Halachaהלכה

Half-Slave, Half-Free: Shofar Obligation and Agency

Sources examine whether a person with divided status—half-slave and half-free—can fulfill the shofar obligation for themselves and for others, and how the principle of arvus (mutual obligation and agency) applies to those with incomplete or partial obligatory standing. The sources trace the foundational Talmudic rule that one who lacks full obligation cannot discharge others' obligations, and explore how later authorities frame this principle in cases of ambiguous or mixed status.

כֹּל שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְחֻיָּב בַּדָּבָר, אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא אֶת הָרַבִּים

19 sources · 18 verified

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What the sources say

The question of whether a half-slave half-free person can fulfill shofar for others touches several distinct halachic issues: the nature of that person's legal status, the scope of their shofar obligation, and the principles of arvus that govern who may discharge another's obligation.

Status of half-slave half-free

The category of half-slave half-free arises when one of two partners who jointly own a slave frees his half, leaving the slave in a legally bifurcated state, as illustrated by the Gemara (Gittin 40a), which records a case of precisely this situation and notes that the rabbis would compel the remaining master to complete the manumission.

The Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Avadim 7:4) rules that freeing half a slave by bill of release without parting with the other half does not take effect, but freeing half by monetary payment does, producing a genuine status of half-slave half-free; the same result follows when one of two joint masters frees his portion.

The Gemara in Chagigah (4a) derives through textual analysis that the exemption from certain obligations applicable to slaves extends to one who is half-slave half-free, since the mishna's phrasing 'slaves who are not emancipated' must refer to those not entirely emancipated, i.e., this intermediate category.

The complex marital and personal-status questions generated by this bifurcated identity are explored by the Avnei Nezer (Even HaEzer 373), who notes an apparent contradiction between the Rambam's rulings on kiddushin and mamzerut in the case of one who is half-slave half-free, and works to resolve the tension.

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Shofar obligation and exemption

Both the baraita and the Mishnah establish the general rule that one who is not obligated in a mitzvah cannot discharge others, as the Mishnah (Rosh Hashanah 3:8) formulates: 'Anyone who is not obligated in a matter cannot discharge the public from their obligation.'

The baraita in the Gemara (Rosh Hashanah 29a) and the Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Shofar 2:1) both list the half-slave half-free person among those who are obligated to hear the shofar, yet the same Gemara passage rules that such a person cannot discharge the obligation of one of his own kind, nor of those who are categorically different from him.

The Tur (Orach Chayim 589) codifies that the half-slave half-free person cannot discharge even himself, on the principle that the slave-aspect of his person cannot bring out the free-aspect; he therefore requires another to sound for him, and the Tur notes the practical question of whether such a person who has already fulfilled his own obligation may then sound for women.

The Ritva (on Rosh Hashanah 29a) explains the asymmetry between the androginos and the half-slave: the androginos is treated as its own distinct creation such that its male aspect can discharge its female aspect, whereas the slave-status permeates the person entirely, making it impossible for any act performed by the individual to be wholly free of the slave-side.

The Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Shofar 2:4) rules that both the sounder and the hearer must intend their respective roles for the obligation to be discharged, a requirement that operates independently of the status questions surrounding partial obligation.

The Tzitz Eliezer (3:14) addresses the Tur's position that the primary obligation of shofar is the hearing of the sound rather than the act of blowing, and uses this distinction to resolve the difficulty of the half-slave half-free person fulfilling his obligation through another's blowing, arguing that because hearing is performed personally and does not rely on agency, the limitation that one cannot appoint an agent for something one cannot personally perform does not block the fulfillment.

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Arvus and partial obligation

The Gemara in Rosh Hashanah (29a) frames the inability of the half-slave half-free person to discharge others as a direct consequence of his partial obligation: the slave-aspect cannot extract the free-aspect, and therefore any sound he produces cannot serve as a fully obligated sound for another person's benefit.

The Beit Yosef (Orach Chayim 589) elaborates on the distinction between the androginos and the half-slave for purposes of discharging obligations, citing the Ran and the Maggid Mishneh: the androginos is a creature unto itself and can discharge its own kind, whereas the half-slave's impediment is a human-created legal status, and some authorities hold that what is in human hands differs from what is in Heaven's hands in this regard.

The Avnei Nezer (Orach Chayim 442) extends the analysis by noting that even within the half-slave himself the shofar obligation is complicated: since the shofar sound must come from one who is fully obligated, the free-aspect of the listener never actually hears a sound produced by a fully free person, as the slave-aspect of the sounder taints the very sound being produced.

