot 61a makes this symbolic role concrete and anatomically specific: each person has two kidneys, one counseling toward good and one toward evil, with the good kidney assigned to the right side in keeping with the verse about a wise man's heart being at his right; more broadly, the baraita there establishes the kidneys as the organ of counsel within a division of roles among the body's organs.

This inner, spiritual dimension of the organs is affirmed in Berakhot 10a, which contrasts human craftsmanship with God's creative power — God alone forms the figure within a figure and instills spirit, soul, and inner organs — and Niddah 31a similarly enumerates the divine contribution to a person's formation, placing understanding and wisdom alongside the spirit and soul that God provides to complement the physical contributions of father and mother.

The Sefat Emet, Devarim, Rosh HaShanah 25 extends the hashkafic picture inward: sin creates a barrier that prevents the divine portion within a person from radiating outward, yet Chazal insist that even after sinning one should regard the divine presence as dwelling within one's own inner organs — a teaching that keeps the sanctity of the body's interior alive as a live spiritual reality.

In the realm of halacha, the kidneys carry significant weight in the laws of tereifot: Chullin 42:2 rules that a blemished kidney renders an animal a tereifa, and Chullin 48:1 records a dispute about whether cysts on the kidney filled with pus make the animal a tereifa — a ruling Shmuel distinguishes explicitly from the parallel question about the lung.

The kidneys also figure in the sacrificial and forbidden-fat context: Chullin 117:1 discusses the derivation that extends the Torah's command regarding the offering of chelev to include the two kidneys, and Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 41 and Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 64:17 address the practical laws of nikur — removing forbidden fats and the kidney fat — in the course of preparing meat.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Jeremiah 17:10

ירמיהו י״ז

Jeremiah 17:10

God declares that He searches the heart and examines the kidneys, rewarding each person according to conduct. The verse links the kidneys with inward motives and moral consciousness.

אֲנִ֧י יְהֹוָ֛ה חֹקֵ֥ר לֵ֖ב בֹּחֵ֣ן כְּלָי֑וֹת וְלָתֵ֤ת לְאִישׁ֙ כִּדְרָכָ֔ו כִּפְרִ֖י מַעֲלָלָֽיו׃ {ס}

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Jeremiah 11:20

ירמיהו י״א

Jeremiah 11:20

Jeremiah asks God, who tests the heart and examines the kidneys, to judge righteously. The kidneys symbolize the hidden interior of a person that God alone can fully assess.

וַיהֹוָ֤ה צְבָאוֹת֙ שֹׁפֵ֣ט צֶ֔דֶק בֹּחֵ֥ן כְּלָי֖וֹת וָלֵ֑ב אֶרְאֶ֤ה נִקְמָֽתְךָ֙ מֵהֶ֔ם כִּ֥י אֵלֶ֖יךָ גִּלִּ֥יתִי אֶת־רִיבִֽי׃ {ס}

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Psalms 7:10

תהילים ז׳

Psalms 7:10

The psalmist invokes God as the tester of hearts and kidneys. The kidneys represent the deepest, concealed dimension of human thought and intention.

יִגְמׇר־נָ֬א רַ֨ע ׀ רְשָׁעִים֮ וּתְכוֹנֵ֢ן צַ֫דִּ֥יק וּבֹחֵ֣ן לִ֭בּוֹת וּכְלָי֗וֹת אֱלֹהִ֥ים צַדִּֽיק׃

Source 4 · Tanach
Verified

Psalms 26:2

תהילים כ״ו

Psalms 26:2

David asks God to examine and test him, specifically refining his kidneys and heart. The imagery expresses purification and scrutiny of the inner self.

בְּחָנֵ֣נִי יְהֹוָ֣ה וְנַסֵּ֑נִי (צרופה) [צׇרְפָ֖ה] כִלְיוֹתַ֣י וְלִבִּֽי׃

Source 5 · Tanach
Verified

Psalms 16:7

תהילים ט״ז

Psalms 16:7

David blesses God for counsel and says that even at night his kidneys instruct him. The verse presents the kidneys as an inward faculty of guidance or moral prompting.

אֲבָרֵ֗ךְ אֶת־יְ֭הֹוָה אֲשֶׁ֣ר יְעָצָ֑נִי אַף־לֵ֝יל֗וֹת יִסְּר֥וּנִי כִלְיוֹתָֽי׃

Source 6 · Tanach
Verified

Psalms 73:21

תהילים ע״ג

Psalms 73:21

The psalmist describes his heart becoming embittered and his kidneys being pierced. The kidneys here convey deep emotional pain experienced in the innermost self.

כִּ֭י יִתְחַמֵּ֣ץ לְבָבִ֑י וְ֝כִלְיוֹתַ֗י אֶשְׁתּוֹנָֽן׃

Source 7 · Tanach
Verified

Job 19:27

איוב י״ט

Job 19:27

Job says that his kidneys—or innermost being—yearn within him. The verse uses kidney imagery for profound longing and spiritual desire.

