The passage presents a hierarchy of law in which rational and social laws—establishing justice, moral conduct, and recognition of God's bounty—are foundational and must precede divine commandments, since even criminal societies require justice to function; when Israel neglected these rational principles while maintaining sacrificial worship and other divine laws, God accepted less from them, calling them merely to observe the basic laws of justice and gratitude that even the smallest community requires, because divine law cannot be complete without the perfection of social and rational laws first.
(מח) אָמַר הֶחָבֵר: אֵלֶּה וְהַדּוֹמֶה לָהֶם הֵם הַחֻקִּים הַשִּׂכְלִיִּים, וְהֵם הַקְדָּמוֹת וְהַצָּעוֹת לָתּוֹרָה הָאֱלֹהִית, קוֹדְמוֹת לָהּ בְּטֶבַע וּבִזְמָן, אִי אֶפְשָׁר בִּלְעֲדֵיהֶם בְּהַנְהָגַת אֵיזוֹ קְהִלָּה שֶׁתִּהְיֶה מִבְּנֵי אָדָם, עַד שֶׁקְּהַל הַלִּסְטִים אִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא יְקַבְּלוּ הַצֶּדֶק בֵּינֵיהֶם, וְאִם לֹא, לֹא הָיְתָה מַתְמֶדֶת חֶבְרָתָם. וְכַאֲשֶׁר הִגִּיעַ הַמְּרִי מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל עִנְיָן, שֶׁהֵקֵלּוּ בַּתּוֹרוֹת הַשִּׂכְלִיּוֹת וְהַמִּנְהֲגִיּוֹת, אֲשֶׁר אִי אֶפְשָׁר מִבַּלְעֲדֵיהֶם לְכָל קְהִלָּה, כַּאֲשֶׁר אִי אֶפְשָׁר לְכָל יָחִיד מִבַּלְעֲדֵי הַדְּבָרִים הַטִּבְעִיִּים מֵאֲכִילָה וּשְׁתִיָּה וּתְנוּעָה וּמְנוּחָה וְשֵׁנָה וִיקִיצָה, וְהֶחֱזִיקוּ עִם זֶה בַעֲבוֹדוֹת מִקָּרְבָּנוֹת וְזוּלָתָם מִן הַתּוֹרוֹת הָאֱלֹהִיּוֹת הַשִּׁמְעִיּוֹת, הִסְתַּפֵּק מֵהֶם בְּפָחוֹת, וְאָמַר: וּלְוַאי שֶׁתִּשְׁמְרוּ הַתּוֹרוֹת שֶׁשּׁוֹמְרִים אוֹתָם הַפּחָוּת שֶׁבַּקְּהִלּוֹת, וְהַקַּל שֶׁבָּהֶם – מֵהַצֶּדֶק וְהַדֶּרֶךְ הַטּוֹבָה וְהַהוֹדָאָה בְטוּב הַבּוֹרֵא. כִּי הַתּוֹרוֹת הָאֱלֹהִיּוֹת לֹא תֻשְׁלַמְנָה אֶלָּא אַחַר הַשְׁלָמַת הַתּוֹרוֹת הַמִּנְהֲגִיּוֹת וְהַשִּׂכְלִיּוֹת, וּבַתּוֹרוֹת הַשִּׂכְלִיּוֹת קַבָּלַת הַצֶּדֶק וְהַהוֹדָאָה בְטוּב הַבּוֹרֵא, וּמִי שֶׁלֹּא הֶחֱזִיק בָּאֵלֶּה, אֵיךְ מַחֲזִיק בַּקָּרְבָּנוֹת וּבַשַּׁבָּת וְהַמִּילָה וְזוּלָתָם, מִמַּה שֶּׁאֵין הַשֵּׂכֶל מְחַיְּבוֹ וְלֹא מַרְחִיקוֹ, וְהֵם הַתּוֹרוֹת אֲשֶׁר בָּהֶם הִתְיַחֲדוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל תּוֹסֶפֶת עַל הַשִּׂכְלִיּוֹת, וּבָהֶם הָיְתָה לָהֶם יִתְרוֹן הָעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי. וְלֹא יָדְעוּ אֵיךְ יִתְחַיְּבוּ אֵלּוּ הַתּוֹרוֹת, כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא יָדְעוּ, אֵיךְ יָרַד כְּבוֹד ה' בֵּינֵיהֶם וְאֵשׁ ה' עַל קָרְבְּנוֹתָם, וְאֵיךְ שָׁמְעוּ דִבּוּר הָאֵל, וְאֵיךְ אֵרַע לָהֶם כָּל מַה שֶּׁאֵרַע, מִמַּה שֶּׁאֵין הַדֵּעוֹת מְקַבְּלוֹת אוֹתוֹ לוּלֵא הַמַּעֲמָדוֹת וּרְאוּת הָעַיִן אֲשֶׁר אֵין בּוֹ מִדְחֶה. וְעַל הַדֶּרֶךְ הַזֶּה נֶאֱמַר לָהֶם: "וּמָה ה' דּוֹרֵשׁ מִמְּךָ", וְ"עֹלוֹתֵיכֶם סְפוּ עַל־זִבְחֵיכֶם", וְזוּלַת זֶה מִמַּה שֶּׁדּוֹמֶה לוֹ. הֲיִתָּכֵן שֶׁיַּחֲזִיק הַיִּשְׂרְאֵלִי בַּעֲשׂוֹת מִשְׁפָּט וְאַהֲבַת חֶסֶד, וְיַעֲזֹב הַמִּילָה וְהַשַּׁבָּת וְתוֹרוֹת הַפֶּסַח וּשְׁאָר הַתּוֹרוֹת וְיַצְלִיחַ?
48. The Rabbi: These are the rational laws, being the basis and preamble of the divine law, preceding it in character and time, and being indispensable in the administration of every human society. Even a gang of robbers must have a kind of justice among them if their confederacy is to last. When Israel's disloyalty had come to such a pass that they disregarded rational and social principles (which are as absolutely necessary for a society as are the natural functions of eating, drinking, exercise, rest, sleeping, and waking for the individual), but held fast to the sacrificial worship and other divine laws, He was satisfied with even less. It was told to them: 'Haply you might observe those laws which rule the smallest and meanest community, such as refer to justice, good actions, and recognition of God's bounty.' For the divine law cannot become complete till the social and rational laws are perfected. The rational law demands justice and recognition of God's bounty. What has he, who fails in this respect, to do with offerings, Sabbath, circumcision, etc., which reason neither demands, nor forbids? These are, however, the ordinations especially given to Israel as a corollary to the rational laws. Through this they received the advantage of the Divine Influence, without knowing how it came to pass that the 'Glory of God' descended upon them, and that 'the fire of God' consumed their offerings; how they heard the allocution of the Lord; and how their history developed. These are matters which reason would refuse to believe if they were not guaranteed by irrefutable evidence. In a similar sense it was said to them: 'What doth the Lord thy God require of thee?' (Deuteronomy 10:12) and 'Add your burnt offerings' (Jeremiah 7:21), and similar verses. Can it be imagined that the Israelites observe 'the doing of justice and the love of mercy;' but neglect circumcision, Sabbath, and the other laws, and felt happy withal?