The question of whether one who has already fulfilled his own obligation can still sound for others — which touches on arvus — is debated by the Tur (Orach Chayim 589), who records both the view of the Ba'al HaIttur that one may only sound for others before having fulfilled one's own obligation and the opposing view of the Aviya that one may sound for others even afterward.

The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 271:2) rules in the context of kiddush that women, because they are biblically obligated, can discharge men, illustrating the broader principle that partial or differentiated obligation is the threshold question for arvus — a framework directly applicable to the case of the half-slave whose partial obligation prevents him from acting as a discharger for others.

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Source 1 · Chazal
Verified

Rosh Hashanah 29a

ראש השנה כ״ט א — ד"ה גְּמָ׳ תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן

Rosh Hashanah 29a:9

The Mishnah states that a person who is not obligated in a mitzvah cannot discharge another's obligation, and discusses the principle that one who is obligated can perform the mitzvah on behalf of others. The sugya's opening framework is the basis for analyzing whether a partial or conditional obligation can create agency for others.

גְּמָ׳ תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: הַכֹּל חַיָּיבִין בִּתְקִיעַת שׁוֹפָר. כֹּהֲנִים וּלְוִיִּם וְיִשְׂרְאֵלִים. גֵּרִים וַעֲבָדִים מְשׁוּחְרָרִים. וְטוּמְטוּם וְאַנְדְּרוֹגִינוֹס. מִי שֶׁחֶצְיוֹ עֶבֶד וְחֶצְיוֹ בֶּן חוֹרִין. טוּמְטוּם — אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא לֹא אֶת מִינוֹ, וְלֹא אֶת שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִינוֹ. אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוֹס — מוֹצִיא אֶת מִינוֹ, אֲבָל לֹא אֶת שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִינוֹ. מִי שֶׁחֶצְיוֹ עֶבֶד וְחֶצְיוֹ בֶּן חוֹרִין — אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא לֹא אֶת מִינוֹ, וְלֹא אֶת שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִינוֹ. מִי שֶׁחֶצְיוֹ עֶבֶד וְחֶצְיוֹ בֶּן חוֹרִין — אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא לֹא אֶת מִינוֹ וְלֹא אֶת שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִינוֹ. אָמַר רַב הוּנָא: וּלְעַצְמוֹ מוֹצִיא.

GEMARA: The Sages taught the following baraita: All are obligated to sound the shofar: Priests, Levites, and ordinary Israelites; converts; freed slaves; a tumtum, i.e., one whose sexual organs from birth are concealed or are so undeveloped that it is impossible to determine whether the individual is male or female; a hermaphrodite [androginos], i.e., one with both male and female reproductive organs; and a half-slave, half-freeman. A tumtum who sounds the shofar cannot discharge the obligation of one of his kind, i.e., a fellow tumtum, since men are bound by the obligation, whereas women are not, and it is possible that the sounder is female and the hearer is male, nor can he discharge the obligation of one who is not of his kind, an ordinary man or woman. A hermaphrodite can discharge the obligation of one of his kind, a fellow hermaphrodite, since if the sounder is treated as a female, the hearer is also considered a female, but he cannot discharge the obligation of one who is not of his kind. One who is half-slave and half-freeman cannot discharge the obligation of one of his kind, as the slave component of the sounder cannot discharge the obligation of the free component of the hearer, and he certainly cannot discharge the obligation of one who is not of his kind, i.e., a completely free individual. § It was taught in the same baraita: A half-slave, half-freeman cannot discharge the obligation on behalf of one of his kind, and he certainly cannot discharge the obligation on behalf of one who is not of his kind. Rav Huna said: Even though he cannot discharge the obligation on behalf of others, he can discharge the obligation on behalf of himself.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 3:8

משנה ראש השנה ג׳

Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 3:8

The Mishnah teaches that all are eligible to blow shofar, but not everyone is qualified to fulfill the obligation for others; specifically, a deaf-mute, mentally incompetent person, and minor cannot discharge the obligation of others. It establishes the basic category of personal qualification for communal fulfillment.

חֵרֵשׁ, שׁוֹטֶה, וְקָטָן, אֵין מוֹצִיאִין אֶת הָרַבִּים יְדֵי חוֹבָתָן. זֶה הַכְּלָל, כֹּל שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְחֻיָּב בַּדָּבָר, אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא אֶת הָרַבִּים יְדֵי חוֹבָתָן:

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Rosh Hashanah 29b

ראש השנה כ״ט ב

Rosh Hashanah 29b

The Gemara discusses the qualifications for blowing shofar on behalf of others, including the distinction between one who is obligated and one who is not. This passage is central to the later question of whether a person with an incomplete form of obligation can fulfill the obligation of fully obligated listeners.