אֲשֶׁ֤ר אֲנִ֨י ׀ אֶחֱזֶה־לִּ֗י וְעֵינַ֣י רָא֣וּ וְלֹא־זָ֑ר כָּל֖וּ כִלְיֹתַ֣י בְּחֵקִֽי׃

Source 8 · Chazal
Verified

Berakhot 61a

ברכות ס״א א — ד"ה תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן

Berakhot 61a:28

The sugya discusses the kidneys as organs that advise and counsel, based on the biblical phrase that David’s kidneys instructed him at night. It develops the kidneys as a metaphor for inner counsel.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: שְׁתֵּי כְּלָיוֹת יֵשׁ בּוֹ בְּאָדָם, אַחַת יוֹעַצְתּוֹ לְטוֹבָה וְאַחַת יוֹעַצְתּוֹ לְרָעָה. וּמִסְתַּבְּרָא דְּטוֹבָה לִימִינוֹ וְרָעָה לִשְׂמֹאלוֹ, דִּכְתִיב: ״לֵב חָכָם לִימִינוֹ וְלֵב כְּסִיל לִשְׂמֹאלוֹ״. תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: כְּלָיוֹת יוֹעֲצוֹת, לֵב מֵבִין, לָשׁוֹן מְחַתֵּךְ, פֶּה גּוֹמֵר, וֶשֶׁט מַכְנִיס וּמוֹצִיא כׇּל מִינֵי מַאֲכָל, קָנֶה מוֹצִיא קוֹל,

The Sages taught in a baraita: A person has two kidneys; one advises him to do good and one advises him to do evil. And it stands to reason that the one advising him to do good is to his right and the one that advises him to do evil is to his left, as it is written: “A wise man’s understanding is at his right hand, but a fool’s understanding is at his left” (Ecclesiastes 10:2). Tangential to the subject of kidneys, the Gemara cites that which the Sages taught in a baraita with regard to the roles of various organs: The kidneys advise, the heart understands, the tongue shapes the sounds that emerge from the mouth, the mouth completes the shaping of the voice, the esophagus takes in and lets out all kinds of food, the trachea produces the voice,

Source 9 · Chazal
Verified

Niddah 31a

נדה ל״א א — ד"ה תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן

Niddah 31a:9

The Talmud describes fetal formation and assigns the kidneys a role in bodily development, including the formulation that the Holy One places the kidneys in the fetus and gives it understanding. It also connects the kidneys with counsel and instruction.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: שְׁלֹשָׁה שׁוּתָּפִין יֵשׁ בָּאָדָם — הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְאָבִיו, וְאִמּוֹ. אָבִיו מַזְרִיעַ הַלּוֹבֶן, שֶׁמִּמֶּנּוּ עֲצָמוֹת, וְגִידִים, וְצִפׇּרְנַיִם, וּמוֹחַ שֶׁבְּרֹאשׁוֹ, וְלוֹבֶן שֶׁבָּעַיִן. אִמּוֹ מַזְרַעַת אוֹדֶם, שֶׁמִּמֶּנּוּ עוֹר, וּבָשָׂר, וּשְׂעָרוֹת, וְשָׁחוֹר שֶׁבָּעַיִן. וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נוֹתֵן בּוֹ רוּחַ, וּנְשָׁמָה, וּקְלַסְתֵּר פָּנִים, וּרְאִיַּית הָעַיִן, וּשְׁמִיעַת הָאוֹזֶן, וְדִבּוּר פֶּה, וְהִלּוּךְ רַגְלַיִם, וּבִינָה, וְהַשְׂכֵּל. וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ זְמַנּוֹ לְהִפָּטֵר מִן הָעוֹלָם, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נוֹטֵל חֶלְקוֹ וְחֵלֶק אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ, מַנִּיחַ לִפְנֵיהֶם. אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא: הַיְינוּ דְּאָמְרִי אִינָשֵׁי ״פּוּץ מִלְחָא וּשְׁדִי בִּשְׂרָא לְכַלְבָּא״.

§ The Sages taught: There are three partners in the creation of a person: The Holy One, Blessed be He, and his father, and his mother. His father emits the white seed, from which the following body parts are formed: The bones, the sinews, the nails, the brain that is in its head, and the white of the eye. His mother emits red seed, from which are formed the skin, the flesh, the hair, and the black of the eye. And the Holy One, Blessed be He, inserts into him a spirit, a soul, his countenance [ukelaster], eyesight, hearing of the ear, the capability of speech of the mouth, the capability of walking with the legs, understanding, and wisdom. And when a person’s time to depart from the world arrives, the Holy One, Blessed be He, retrieves His part, and He leaves the part of the person’s father and mother before them. Rav Pappa said: This is in accordance with the adage that people say: Remove the salt from a piece of meat, and you may then toss the meat to a dog, as it has become worthless.

Source 10 · Chazal
Verified

Berakhot 10a

ברכות י׳ א — ד"ה רַב שִׁימִי בַּר עוּקְבָא וְאָמְרִי לַהּ

Berakhot 10a:21

The passage interprets the verse about kidneys instructing at night and discusses the moral and spiritual significance of inward guidance. It is a useful Chazal source for the symbolic meaning of the kidneys.

