Mitzvotמצוות

The Mitzvah of Wearing a Kippah

Jewish sources establish head covering as a practice rooted in reverence before God and maintaining constant awareness of Divine presence. The sources present both the legal obligation to cover one's head and the spiritual significance of this custom across Jewish tradition.

מְלֹא כׇל הָאָרֶץ כְּבוֹדוֹ

10 sources · 9 verified

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What the sources say

The foundational reason given by Chazal for covering the head is that it cultivates the fear of Heaven. The Gemara in Shabbat 156b recounts how the mother of Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak instructed him to keep his head covered precisely so that awe of Heaven would rest upon him — and when his cloak slipped from his head, he was immediately overcome by an illicit impulse, illustrating the practice's moral force.

Rav Huna son of Rav Yehoshua gave the practice its most direct theological grounding: he would not walk even four cubits with an uncovered head, explaining that the Divine Presence rests above his head (Kiddushin 31a), and he numbered this practice among his great personal merits (Shabbat 118b).

The Rambam codified that one may not stand in prayer with an uncovered head, and that it was the way of all sages and their students to pray only when wrapped (Mishneh Torah, Prayer and the Priestly Blessing 5:5), while Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 2:6 extends this further, ruling that one may not walk four cubits with an uncovered head at all.

The Mishnah Berurah 8:4 explains the inner rationale directly: head-covering humbles a person's heart and brings him to fear of Heaven, and the Taz there holds that one should not even remove the small cap on one's head during prayer despite being covered by a tallit.

The Mishnah Berurah 2:11 records a debate among the poskim as to whether going bareheaded is a full legal prohibition or a measure of piety, noting that the Taz rules it is a complete prohibition in our times even in one's own home, and adds that even children should be trained to cover their heads so that fear of Heaven will rest upon them — explicitly citing the passage from Shabbat 156b as the reason.

The Kitzur Shulchan Arukh 3:6 likewise rules that children must be trained to cover their heads from a young age for this same reason — that fear of Heaven should rest upon them — quoting directly the Talmudic phrase from Shabbat 156b.

The broader theological backdrop is supplied by Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 41, which teaches that one must always bear in mind that God stands over him and the whole world is full of His glory, and that one must therefore serve Him with awe as one standing before a king — the precise consciousness that head-covering is meant to evoke.

Igros Moshe OC 1:1 addresses the practical permissibility of walking in public or reciting blessings while wearing a small kippah that covers only part of the head, and, on our reading of the cited page, concludes by analyzing whether uncovered-head prohibition is a strict legal rule or a measure of piety, examining the Taz's position that it is strictly forbidden, and determining whether partial coverage is halachically sufficient for the various situations at issue.

Source 1 · Chazal
Verified

Shabbat 156b

שבת קנ״ו ב — ד"ה וּמִדְּרַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק נָמֵי אֵין

Shabbat 156b:6

The Talmud tells of astrologers predicting that Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak would become a thief, and his mother instructing him to cover his head so that fear of Heaven would remain upon him. The covering functioned as a visible reminder of accountability to God.

וּמִדְּרַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק נָמֵי אֵין מַזָּל לְיִשְׂרָאֵל. דְּאִימֵּיהּ דְּרַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק אָמְרִי לַהּ כַּלְדָּאֵי: בְּרִיךְ גַּנָּבָא הָוֵה. לָא שְׁבַקְתֵּיהּ גַּלּוֹיֵי רֵישֵׁיהּ. אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ: כַּסִּי רֵישָׁיךָ, כִּי הֵיכִי דְּתִיהְוֵי עֲלָךְ אֵימְתָא דִשְׁמַיָּא, וּבְעִי רַחֲמֵי. לָא הֲוָה יָדַע אַמַּאי קָאָמְרָה לֵיהּ. יוֹמָא חַד יָתֵיב קָא גָרֵיס תּוּתֵי דִיקְלָא, נְפַל גְּלִימָא מֵעִילָּוֵי רֵישֵׁיהּ, דְּלִי עֵינֵיהּ חֲזָא לְדִיקְלָא, אַלְּמֵיהּ יִצְרֵיהּ, סְלֵיק, פַּסְקֵיהּ לְקִיבּוּרָא בְּשִׁינֵּיהּ.

And from that which transpired to Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak as well it can be derived that there is no constellation for the Jewish people, As Chaldean astrologers told Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak’s mother: Your son will be a thief. She did not allow him to uncover his head. She said to her son: Cover your head so that the fear of Heaven will be upon you, and pray for Divine mercy. He did not know why she said this to him. One day he was sitting and studying beneath a palm tree that did not belong to him, and the cloak fell off of his head. He lifted his eyes and saw the palm tree. He was overcome by impulse and he climbed up and detached a bunch of dates with his teeth. Apparently, he had an inborn inclination to steal, but was able to overcome that inclination with proper education and prayer.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Kiddushin 31a

קידושין ל״א א — ד"ה אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי

Kiddushin 31a:3

Rav Huna is described as refusing to walk four cubits bareheaded, saying that the Divine Presence is above his head. The passage presents head covering as an expression of reverence and constant awareness before God.

אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: אָסוּר לְאָדָם שֶׁיְּהַלֵּךְ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת בְּקוֹמָה זְקוּפָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״מְלֹא כׇל הָאָרֶץ כְּבוֹדוֹ״. רַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ לָא מְסַגֵּי אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת בְּגִילּוּי הָרֹאשׁ. אָמַר: שְׁכִינָה לְמַעְלָה מֵרֹאשִׁי.

With regard to the same issue, Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: It is prohibited for a person to walk even four cubits with an upright posture, which is considered an arrogant manner, as it is stated: “The entire world is full of His glory” (Isaiah 6:3). One who walks in an arrogant manner indicates a lack of regard for the glory and honor of God that is surrounding him, and thereby chases God from that place, as it were. The Gemara relates: Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, would not walk four cubits with an uncovered head. He said: The Divine Presence is above my head, and I must act respectfully.

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Shabbat 118b

שבת קי״ח ב — ד"ה אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן

Shabbat 118b:13

Rav Huna son of Rav Yehoshua states he never walked four cubits with his head uncovered, counting this as a deed for which he expects reward.

אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: תֵּיתֵי לִי, דְּקַיֵּימִית שָׁלֹשׁ סְעוּדוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת. אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה: תֵּיתֵי לִי, דְּקַיֵּימִית עִיּוּן תְּפִלָּה. אָמַר רַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ: תֵּיתֵי לִי, דְּלָא סָגֵינָא אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת בְּגִילּוּי הָרֹאשׁ. אָמַר רַב שֵׁשֶׁת: תֵּיתֵי לִי, דְּקַיֵּימִית מִצְוַת תְּפִילִּין. וְאָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: תֵּיתֵי לִי, דְּקַיֵּימִית מִצְוַת צִיצִית.

Rav Naḥman said: May I receive my reward because I fulfilled the obligation to eat three meals on Shabbat magnificently. Rav Yehuda said: May I receive my reward because I fulfilled the obligation of consideration during prayer. Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, said: May I receive my reward because I never walked four cubits with my head uncovered. Rav Sheshet said: May I receive my reward because I fulfilled the mitzva of phylacteries magnificently. And Rav Naḥman said: May I receive my reward because I fulfilled the mitzva of ritual fringes magnificently.

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Prayer and the Priestly Blessing 5:5

משנה תורה, תפלה פרק ה

Mishneh Torah, Prayer and the Priestly Blessing 5:5

Maimonides rules that one should not pray with an uncovered head. In this context, covering the head is part of the demeanor of reverence and respectful standing in prayer.

וְלֹא יַעֲמֹד בִּתְפִלָּה בַּאֲפוּנְדָתוֹ, וְלֹא בְּרֹאשׁ מְגֻלֶּה, וְלֹא בְּרַגְלַיִם מְגֻלּוֹת אִם דֶּרֶךְ אַנְשֵׁי הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁלֹּא יַעַמְדוּ בִּפְנֵי הַגְּדוֹלִים אֶלָּא בְּבָתֵּי הָרַגְלַיִם. דֶּרֶךְ כָּל הַחֲכָמִים וְתַלְמִידֵיהֶם שֶׁלֹּא יִתְפַּלְּלוּ אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁהֵן עֲטוּפִים:

Source 5 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 2:6

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים ב׳:ו׳

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 2:6

The Shulchan Arukh rules that one should cover one’s head and not walk four cubits bareheaded. This codifies head covering as a practice expressing submission and awareness before Heaven.

אסור לילך בקומה זקופה ולא ילך ד' אמות בגילוי הראש ויבדוק נקביו:

Source 6 · Acharonim
Verified

Kitzur Shulchan Arukh 3:6

קיצור שלחן ערוך ג׳:ו׳

Kitzur Shulchan Arukh 3:6

Children should be trained to cover their heads so that fear of Heaven will rest upon them, as illustrated by a teaching in which someone is told to cover their head in order that fear of Heaven will dwell upon them.

וְגַם הַקְּטַנִּים צְרִיכִים לְהַרְגִּילָן לְכַסּוֹת רֹאשָׁן, כִּי הֵיכִי דְתֶהֱוֵי עֲלַיְהוּ אֵימְתָא דִשְׁמַיָּא. אֲמַרָה לֵהּ, כַּסֵּי רֵישָׁךְ כִּי הֵיכִי דְתֶהֱוֵי עֲלָךְ אֵימְתָא דִשְׁמַיָּא וְכוּ' (שַׁבָּת דף קנ"ו ע"ב).