הַכֹּל חַיָּיבִין בִּתְקִיעַת שׁוֹפָר, וְאֵין הַכֹּל בְּקִיאִין בִּתְקִיעַת שׁוֹפָר, גְּזֵירָה שֶׁמָּא יִטְּלֶנּוּ בְּיָדוֹ וְיֵלֵךְ אֵצֶל הַבָּקִי לִלְמוֹד, וְיַעֲבִירֶנּוּ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים. וְהַיְינוּ טַעְמָא דְלוּלָב, וְהַיְינוּ טַעְמָא דִמְגִילָּה.

See also

  • Megillah 4aunverifiedFiled under: The Time for the Reading of the Megillah
  • Megillah 20aunverifiedFiled under: The Time for the Reading of the Megillah
  • Megillah 20bunverifiedFiled under: The Time for the Reading of the Megillah
Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Rosh Hashanah 33a

ראש השנה ל״ג א — ד"ה אֵין מְעַכְּבִין אֶת הַתִּינוֹקוֹת מִלִּתְקוֹעַ

Rosh Hashanah 33a:5

The Gemara discusses a dispute between Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Yosei/Rabbi Shimon regarding whether women may sound the shofar: Rabbi Yehuda holds that women are prevented from doing so, while Rabbi Yosei and Rabbi Shimon permit it optionally since women, though not obligated in shofar, may voluntarily perform mitzvot not incumbent upon them.

אֵין מְעַכְּבִין אֶת הַתִּינוֹקוֹת מִלִּתְקוֹעַ. הָא נָשִׁים — מְעַכְּבִין, וְהָתַנְיָא: אֵין מְעַכְּבִין לֹא אֶת הַנָּשִׁים וְלֹא אֶת הַתִּינוֹקוֹת מִלִּתְקוֹעַ בְּיוֹם טוֹב! אֲמַר אַבָּיֵי, לָא קַשְׁיָא: הָא רַבִּי יְהוּדָה, הָא רַבִּי יוֹסֵי וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. דְּתַנְיָא: ״דַּבֵּר אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל״. בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל סוֹמְכִין, וְאֵין בְּנוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל סוֹמְכוֹת, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יְהוּדָה. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמְרִים: נָשִׁים סוֹמְכוֹת — רְשׁוּת.

§ The mishna further teaches: One need not prevent children from sounding the shofar on Rosh HaShana. The Gemara infers: If women wish to sound the shofar, one indeed prevents them from doing so. The Gemara asks: Isn’t it taught in a baraita that one does not prevent women or children from sounding the shofar on a Festival? The Gemara answers that Abaye said: This is not difficult: This mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, while that baraita is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei and Rabbi Shimon. As it is taught in a baraita: “Speak to the children of Israel…and he shall place his hands upon the head of the burnt-offering” (Leviticus 1:2–4). The phrase “children of Israel” literally means sons of Israel, and this teaches that the sons of Israel place their hands upon offerings, but the daughters of Israel do not place their hands upon offerings; this is the statement of Rabbi Yehuda. Rabbi Yosei and Rabbi Shimon say: It is optional for women to place their hands on the head of an offering before it is slaughtered, although they are not obligated to do so. Apparently, according to the opinion of Rabbi Yosei and Rabbi Shimon, if a woman wishes to perform any mitzva that is not obligatory for her, she is permitted to do so. Here too, one does not prevent a woman from sounding the shofar.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Chagigah 4a

חגיגה ד׳ א — ד"ה אָמַר רָבִינָא

Chagigah 4a:12

Ravina interprets a mishna's precise language to teach that one who is half-slave half-freeman is exempt from shofar, explaining that the mishna's specification "slaves who are not emancipated" refers not to complete slaves but to those incompletely emancipated.