רַב שִׁימִי בַּר עוּקְבָא וְאָמְרִי לַהּ מָר עוּקְבָא, הֲוָה שְׁכִיחַ קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן פַּזִּי, וַהֲוָה מְסַדַּר אַגָּדָתָא קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַאי דִּכְתִיב, ״בָּרְכִי נַפְשִׁי אֶת ה׳ וְכָל קְרָבַי אֶת שֵׁם קָדְשׁוֹ״? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: בֹּא וּרְאֵה שֶׁלֹּא כְּמִדַּת הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִדַּת בָּשָׂר וָדָם. מִדַּת בָּשָׂר וָדָם צָר צוּרָה עַל גַּבֵּי הַכּוֹתֶל, וְאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהָטִיל בָּהּ רוּחַ וּנְשָׁמָה קְרָבַיִם וּבְנֵי מֵעַיִם. וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵינוֹ כֵּן, צָר צוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ צוּרָה וּמֵטִיל בָּהּ רוּחַ וּנְשָׁמָה קְרָבַיִם וּבְנֵי מֵעַיִם. וְהַיְינוּ דְּאָמְרָה חַנָּה: ״אֵין קָדוֹשׁ כַּה׳ כִּי אֵין בִּלְתֶּךָ וְאֵין צוּר כֵּאלֹהֵינוּ״. מַאי ״אֵין צוּר כֵּאלֹהֵינוּ״ — אֵין צַיָּיר כֵּאלֹהֵינוּ.

Other interpretations of this verse exist. The Gemara relates how Rav Shimi bar Ukva, and some say Mar Ukva, would regularly study before Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi, who was well versed in aggada and would arrange the aggada before Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi. Once, Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi said to him: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Bless the Lord, my soul, and all that is within me bless His Holy name”? Rav Shimi bar Ukva said to Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi: Come and see that the attribute of the Holy One, Blessed be He, is not like the attribute of flesh and blood, as this verse praises the formation of man in his mother’s womb. The attribute of flesh and blood is such that he shapes a form on the wall for all to see, yet he cannot instill it with a spirit and soul, bowels and intestines. While the Holy One, Blessed be He, is not so, as God shapes one form within another form, a child in its mother’s womb, and instills it with spirit and soul, bowels and intestines. And this is the explanation of what Hannah said with regard to the birth of Samuel: “There is none holy like the Lord, for there is none like You, and there is no Rock like our God” (I Samuel 2:2). What is the meaning of there is no rock [tzur] like our God? There is no artist [tzayyar] like our God.

Source 11 · Chazal
Verified

Chullin 42

חולין מ״ב — ד"ה בִּשְׁלָמָא לְתַנָּא דִּידַן

Chullin 42:2

If a kidney is struck [with disease], the animal is treifa; the Mishnah teaches that if the spleen is removed the animal is kosher, and Rav Avira states in the name of Rava that this applies only when the spleen is removed, but if it is pierced the animal is treifa.

לָקְתָה בְּכוּלְיָא אַחַת – טְרֵפָה, וּתְנַן: נִיטַּל הַטְּחוֹל – כְּשֵׁרָה, וְאָמַר רַב עַוִּירָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרָבָא: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא נִיטַּל, אֲבָל נִיקַּב – טְרֵפָה.

Source 12 · Chazal
Verified

Chullin 48

חולין מ״ח — ד"ה שַׁלְפּוּחִית שֶׁלָּהּ – כְּשֵׁרָה

Chullin 48:1

Shmuel rules that an animal with lung cysts is kosher, but clarifies that Rav Mattana's distinction between pus-filled cysts (tereifa) and clear-fluid-filled cysts (kosher) applies specifically to cysts on the kidney, not the lung.

בְּעָא מִינֵּיהּ רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה מִשְּׁמוּאֵל: הֶעֶלְתָה צְמָחִין, מַהוּ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כְּשֵׁרָה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אַף אֲנִי אוֹמֵר כֵּן, אֶלָּא שֶׁהַתַּלְמִידִים מִזְדַּנְּזִין בַּדָּבָר, דְּאָמַר רַב מַתְנָא: מַלְיָא מוּגְלָא – טְרֵפָה, מַיִם זַכִּים – כְּשֵׁרָה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הָהִיא בְּכוּלְיָא אִתְּמַר.

§ Rabba bar bar Ḥana asked Shmuel: If the lung grew cysts full of pus, what is the halakha? Shmuel said to him: The animal is kosher. Rabba bar bar Ḥana said to him in reply: I also say so, that the animal is kosher, except that the students doubt the matter, as Rav Mattana says: If the cyst was full of pus, the animal is a tereifa; if it was full of clear fluid, it is kosher. Shmuel said to him: That halakha of Rav Mattana was stated with regard to a cyst on the kidney, not on the lung.

Source 13 · Chazal
Verified

Chullin 117

חולין קי״ז — ד"ה מוֹעֲלִין בּוֹ

Chullin 117:1

The term "chelev" (forbidden fat) in the Torah needed clarification through the phrase "as it is removed," since if only "chelev" had been written, one might think it includes the fat but excludes the additional membrane and two kidneys that are removed with it.

אִיצְטְרִיךְ, דְּאִי כְּתַב רַחֲמָנָא ״חֵלֶב״, הֲוָה אָמֵינָא: חֵלֶב – אִין, יוֹתֶרֶת וּשְׁתֵּי כְלָיוֹת – לָא. כְּתַב רַחֲמָנָא ״כַּאֲשֶׁר יוּרַם״.