See also

Source 7 · Acharonim
Verified

Mishnah Berurah 2:11

משנה ברורה ב׳:י״א

Mishnah Berurah 2:11

The Mishnah Berurah discusses the obligation and scope of covering the head, including the practice of not going four cubits bareheaded. It explains the custom through fear of Heaven and proper modest conduct.

(יא) ד"א - ומידת חסידות אפילו פחות מד"א ואפילו בעת השינה בלילה ויש שמצדדין לומר דאפילו ד"א אינו אסור מדינא רק להצנועין במעשיהן אבל כבר כתב הט"ז לקמן בסימן ח' דבזמנינו איסור גמור מדינא להיות בגילוי הראש ואפילו יושב בביתו עי"ש הטעם וכן כתב בתשובת מהר"י ברונא וכתב המ"א דאפילו קטנים נכון להרגילם בכיסוי הראש כי היכי דליהוי להו אימתא דשמיא כדאיתא (בשבת קנ"ו) כסי ראשך כי היכי דליהוי עלך אימתא דשמיא ודע עוד דלענין גילוי הראש די בכיסוי היד על הראש וה"ה אם מפלה ראשו שרי בגילוי הראש.

See also

Source 8 · Acharonim
Verified

Mishnah Berurah 8:4

משנה ברורה ח׳:ד׳

Mishnah Berurah 8:4

A tallit brings a person to humility and fear of Heaven, and the Taz holds that one should not remove the small hat on one's head during prayer even though one is also covering the head with the tallit.

(ד) בטלית – שכיסוי זה מכניע לב האדם ומביאו לידי יראת שמים. ועיין בט"ז, שדעתו דנכון שלא יסיר הכובע הקטן שעל ראשו בעת התפילה, אף שהוא מכסה ראשו בהטלית גם כן.

See also

Source 9 · Hasidic
Verified

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 41

תניא, חלק ראשון; ליקוטי אמרים מ״א — ד"ה וְהִנֵּה ה׳ נִצָּב עָלָיו

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 41:3

The Tanya develops the idea that a person should maintain awareness of standing before the King, so that reverence shapes thought, speech, and action. Although the chapter is not a legal discussion of the kippah itself, it supplies the Hasidic inner rationale often associated with wearing one.

וְהִנֵּה ה׳ נִצָּב עָלָיו, וּ״מְלֹא כָל הָאָרֶץ כְּבוֹדוֹ״, וּמַבִּיט עָלָיו, וּבוֹחֵן כְּלָיוֹת וָלֵב אִם עוֹבְדוֹ כָּרָאוּי. וְעַל כֵּן צָרִיךְ לַעֲבוֹד לְפָנָיו בְּאֵימָה וּבְיִרְאָה, כְּעוֹמֵד לִפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ.

“And, behold, G–d stands over him,” and “The whole world is full of His glory,” and He looks upon him and “Searches his reins and heart” [to see] if he is serving Him as is fitting. Therefore he must serve in His presence with awe and fear like one standing before the king.

Source 10 · Modern
External

Igros Moshe OC 1:1

אגרות משה, או"ח א׳:א׳

Igros Moshe OC 1:1

The passage discusses whether it is permissible to walk in public or recite blessings while wearing only a small skullcap that covers only part of the head, examining halachic authorities' views on whether head covering is a strict prohibition or a measure of piety and how stringency applies in different contexts.

הנה בדבר כיסה מקצת הראש כגון ביארמולקע קטנה אם מותר לילך כך ברחוב כמו שרואה שרבים מיראי ה' נוהגים לילך כן ברחוב.

On this pageThe author discusses the permissibility of walking in public or reciting blessings while wearing a small skullcap (yarmulke) that only partially covers the head. He analyzes whether partial coverage is halachically sufficient, reviewing various halachic authorities regarding whether covering the head is a strict prohibition (such as avoiding non-Jewish practices) or a measure of piety, and how it applies to walking versus sitting. This page discusses the prohibition of going bareheaded, analyzing whether it is a strict biblical/rabbinic law (m'dina) or a measure of piety (midad chasidut). It evaluates the Taz's opinion that going bareheaded is strictly forbidden as a non-Jewish custom (chukat hagoy) alongside the views of the Maharshal and others, concluding that while there are lenient grounds regarding partial head coverings or sitting bareheaded, the prevailing custom of piety is to cover the head, though strictly speaking a small head covering is halachically sufficient.

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  • עטוף (הנאמר בכוס) הוא שצריך לעטוף את הראש, בשביל שהשכינה על ראשו, כי כך העמידו חכמי המשנה, אסור לתלמיד חכם ללכת ד' אמות בגילוי הראש, משום שמלא כל הארץ כבודו, כל שכן בברכה ובהזכרת שם הקדוש (שאסור) להיות בגילוי הראש.

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • Filed under: Covering Head with a Tallis

  • Filed under: Covering Head with a Tallis

  • Filed under: Kippah

  • Filed under: Kippah

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