אָמַר רָבִינָא: לֹא נִצְרְכָה אֶלָּא לְמִי שֶׁחֶצְיוֹ עֶבֶד וְחֶצְיוֹ בֶּן חוֹרִין. דַּיְקָא נָמֵי דְּקָתָנֵי: נָשִׁים וַעֲבָדִים שֶׁאֵינָן מְשׁוּחְרָרִין. מַאי שֶׁאֵינָן מְשׁוּחְרָרִין? אִילֵּימָא שֶׁאֵינָן מְשׁוּחְרָרִין כְּלָל — לִיתְנֵי ״עֲבָדִים״ סְתָמָא! אֶלָּא לָאו, שֶׁאֵינָן מְשׁוּחְרָרִין לִגְמָרֵי, וּמַאי נִינְהוּ — מִי שֶׁחֶצְיוֹ עֶבֶד וְחֶצְיוֹ בֶּן חוֹרִין. שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ.

Ravina said: This verse is necessary only to teach the exemption of one who is half-slave half-freeman. The Gemara notes that the language of the mishna is also precise, as it teaches: Women and slaves who are not emancipated. What is the purpose of specifying: Who are not emancipated? If we say that this means that they are not emancipated at all, let it simply teach: Slaves, without any further description. Rather, is it not the case that the mishna is referring to slaves who are not entirely emancipated? And who are these slaves? One who is half-slave half-freeman. The Gemara concludes: Learn from this that this is correct.

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Gittin 40a

גיטין מ׳ א — ד"ה הָהוּא עַבְדָּא דְּבֵי תְרֵי

Gittin 40a:15

One master of a slave jointly owned by two partners emancipated his half-share; the other master, fearing the court would force him to release his half as well, transferred ownership of the slave to his minor son to circumvent this compulsion.

הָהוּא עַבְדָּא דְּבֵי תְרֵי, קָם חַד מִינַּיְיהוּ וְשַׁחְרְרֵיהּ לְפַלְגֵיהּ, אֲמַר אִידַּךְ: הַשְׁתָּא שָׁמְעִי בִּי רַבָּנַן וּמַפְסְדוּ לֵיהּ מִינַּאי; אֲזַל אַקְנְיֵיהּ לִבְנוֹ קָטָן.

§ The Gemara relates: There was a certain slave who belonged to two partners. One of them arose and emancipated his half of the slave. The other master said: Now the rabbis of the local court will hear that my slave is half emancipated and they will cause me to lose him, i.e., they will force me to release him, as is stated in the mishna (41b) that the court forces a master to release his slave who has been half emancipated. He went and transferred ownership of the slave to his minor son, who could not be forced by the court to emancipate him, so that the slave would remain in his possession.

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Shofar, Sukkah and Lulav 2:1

משנה תורה, שופר פרק א א והלאה, וראה שם עוד פרק ב א והלאה, וראה שם עוד וערך תקיעה

Mishneh Torah, Shofar, Sukkah and Lulav 2:1

Everyone is obligated to hear the shofar—kohanim, Levites, Israelites, converts, and freed slaves—but women, slaves, and minors are exempt; one who is half slave and half free, a tumtum, and an androgenous are obligated.

הַכּל חַיָּבִין לִשְׁמֹעַ קוֹל שׁוֹפָר כֹּהֲנִים לְוִיִּים וְיִשְׂרְאֵלִים וְגֵרִים וַעֲבָדִים מְשֻׁחְרָרִים. אֲבָל נָשִׁים וַעֲבָדִים וּקְטַנִּים פְּטוּרִין. מִי שֶׁחֶצְיוֹ עֶבֶד וְחֶצְיוֹ בֶּן חוֹרִין וְטֻמְטוּם וְאַנְדְּרוֹגִינוּס חַיָּבִין:

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

recovered from “Chiddushei HaRitva on Rosh Hashanah 29a

Ritva on Rosh Hashanah

ריטב"א על ראש השנה כ״ט א

Ritva on Rosh Hashanah 29a

The passage discusses whether an androgynus (person with both male and female characteristics) can fulfill the shofar obligation for others, arguing that since an androgynus either has complete obligation or complete exemption in either category, they can produce others, whereas someone who is half-slave and half-free necessarily has both obligation and exemption simultaneously and therefore cannot fulfill the obligation for others.

כגון עבד דשני שותפין ששחרר א׳ מהן חציו ולא אתי צד עבדות ומפיק צד חירות ואף לעצמו אינו מוציא מהאי טעמא דלא דמי לאנדרוגינוס שמוציא את מינו דסתם צד זכרות ונקבות דאית ביה לא פשיט בכוליה וזכרות מוציא מידי זכרות ונקבות מידי נקבות אבל עבדות פשיט בכוליה ולא אפשר לעולם למעבד מידי בלא צד עבדות:

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Tur, Orach Chayim 589

טור, אורח חיים תקפ״ט

Tur, Orach Chayim 589

The Tur presents the laws of who may blow shofar for others and the requirement that the blower be within the relevant obligation. Its formulation is an important bridge between the Talmudic rule and the later Shulchan Arukh.