Source 14 · Chazal
Verified

Chullin 46

חולין מ״ו — ד"ה עַד וְעַד בַּכְּלָל

Chullin 46:1

The passage discusses a disagreement about the minimum amount of liver that must remain for an animal to be kosher: Rabbi Ḥiyya holds that if less than an olive-bulk remains, the animal is a tereifa, while Rabbi Shimon son of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi permits it; the Sages further dispute whether the required olive-bulk must be in the place where the liver connects to the gallbladder or in the place where it attaches to the other organs under the right kidney, with Rav Pappa concluding that the olive-bulk must be present in both locations.

נִיטְּלָה הַכָּבֵד וְכוּ׳. הָא נִשְׁתַּיֵּיר הֵימֶנָּה כְּלוּם – כְּשֵׁרָה, אַף עַל גַּב דְּלָא הָוֵי כְּזַיִת, וְהָתְנַן: נִיטַּל הַכָּבֵד וְנִשְׁתַּיֵּיר הֵימֶנָּה כְּזַיִת – כְּשֵׁרָה! אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: לָא קַשְׁיָא, הָא רַבִּי חִיָּיא, הָא רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר רַבִּי, כִּי הָא דְּרַבִּי חִיָּיא זָרֵיק לַהּ, וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר רַבִּי מְטַבֵּיל לַהּ, וְסִימָנָיךְ: ״עֲשִׁירִין מְקַמְּצִין״. הָהוּא פּוּלְמוּסָא דַּאֲתָא לְפוּמְבְּדִיתָא, עֲרַקוּ רַבָּה וְרַב יוֹסֵף, פְּגַע בְּהוּ רַבִּי זֵירָא, אֲמַר לְהוּ: עָרוֹקָאֵי, כְּזַיִת שֶׁאָמְרוּ בִּמְקוֹם מָרָה. רַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה אָמַר: בִּמְקוֹם שֶׁהִיא חַיָּה. אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא: הִלְכָּךְ, בָּעֵינַן כְּזַיִת בִּמְקוֹם מָרָה, וּבָעֵינַן כְּזַיִת בִּמְקוֹם שֶׁהִיא חַיָּה.

§ The mishna states: If the liver was removed and nothing remained of it, the animal is a tereifa. The Gemara asks: It follows, therefore, that if anything remained of it, the animal is kosher, even if the remaining piece does not constitute an olive-bulk. But didn’t we learn in a mishna on 54a: If the liver was removed and an olive-bulk of it remained, it is kosher? One can infer that if less remained, it is a tereifa. Rav Yosef said: This is not difficult. This mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Ḥiyya, while that mishna later in the chapter is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, son of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi. This is like that incident in which an amount smaller than an olive-bulk remained of the liver, and Rabbi Ḥiyya discarded it, as he holds that the animal is a tereifa, but Rabbi Shimon, son of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, dipped it in a seasoning and ate it. And your mnemonic to remember which Sage maintained which opinion is: The rich are stingy. Rabbi Shimon, son of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, was wealthy, but he nevertheless did not allow the meat to go to waste. The Gemara relates that a certain royal army came to Pumbedita, and Rabba and Rav Yosef fled the city, whereupon Rabbi Zeira met them. Rabbi Zeira said to them: Refugees, hear this halakha: The olive-bulk that the Sages said must remain of the liver so the animal will remain kosher must be in the place where the liver connects to the gallbladder. Rav Adda bar Ahava says: The olive-bulk must be in the place that the liver lives, i.e., is connected to the other organs, under the right kidney. Rav Pappa said: Therefore, in order to satisfy both opinions, we require an olive-bulk in the place of the gallbladder, and we also require an olive-bulk in the place that it lives. Otherwise, the animal is a tereifa.

Source 15 · Chazal
Verified

Chullin 56

חולין נ״ו — ד"ה בְּגִילָא דְּחִיטְּתָא

Chullin 56:2

Rabbi Shmuel bar Rav Yitzḥak teaches that if a bird's intestines are displaced from their proper order, the bird becomes a tereifa, drawing on the principle that God established specific anatomical locations for each organ in living creatures, so that displacement of any organ prevents survival; a baraita records Rabbi Meir's homiletical application of this same verse to the Jewish people as an ordered community from which emerge priests, prophets, chiefs, and kings.

יָצְאוּ בְּנֵי מֵעֶיהָ, אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר רַב יִצְחָק: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא שֶׁלֹּא הִיפֵּךְ בָּהֶן, אֲבָל הִיפֵּךְ בָּהֶן – טְרֵפָה, דִּכְתִיב: ״הוּא עָשְׂךָ וַיְכֹנְנֶךָ״, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁבָּרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כּוֹנָנִיּוֹת בָּאָדָם, שֶׁאִם נֶהְפָּךְ (אַחַת) [אֶחָד] מֵהֶן – אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לִחְיוֹת. תַּנְיָא, הָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: ״הוּא עָשְׂךָ וַיְכֹנְנֶךָ״ – כַּרְכָא דְּכוֹלָּה בֵּיהּ, מִמֶּנּוּ כֹּהֲנָיו, מִמֶּנּוּ נְבִיאָיו, מִמֶּנּוּ שָׂרָיו, מִמֶּנּוּ מְלָכָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״מִמֶּנּוּ פִנָּה מִמֶּנּוּ יָתֵד וְגוֹ׳״.