מי שחציו עבד וחציו בן חורין אפילו לעצמו אינו מוציא דלא אתי צד עבדות ומוציא צד חירות וצריך שיתקע לו אחר ואע"פ שנשים וקטנים פטורין יכולין לתקוע ולברך ואין מוחין בידן ואין כאן משום איסור תקיעה בי"ט ולא משום ברכה לבטלה וכתב בעל העיטור אחר שיצא כבר אינו יכול לתקוע להוציאן אא"כ לא יצא שנמצא תוקע להוציא את עצמו וכן נוהגין באשכנז לתקוע לנשים היולדות קודם שיתקעו בב"ה כדי שיוציא התוקע גם את עצמו ואבי"ה כתב שאפילו אחר שיצא יכול לתקוע להם ולהוציא השופר בשבילם אפי' דרך רה"ר ולזה הסכים א"א ז"ל:

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

recovered from “Mishneh Torah, Slaves 7:13

Mishneh Torah, Slaves

משנה תורה, הלכות עבדים ז׳ — ד"ה הַמְשַׁחְרֵר חֲצִי עַבְדּוֹ בִּשְׁטָר לֹא קָנָה

Mishneh Torah, Slaves 7:4

Maimonides continues the laws of the half-slave and half-free person, describing the practical consequences of his divided status. The passage is relevant to whether his obligation is treated as personal, alternating, or insufficient to represent fully obligated others.

הַמְשַׁחְרֵר חֲצִי עַבְדּוֹ בִּשְׁטָר לֹא קָנָה הָעֶבֶד חֶצְיוֹ וַהֲרֵי הוּא עֶבֶד כְּשֶׁהָיָה. אֲבָל אִם שִׁחְרֵר חֶצְיוֹ בְּכֶסֶף כְּגוֹן שֶׁלָּקַח חֲצִי דָּמָיו עַל מְנָת לְשַׁחְרֵר חֶצְיוֹ קָנָה וְנִמְצָא חֶצְיוֹ עֶבֶד וְחֶצְיוֹ בֶּן חוֹרִין. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּשֶׁשִּׁחְרֵר חֶצְיוֹ בִּשְׁטָר וְהִנִּיחַ חֶצְיוֹ. אֲבָל אִם שִׁחְרֵר חֶצְיוֹ וּמָכַר חֶצְיוֹ אוֹ שֶׁשִּׁחְרֵר חֶצְיוֹ וְנָתַן חֶצְיוֹ בְּמַתָּנָה הוֹאִיל וְיָצָא הָעֶבֶד כֻּלּוֹ מֵרְשׁוּתוֹ קָנָה הָעֶבֶד חֶצְיוֹ וַהֲרֵי זֶה חֶצְיוֹ עֶבֶד וְחֶצְיוֹ בֶּן חוֹרִין. וְכֵן עֶבֶד שֶׁל שְׁנֵי שֻׁתָּפִין וְשִׁחְרֵר אֶחָד מֵהֶן חֶלְקוֹ בֵּין בְּכֶסֶף בֵּין בִּשְׁטָר קָנָה הָעֶבֶד חֶצְיוֹ וַהֲרֵי הוּא חֶצְיוֹ עֶבֶד וְחֶצְיוֹ בֶּן חוֹרִין: מִי שֶׁחֶצְיוֹ עֶבֶד וְחֶצְיוֹ בֶּן חוֹרִין הוֹאִיל וְאֵינוֹ מֻתָּר לֹא בְּשִׁפְחָה וְלֹא בְּבַת חוֹרִין כּוֹפִין אֶת רַבּוֹ וְעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתוֹ בֶּן חוֹרִין וְכוֹתֵב שְׁטָר עָלָיו בַּחֲצִי דָּמָיו. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּעֶבֶד מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָאִישׁ מְצֻוֶּה עַל פְּרִיָּה וּרְבִיָּה. אֲבָל הַשִּׁפְחָה תִּשָּׁאֵר כְּמוֹת שֶׁהִיא וְעוֹבֶדֶת אֶת רַבָּה יוֹם אֶחָד וְאֶת עַצְמָהּ יוֹם אֶחָד. וְאִם נָהֲגוּ בָּהּ הַחוֹטְאִים מִנְהַג הֶפְקֵר כּוֹפִין אֶת רַבָּה לְשַׁחְרֵר וְכוֹתֵב עָלֶיהָ שְׁטָר בַּחֲצִי דָּמֶיהָ:

When a person seeks to release half of his slave with a bill of release, the slave does not acquire half of his person, and he is a slave just as he was before. If, by contrast, he releases half of a slave, because of a monetary payment - e.g., he took money for half his worth with the intent of freeing that half - the transaction is binding. Thus, he is half slave and half free man. When does the above apply? When the master released half of the slave and retained half. If, however, he freed half of the slave with a legal document and sold the other half, or he freed half with a legal document and gave the other half as a present, since the slave leaves his domain entirely, the slave acquires half of his person, and he is half a slave and half a free man. Similarly, when a slave is owned by two partners, and one frees his half - whether through money or through a legal document - the slave acquires his half, and he is half slave and half free man. A person who is half slave and half free is not permitted to marry a Canaanite maid-servant, nor a free woman. Therefore, we compel his master to make him a free man. And we have a promissory note composed stating that the slave owes the master half his value. When does the above apply? For a male slave. For a male is commanded to be fruitful and multiply. A maid-servant, however, should remain in her immediate state and serve her master one day, and herself the next. If sinners treat her loosely, we compel her master to free her. And we have a promissory note composed stating that she owes the master half her value.

Source 11 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Shofar, Sukkah and Lulav 2:4

משנה תורה, שופר פרק א א והלאה, וראה שם עוד פרק ב א והלאה, וראה שם עוד

Mishneh Torah, Shofar, Sukkah and Lulav 2:4

One who practices shofar blowing to learn does not fulfill his obligation, nor does one who hears from such a person; if the listener intends to fulfill his obligation but the blower does not intend to discharge him, or if the blower intends to discharge him but the listener does not intend to fulfill his obligation, the listener does not fulfill his obligation—until both the listener and the one sounding intend mutually.

הַמִּתְעַסֵּק בִּתְקִיעַת שׁוֹפָר לְהִתְלַמֵּד לֹא יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ. וְכֵן הַשּׁוֹמֵעַ מִן הַמִּתְעַסֵּק לֹא יָצָא. נִתְכַּוֵּן שׁוֹמֵעַ לָצֵאת יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ וְלֹא נִתְכַּוֵּן הַתּוֹקֵעַ לְהוֹצִיאוֹ אוֹ שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּן הַתּוֹקֵעַ לְהוֹצִיאוֹ וְלֹא נִתְכַּוֵּן הַשּׁוֹמֵעַ לָצֵאת לֹא יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ. עַד שֶׁיִּתְכַּוֵּן שׁוֹמֵעַ וּמַשְׁמִיעַ:

Source 12 · Rishonim
Verified

Rif Rosh Hashanah 8b

רי"ף ראש השנה ח׳ ב

Rif Rosh Hashanah 8b

The Rif condenses the sugya on shofar and the capacity of one person to discharge another's obligation. His formulation preserves the central obligated-versus-unobligated distinction used in the later case of a half-slave and half-free person.

מתני' אין פוחתין מעשרה מלכיות ומעשרה זכרונות ומעשרה שופרות רבי יוחנן בן נורי אומר אם אמר שלש שלש יצא אין מזכירין מלכיות זכרונות ושופרות של פורענות מתחיל בתורה ומשלים בנביא ר' יוסי אומר אם השלים בתורה יצא:

Source 13 · Acharonim
Verified

Beit Yosef, Orach Chayim 589

בית יוסף, אורח חיים תקפ״ט

Beit Yosef, Orach Chayim 589

The Beit Yosef analyzes the Tur's rules concerning a shofar blower's qualification and the principle that one must be obligated to discharge another. It supplies the conceptual and source-based background for later discussions of partial obligation.

ומ"ש מי שחציו עבד וחציו בן חורין אפילו לעצמו אינו מוציא מימרא וברייתא שם. וא"ת אנדרוגינוס נמי נימא דאפי' עצמו אינו מוציא דלא אתי צד נקבות שבו ומפיק צד זכרות י"ל דאנדרוגינוס בריה בפ"ע הוא ומ"ה לא שייך למימר ביה לא אתי צד נקבות ומפיק צד זכרות והלכך שפיר מפיק לנפשיה ומהאי טעמא נמי מפיק את מינו דשניהם בריה אחד ובריה מוציאה בריה כמותה כ"כ הר"ן וה"ה וכתב עוד ה"ה דאפשר שאפי' לדברי מי שאומר דאנדרוגינוס אינו בריה בפ"ע אלא חציו זכר וחציו נקיבה אתי שפיר ואינו דומה למי שחציו עבד לפי שיש חילוק בין מה שהוא בידי אדם למה שהוא בידי שמים:

Source 14 · Acharonim
Verified

recovered from “Magen Avraham 589:2

Magen Avraham on Orach Chayim

מגן אברהם תקפ״ט

Magen Avraham 589

The Magen Avraham comments on the shofar blower's qualifications and the application of the obligation requirement. This is a direct Acharon source for examining borderline statuses and whether they can discharge fully obligated listeners.