§ The mishna states: If the bird’s intestines emerged from the stomach wall but were not perforated, the bird is kosher. Rabbi Shmuel bar Rav Yitzḥak says: The Sages taught this halakha only in a case where one did not jumble them, but returned them to the stomach in their proper order. But if he jumbled them, the bird is a tereifa, as it is written: “Has He not made you, and established you?” (Deuteronomy 32:6). The verse teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, created established locations for each organ in a person, so that if one of them is switched he cannot live. The same applies to other creatures. It is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Meir would say that the verse: “Has He not made you, and established you?” teaches that the Jewish people is a city with everything in it. Out of it come its priests, out of it come its prophets, out of it come its chiefs, out of it come its kings, as it is stated: “Out of them shall come forth the cornerstone, out of them the stake, out of them the battle bow, out of them every master together” (Zechariah 10:4).

Source 16 · Chazal
Verified

Chullin 58

חולין נ״ח — ד"ה הָנֵי תַּמְרֵי דְּכַדָּא לְבָתַר תְּרֵיסַר יַרְחֵי

Chullin 58:2

Natan bar Sheila testified before Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi that two intestines exiting from an animal's abomasum as one unit render it tereifa, though in birds this condition is permitted because it is common; the halakha distinguishes whether the intestines exit at two different points (tereifa) or one point and merge within a fingerbreadth (kosher), with Rav Ami and Rav Asi disagreeing whether merging is required or whether proximity alone suffices, the latter interpreting "within a fingerbreadth" to mean before the final fingerbreadth near the anus.

הֵעִיד נָתָן בַּר שֵׁילָא רַב טַבָּחַיָּא דְּצִיפּוֹרִי לִפְנֵי רַבִּי, עַל שְׁנֵי בְּנֵי מֵעַיִם הַיּוֹצְאִין מִן הַבְּהֵמָה כְּאֶחָד, שֶׁהִיא טְרֵפָה, וּכְנֶגְדָּן בָּעוֹף – כְּשֵׁרָה. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים? שֶׁיּוֹצְאִין בִּשְׁנֵי מְקוֹמוֹת, אֲבָל יוֹצְאִין בְּמָקוֹם אֶחָד, וְכָלִין עַד כְּאֶצְבַּע – כְּשֵׁרָה. פְּלִיגִי בַּהּ רַב אַמֵּי וְרַב אַסִּי, חַד אָמַר: הוּא דְּהָדְרִי וְעָרְבִי, וְחַד אָמַר: אַף עַל גַּב דְּלָא הָדְרִי וְעָרְבִי. בִּשְׁלָמָא לְמַאן דְּאָמַר הוּא דְּהָדְרִי וְעָרְבִי, הַיְינוּ דְּקָתָנֵי ״עַד כְּאֶצְבַּע״, אֶלָּא לְמַאן דְּאָמַר אַף עַל גַּב דְּלָא הָדְרִי וְעָרְבִי, מַאי ״עַד כְּאֶצְבַּע״? עַד כְּאֶצְבַּע מִלְּמַטָּה.

Natan bar Sheila, head of the butchers of Tzippori, testified before Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi about two intestines that exit the abomasum of the animal as one, that this renders the animal a tereifa. But if this phenomenon occurs likewise in a bird, it is kosher, because it is common in birds. In what case is this statement said, i.e., that two intestines render an animal a tereifa? It is said in a case where they exit at two different points. But if they exit at one point, adjacent to each other, and they end, i.e., they merge into one intestine, within a fingerbreadth, the animal is kosher. Rav Ami and Rav Asi disagree with regard to this halakha. One says: It is kosher when the two intestines exit at one point only in a case where they subsequently merge into one intestine; and one says: It is kosher even if they do not subsequently merge. The Gemara asks: Granted, according to the one who says that it is kosher only in a case where they subsequently merge, this explanation is consistent with that which the baraita teaches: Within a fingerbreadth. That is, the two intestines must merge within a fingerbreadth for the animal to be kosher. But according to the one who says: It is kosher even if they do not subsequently merge, what is the meaning of the phrase: And they end within a fingerbreadth? The Gemara responds: It means within a fingerbreadth below. As long as the intestines merge before the final fingerbreadth near the anus, the animal is kosher.