ואפי' אחר יכול לברך והוא תוקע (ב"ח), סומא חייב בתקיעה ואם היה מוחזק לתקוע בכל שנה וסלקוהו מפני שחששו לסברת רי"ו אם לא ימצא בקי כמוהו יחזירוהו למינויו, ולכתחל' אין לסלקו מפני שהוא סומא אף על פי שנמצ' בקי כמוהו [רדב"ז ח"א נ"ט כ"ה]: (גמ') ורי"ף פי' דאע"פ שחבירו ג"כ אנדרוגינוס אם באותו פעם שהוא נקבה הוי חבירו זכר אינו מוציאו:

Source 15 · Acharonim
Verified

Mishnah Berurah 589

משנה ברורה תקפ״ט

Mishnah Berurah 589:16

The Mishnah Berurah explains the qualifications for blowing shofar for others and the relationship between the blower's obligation and the listener's obligation. It is a principal later halakhic source for assessing unusual statuses such as a half-slave and half-free person.

(טז) ולא נתכוון השומע לצאת - זה מיירי כשבא לביהכ"נ בסתמא אבל אם בא לביהכ"נ לצאת ידי חובה עם הצבור אע"פ שבשעה ששמע לא כיון לבו אלא בסתמא יצא:

Source 16 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 271

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים ער״א — ד"ה נשים חייבות בקידוש אע"פ שהוא מצות

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 271:2

The Kiddush laws codify the broader rule that one who is obligated in a matter may discharge others through communal responsibility, while questions arise when the parties' levels of obligation differ. Although not about shofar, this siman is a major parallel for the category of partial or disputed obligation.

נשים חייבות בקידוש אע"פ שהוא מצות עשה שהזמן גרמא (פי' מצות עשה התלויה בזמן) משום דאתקש זכור לשמור והני נשי הואיל ואיתנהו בשמירה איתנהו בזכירה ומוציאות את האנשים הואיל וחייבות מן התורה כמותם: אם לא טעם המקדש וטעם אחד מהמסובין כמלא לוגמיו (פי' מלא פיו) יצא ואין שתיית שנים מצטרפת למלא לוגמיו ומ"מ מצוה מן המובחר שיטעמו כולם יש אומרים דכיון שבין כולם טעמו כמלא לוגמיו יצאו דשתיית כולם מצטרפות לכשיעור והגאונים סוברים שאם לא טעם המקדש לא יצא וראוי לחוש לדבריהם ודוקא בקידוש אבל בשאר דברים הטעונים כוס מודים הגאונים דסגי בטעימת אחר.

2. Women are obligated in Kiddush, even though it is a positive commandment that time causes (meaning, a positive commandment dependent on time), because Remember is compared to Guard. And these women, since they are included in watching, they are include in remembering. And they can discharge men (from their obligation) since they are obligated biblically, like them. 14. If the one who makes kiddush does not taste the wine, and another person who is dining there tastes the wine with a mouthful, he has fulfilled his obligation. Two people cannot combine to equal a mouthful. In all cases it is preferable for the mitzvah if everyone tastes the wine. There are those who say that if everyone tastes a mouthful they have fulfilled their obligation, because everyone's drinking combines to equal the measurement. The Gaonim hold that if the person making kiddush does not taste the wine he has not fulfilled his obligation and it is appropriate to concern ourselves over their words. Specifically regarding kiddush; but regarding other things that require a cup the Gaonim acknowledge that it is sufficient for another to taste it.

See also

Source 17 · Hasidic
Verified

Avnei Nezer, Orach Chaim 442

אבני נזר, אורח חיים תמ״ב — ד"ה א

Avnei Nezer, Orach Chaim 442

One who is half slave and half free cannot fulfill the shofar obligation even for himself because his slave aspect does not produce sound and his free aspect cannot hear a sound that originates from one who lacks full obligation; though the slave aspect might assist in hearing, the shofar sound must come from someone who bears full obligation.