Source 17 · Chazal
Verified

Yoma 74

יומא ע״ד — ד"ה כּוֹי בְּרִיָּה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ הִיא

Yoma 74:2

The passage presents a halakhic midrash on the obligation to afflict one's soul on Yom Kippur, deriving from Leviticus 16:29 that affliction means refraining from specified actions such as eating and drinking (not proactively causing suffering), similar to how the prohibition of labor requires inaction rather than circumstantial avoidance, and then introduces an alternative interpretation that compares soul-affliction to labor in that both refer to matters one is obligated regarding in another place.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״תְּעַנּוּ אֶת נַפְשׁוֹתֵיכֶם״, יָכוֹל יֵשֵׁב בַּחַמָּה אוֹ בַּצִּנָּה כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּצְטַעֵר — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְכׇל מְלָאכָה לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ״. מָה מְלָאכָה שֵׁב וְאַל תַּעֲשֶׂה, אַף עִנּוּי נֶפֶשׁ שֵׁב וְאַל תַּעֲשֶׂה. וְאֵימָא: הֵיכָא דְּיָתֵיב בְּשִׁימְשָׁא וְחָיֵים לֵיהּ לָא נֵימָא לֵיהּ קוּם תּוּב בְּטוּלָּא, יָתֵיב בְּטוּלָּא וְקָרֵיר לֵיהּ לָא נֵימָא לֵיהּ קוּם תּוּב בְּשִׁימְשָׁא! דּוּמְיָא דִּמְלָאכָה: מָה מְלָאכָה לֹא חִלַּקְתָּ בָּהּ, אַף עִנּוּי לֹא תַּחְלוֹק בּוֹ. תַּנְיָא אִידַּךְ: ״תְּעַנּוּ אֶת נַפְשׁוֹתֵיכֶם״, יָכוֹל יֵשֵׁב בַּחַמָּה וּבַצִּנָּה וְיִצְטַעֵר — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְכׇל מְלָאכָה לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ״, מָה מְלָאכָה דָּבָר שֶׁחַיָּיבִין עָלָיו בִּמְקוֹם אַחֵר, אַף עִנּוּי נֶפֶשׁ שֶׁחַיָּיבִין עָלָיו בִּמְקוֹם אַחֵר, וְאִי זֶה זֶה? זֶה פִּגּוּל וְנוֹתָר.

§ After clarifying the wording of the mishna, the Gemara brings a halakhic midrash to analyze the mishna’s laws. The Sages taught: The verse states: “And this shall be a statute to you forever: In the seventh month on the tenth day of the month you shall afflict your souls” (Leviticus 16:29). I might have thought that one should sit in the sun or in the cold to suffer and afflict his soul; therefore the continuation of the verse states: “And you shall not do any labor, the home-born, or the stranger that lives among you” (Leviticus 16:29). This teaches that just as prohibited labor is a mitzva that requires one to sit and do nothing, as one is commanded to refrain from action, so too, affliction of one’s soul is also a mitzva requiring one to sit and do nothing. One is not commanded to be proactive in order to afflict his soul. Rather, one must refrain from specified actions such as eating and drinking. The Gemara asks: And say that it means that when one sits in the sun and it is too hot for him, we do not say to him: Get up and sit in the shade. Or, if one sits in the shade and it is too cold for him, we do not say to him: Get up and sit in the sun. These are also cases of affliction involving sitting and doing nothing. The Gemara rejects this: It must be similar to the prohibition of labor. Just as with regard to prohibited labor you did not distinguish between situations, since the prohibition is independent of one’s personal circumstance, so too, you do not distinguish with regard to affliction, which is not affected by one’s circumstance. It was taught in another baraita that as the verse states: “You shall afflict your souls” (Leviticus 16:29), I might have thought that one must sit in the sun or the cold and be uncomfortable; therefore, the continuation of the verse states: “And you shall not do any labor” (Leviticus 16:29). Just as prohibited labor is something that incurs karet in other circumstances, like Shabbat, so too, affliction relates to acts that in other circumstances incur karet. And what is that circumstance? That is referring to piggul and notar, which lead to karet if eaten, and which therefore may not be eaten on Yom Kippur.

Source 18 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 41

שולחן ערוך, יורה דעה מ״א

Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 41

This siman addresses defects in the organs of a kosher animal, including internal organs and their condition. It is a central practical-halakhic locus for questions involving animal kidneys and treifot.

ניטל הכבד טריפה אלא אם כן נשתייר כזית במקום מרה וכזית במקום חיותו שהוא תלוי בו ויהיו כשני זיתים הללו כל אחד שלם במקומו אבל אם היה מתלקט או כרצועה או מרודד טריפה: יבש הכבד עד שנפרך בצפורן טריפה והוא שיבש כולו ולא נשתייר כזית במקום מרה וכזית במקום חיותו: הגה ואם יבשו אלו הב' זיתים לבד נמי טריפה נימוק הכבד דהיינו שדם יוצא מבשר הכבד שנימוק והיה לדם טריפה (רוקח) אע"פ שנשתיירו ב' הזיתים דסופו לרקב הכל (ד"ע) יש אומרים כבד שקשה כאבן טריפה (רוקח ועב"י וד"מ) והוא שלא נשתיירו בה ב' זיתים הנזכרים שלא נתקשו:

Source 19 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 64

שולחן ערוך, יורה דעה ס״ד

Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 64:17

This siman treats the sciatic sinew and the removal of forbidden fats and sinews from an animal. It is relevant to the halakhic anatomy of the hindquarters and internal structures, though not exclusively to kidneys.

נהגו מנקרי הבשר לנקר בסכין אחד מפני שנותנין בגד על יריכים וכל שעה שנוגע הסכין בחלב מקנחו בו ונכון ללמד אדם לבני ביתו שישפשפו הבשר יפה במים:

Source 20 · Acharonim
Verified

Mishnah Berurah 328

משנה ברורה שכ״ח — ד"ה (ד) מצוה וכו' - פי' לעשות

Mishnah Berurah 328:4

The laws of visiting and caring for the sick, including the overriding importance of preserving life, provide the practical framework for kidney illness and medical treatment on Shabbat. The source is general rather than kidney-specific.

(ד) מצוה וכו' - פי' לעשות לו רפואה והטעם משום דכתיב וחי בהם ולא שימות בהם: (ו) והשואל וכו' - פי' אותו האיש שהוא מתחסד וירא לחלל שבת בחולה כזה כ"א ע"י מורה הרי הוא שופך דמים שבעוד שהוא הולך לשאול יחלש החולה יותר ויוכל להסתכן והרי הכתוב אומר לא תעמוד וגו' ובירושלמי איתא הנשאל הרי זה מגונה פי' משום שהתלמיד חכם במקומו היה לו לדרוש בפרקא לכל כדי שידעו כל העם ולא יצטרכו לשאלו ואם החולה בעצמו מתיירא שיעברו עליו את השבת כופין אותו ומדברים על לבו שהוא חסידות של שטות [רדב"ז]: (יז) סכנת נפשות - צ"ל ספק סכנת נפשות ור"ל דאפילו אומרים רק שמא יכבד עליו החולי ויסתכן נמי שרי וזהו שסיים הרמ"א וע"ל סימן תרי"ח דכן מבואר שם לענין אכילת יוה"כ וה"ה כאן:

Source 21 · Acharonim
Verified

Mishnah Berurah 329:19

משנה ברורה שכ״ט

Mishnah Berurah 329:19

When rescuing someone, one is not obligated to do so if it creates danger to oneself, since one's own life takes precedence over another's; even uncertain danger to oneself outweighs uncertain danger to another, though one must weigh the circumstances carefully and not be excessively stringent in assessing what constitutes genuine risk.

(יט) כדי להצילם - ומ"מ אם יש סכנה להמציל אינו מחויב דחייו קודם לחיי חבירו (או"ה) ואפילו ספק סכנה נמי עדיף ספיקו דידיה מודאי דחברו אולם צריך לשקול הדברים היטב אם יש בו ספק סכנה ולא לדקדק ביותר כאותה שאמרו המדקדק עצמו בכך בא לידי כך [פתחי תשובה חו"מ סי' תכ"ו]:

See also

Source 22 · Acharonim
Verified

Siftei Kohen on Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 117:4

שפתי כהן על שולחן ערוך יורה דעה קי״ז:ד׳

Siftei Kohen on Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 117:4

The passage discusses whether the prohibition against selling certain fats applies only to fats from pure animals or also from impure ones, noting that the Beit Yosef permits selling fat from impure animals because the relevant scriptural passage concerns fat from neveilah and trefah (which apply only to pure animals), while fat from pure animals is prohibited for sale as food but permitted for sale for anointing hides.

חוץ מן החלב. פי' חלב של בהמה טהורה אבל של בהמה טמאה משמע דעת הב"י דאסור לעשות בו סחורה דבקרא לא נזכר אלא חלב נבלה וטרפה ומ"ש המחבר סתם חוץ מן החלב מפני שסמך עצמו אמה שכתב שהרי נאמר בו כו' ועוד דסתם בחלב של טהורה מיירי דלא כהא"ח שכתב שלא חילק הכתוב בין טהורה לטמאה וגם תמיה לי על הא"ח שהוא להדיא נגד הברייתא דזבחים (דף ע' ע"א) ומייתי לה בת"כ פ' צו דאיתא התם דהאי קרא דחלב נבלה וטרפה וגו' איירי דוקא בבהמה טהורה שיש במינה טרפה ולא בטמאה ע"ש מיהו דוקא בחלב העומד למכור לאכילה הוא דאסור אבל למשוח עורות נתבאר בס"ק א' דמותר למכרו:

See also

Source 23 · Hasidic
Verified

recovered from “Sefat Emet, Deuteronomy, Rosh HaShanah 5657

Sefat Emet, Rosh Hashanah 5657

שפת אמת, דברים, ראש השנה כ״ה

Sefat Emet, Deuteronomy, Rosh HaShanah 25

The Sefat Emet discusses divine judgment as penetrating the inner person rather than merely evaluating external action. This provides a Hasidic parallel to the biblical language of God testing the kidneys and heart.

פי' בתוך האדם עצמו עושה העון הבדל שלא יוכל להתפשט חלק אלקות שבו להאיר בו. ואמרו חז"ל לעולם יראה אדם עצמו כאלו קדוש שורה בתוך מעיו. פי' לעולם אפילו אחר שחטא. מ"מ יש בו חלק אלקות.

Related sources· 8 found, not yet verifiedSign in to verify
  • עשרה דברים משמשין את הנפש, הושט למזון, והקנה לקול, והכבד לחימה, והריאה לשתיה, הממס לטחון, והטחול לשחוק, והקיבה לשינה, והמרה לקנאה, והכליות מחשבות, והלב גומר, והנפש למעלה מכולם.