א) בדין מי שחציו עבד שאפילו לעצמו אינו מוציא דלא אתי צד עבדות דידי' ומפיק צד חירות. וכן בשופר גופי' דיוצא בשמיעתו והרי גם צד עבדות מסייע לשמיעה: אבל בקול שופר שצריך שישמע מבר חיוב. והרי הקול בא ממי שאינו בר חיוב גם כן. ואפילו הצד חירות אינו שומע קול שיוצא בה.

Source 18 · Hasidic
Verified

Avnei Nezer, Even HaEzer 373

אבני נזר, אבן העזר שע״ג — ד"ה א

Avnei Nezer, Even HaEzer 373

The passage discusses a Talmudic dispute about whether a half-slave, half-free person can effect betrothal, notes that the Rambam rules it is doubtful betrothal in one case but definite mamzerut in another, and then argues that betrothal differs from manumission because betrothal depends on the man's side (where no shaier applies) rather than the master's side, so a half-slave, half-free man betrothing a half-maidservant, half-free woman should effect betrothal on her half-free portion.

א) (דף מ"ג ע"א) בגמ' איבעיא להו מי שחציו עבד וחציו בן חורין שקידש כו' והרמב"ם ז"ל פסק דהוי ספק קידושין ובחצי עבד וחצי בן חורין שבא על אשת איש פסק דהוי ממזר ודאי וסתרי הדדי: ונראה דהנה המל"מ בפרק ב' מהלכות ק"פ הי"ג דאם קידש חצי' שפחה וחצי' בת חורין תפסי בה קידושין, והנה הרמב"ם כתב בהלכות אישות פרק ג' ה"ט דאם קידש אשה לו ולפלוני דלא הוי קידושין, ולכאורה קשה מהא דאמרינן בגיטין (מ"ב) דשיחרר חציו ומכר חציו לא הוי שיור ואפילו נתן חצי נכסים לעבד אחד וחצי שני לעבד השני לא חשוב שיור אף שאם לא יחול קנין אחד יהי' השני שיור אמרינן שחלין שניהם וה"נ נימא שיחולו שניהם ולא יהי' שיור לגבי כל אחד, וצ"ל דשאני שיחרור שהוא מצד הרב ולא חשיב שיור כיון שיוצא ממנו כולו, אבל בקידושין שהוא מצד האיש ולגבי' הוי שיור, ולפי זה אם יקדש חצי עבד וחצי בן חורין חצי אשה תהי' מקודשת כמו אם קידש חצי' שפחה וחצי' בן חורין, ואין לומר דהא שייר בקניינו, ז"א כיון דהקידושין הוא מצד האיש ולגבי' ליכא שיור:

Source 19 · Modern
External

Tzitz Eliezer 3:14

ציץ אליעזר, ח״ג סי׳ י״ד

Tzitz Eliezer 3:14

The Tur holds that the primary obligation of shofar is hearing the sound rather than the act of blowing, as evidenced by the blessing recited over hearing (not blowing) the shofar sound.

דעת הטור באו״ח (סימן תקפ״ה) גבי מצות שופר בר״ה. דלא בתקיעה תליא מילתא אלא עיקר המצוה היא שמיעת הקול שופר וע״כ מברכים ״לשמוע״ קול שופר, ואין מברכין ״לתקוע״

On this pageThe author discusses whether the primary obligation of Shofar is hearing the sound (as held by the Tur) or if the physical act of blowing is also an essential part of the mitzvah (as held by the Smag). He uses this distinction to resolve a difficulty regarding a half-slave half-freeman (חצי עבד וחצי בן חורין) fulfilling his obligation through another's blowing. He argues that even according to the Smag, the hearing aspect of the mitzvah is done personally and does not rely on agency, thereby avoiding the halachic limitation that one cannot appoint an agent for something they themselves cannot perform. The passage discusses the halakhic status of a person who is half-slave and half-free (chatzi eved v'chatzi ben chorin) regarding the obligation of shofar. It debates whether such an individual can blow the shofar for themselves or others, analyzing whether the core obligation of the mitzvah is the act of blowing (tekiyah) or the act of hearing (shmiyah), and how their mixed status of obligation affects this. The passage discusses how a person who is half-slave and half-free (חצי עבד וחצי בן חורין) can fulfill mitzvot such as hearing the shofar. It argues that even though the enslaved half of the person participates in the physical act of performance or hearing, this does not invalidate the fulfillment of the obligation, since the free half is simultaneously active and fully obligated.

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