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • Kuzari 4:44unverified

    ואשר נגדר בספרי התלמוד מהחכמות ההן, נשמר ונשאר בעבור רוב יודעיהם והשגחתם אליהם, ומזה כל מה שנזכר בהלכות שחיטה והלכות טריפה, שיש בהן מן החכמות מה שנעלם רובו מגאלינוס, ואם אינו כן, למה לא זכר בחליים מה שאנו רואים אותו בעינינו, במה שהעידה התורה עליו מחלי הריאה והלב, כמו סמוך ללב וסמוך לדופן, הדבק האונות וחסרונם ויתרונם, ויובש הריאה והמסס, ומידיעתם בהערכת האיברים הנפשיים עם הטבעיים, מה שאמרו: שני קרומות למוח וכנגדם לביצים... ומהמופלא שבדיניהם בטרפות שדקדקו בהגבלת הגובה, אשר אם דוחים הבהמה ממנו למטה תהיה אסורה משום רסוק איברים, הרסוק המביא אל המוות... ומפלאי דיניהם עוד ונסיונותם: חרותה בידי שמים כשרה, בידי אדם טרפה משום צמוק ריאה, ובדיקותה, שרייתה במים פושרים מעת לעת, אי הדרא בריא כשרה, ואם לאו טרפה...

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • וי"א כי נקראו כליות מגזרת נכספה וגם כלתה נפשי (תה' פד ג) כי שם כח התאוה למשגל:

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • עם חלב כליות חטה - שומן חמדת חטים המובחרים וכמו ותכל דוד המלך, כלתה נפשי לשון חימוד ותאוה...

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • ותעלוזנה כליותי - ...או שהכליות קרובות למעשה, שהלב חושב וכליות יועצות.

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • Chullin 54aunverified

    ואלו כשרות בבהמה... ניטלו הכליות... מתיב רבי יוסי בר אבין ואיתימא רבי יוסי בר זבידא חותך מעובר שבמעיה מותר באכילה מן הטחול ומן הכליות אסור באכילה, הא בהמה גופא שריא, הוא הדין דאפילו בהמה נמי אסירא... ואיבעית אימא ניקב לחוד ונחתך לחוד. אמר רכיש בר פפא משמיה דרב לקתה בכוליא אחת טרפה, אמרי במערבא והוא דמטאי לקותא למקום חריץ. והיכא מקום חריץ לחיורא דתותי מתני. אמר רבי נחוניא שאילתינהו לכולהו טרופאי דמערבא ואמרו לי הלכתא כרכיש בן פפא, ולית הלכתא כרב עוירא... אמרי במערבה כל הפוסל בריאה כשר בכוליא, שהרי נקב פסול בריאה וכשר בכוליא, וכל שכן היכא דכשר בריאה כשר בכוליא. מתקיף לה רב תנחומא וכללא הוא, והרי מוגלא דכשר בריאה ופסול בכוליא, והרי מים זכין דכשרין הכא והכא, אלא אמר רב אשי טרפות קא מדמית להדדי... הכוליא שהקטינה בדקה עד כפול, בגסה עד כענבה בינונית.

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • Filed under: לא יעיין בהלכה

  • Kiddushin 24bunverified

    Filed under: ראשי אברים

Related sheets

Machshavaמחשבה

The Kidneys as Seat of Inner Counsel

Biblical sources portray the kidneys (klayos) as an inner faculty associated with counsel, wisdom, intention, and moral discernment. God's examination of the kidneys alongside the heart represents divine scrutiny of the hidden interior where true character and sincere devotion reside.

View Sources17 sources
Tanakhתנ״ך

Kidneys as Symbols of Inner Conscience

Biblical passages explore the kidneys as metaphorical organs representing the hidden interior life—conscience, moral intention, spiritual yearning, and divine scrutiny of the soul. These sources pair kidneys with the heart as the seat of inward experience subject to God's examination.

View Sources16 sources
Machshavaמחשבה

The Shelah on Torah and the Divine

The Shelah explores Torah as a multifaceted spiritual reality—a sanctuary mirroring the holiness of the Temple, the vehicle for divine wisdom, the inseparable bond of the Jewish people, and the primary means of cleaving to God. These sources emphasize Torah study as central to Jewish identity, spiritual elevation, and the ultimate redemption.

View Sources12 sources
Mitzvotמצוות

Minhagim of Naming Jewish Babies

These sources explore the Jewish customs and spiritual significance of naming children, tracing the practice from Biblical examples of name-giving and name-changes to Talmudic teachings on how names influence character and destiny, and concluding with codified halakhic practices for the timing of a baby's name.

View Sources8 sources
Halachaהלכה

Rishonim on the Urim and Tumim's Spiritual Function

Medieval and classical Jewish sources explore how the Urim and Tumim functioned as a divinely sanctioned oracular instrument for priestly decision-making. The sources examine the mechanism by which letters illuminated to communicate God's will, the spiritual prerequisites for the Kohen Gadol to receive answers, and the instrument's role in national governance and military decisions.

View Sources15 sources
Machshavaמחשבה

Hashem's Joy in the Jewish People

These sources explore the reciprocal relationship between Hashem and Israel expressed through the concept of 'cheilek' (portion), grounding the philosophical teaching that Hashem finds joy and completeness in the Jewish people — a theme developed from Tannaitic wisdom through Chassidic interpretation and exemplified in the Vilna Gaon's response to Rav Chaim Volozhin.

View Sources13 sources

Explore more