The Significance of Mordechai's Name

אִ֣ישׁ יְהוּדִ֔י הָיָ֖ה בְּשׁוּשַׁ֣ן הַבִּירָ֑ה וּשְׁמ֣וֹ מׇרְדֳּכַ֗י בֶּ֣ן יָאִ֧יר בֶּן־שִׁמְעִ֛י בֶּן־קִ֖ישׁ אִ֥ישׁ יְמִינִֽי׃

In the fortress Shushan lived a Jew by the name of Mordecai, son of Jair son of Shimei son of Kish, a Benjaminite.

רְאֵה לִמַּדְתִּי אֶתְכֶם חֻקִּים וּמִשְׁפָּטִים, אַף מָרְדֳּכַי כֵּן, דִּכְתִיב (אסתר ט, ל): דִּבְרֵי שָׁלוֹם וֶאֱמֶת, וּכְתִיב (משלי כג, כג): אֱמֶת קְנֵה וְאַל תִּמְכֹּר.

and as it is written: “Acquire truth and do not sell” (Proverbs 23:23). “And his name was Mordekhai” (Esther 2:5) – the wicked precede their names: “Naval was his name” (I Samuel 25:25); “Sheva ben Bikhri was his name” (II Samuel 20:21). However, the righteous, their names precede them: “And his name was Manoaḥ” (Judges 13:2); “And his name was Kish” (I Samuel 9:1); “And his name was Elkana” (I Samuel 1:1); “And his name was Boaz” (Ruth 2:1); “And his name was Mordekhai.” It is because they are similar to their Creator, as it is written: “But by My name, the Lord

רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: לְעוֹלָם מִבִּנְיָמִן קָאָתֵי, וְאַמַּאי קָרֵי לֵיהּ ״יְהוּדִי״? עַל שׁוּם שֶׁכָּפַר בָּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. שֶׁכׇּל הַכּוֹפֵר בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה נִקְרָא ״יְהוּדִי״, כְּדִכְתִיב: ״אִיתַי גּוּבְרִין יְהוּדָאיִן וְגוֹ׳״.

Rabbi Yoḥanan said a different explanation of the verse: Actually, Mordecai came from the tribe of Benjamin. Why, then, was he referred to as Yehudi? On account of the fact that he repudiated idol worship, for anyone who repudiates idolatry is called Yehudi. It is understood here in the sense of yiḥudi, one who declares the oneness of God, as it is written: “There are certain Jews [Yehuda’in] whom thou hast appointed over the affairs of the province of Babylonia, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego; these men, O king, have not regarded you: They serve not your gods, nor worship the golden image which you have set up” (Daniel 3:12). These three individuals were in fact Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, who were not all from the tribe of Judah but are referred to as Yehuda’in because they repudiated idol worship.

וְאָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי, דָּבָר זֶה מָסוֹרֶת בְּיָדֵינוּ מֵאֲבוֹתֵינוּ: מְקוֹם אָרוֹן אֵינוֹ מִן הַמִּדָּה. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: אָרוֹן שֶׁעָשָׂה מֹשֶׁה יֵשׁ לוֹ עֶשֶׂר אַמּוֹת לְכׇל רוּחַ, וּכְתִיב: ״וְלִפְנֵי הַדְּבִיר עֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה אוֹרֶךְ״, וּכְתִיב:

The next section of the verse discusses what will replace the thorns, i.e., Haman: “Shall the cypress [berosh] come up”; this is Mordecai. Why is he called a cypress [berosh]? Because he was called the chief [rosh] of all the spices, as it is stated: “Take you also to yourself the chief spices, of pure myrrh [mar deror]” (Exodus 30:23), and we translate “pure myrrh,” into Aramaic as mari dakhei. Mordecai was like mari dakhi, the chief [rosh] of spices, and therefore he is called berosh.

אִישׁ יְהוּדִי. עַל שֶׁגָּלָה עִם גָּלוּת יְהוּדָה. כָּל אוֹתָן שֶׁגָּלוּ עִם מַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה הָיוּ קְרוּיִים "יְהוּדִים" בֵּין הַגּוֹיִם, וַאֲפִילוּ מִשֵּׁבֶט אַחֵר הֵם: אִישׁ יְמִינִי. מִבִּנְיָמִין הָיָה, כַּךְ פְּשׁוּטוֹ. וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ דָרְשׁוּ מַה שֶׁדָּרְשׁוּ:

There was a Yehudite man. Because he was exiled with the exile of Yehudah. All those who were exiled with the kings of Yehudah were called יְהוּדִים [Yehudites] among the nations, even if they were from another tribe. A Binyaminite man. He was from Binyamin, that is the plain meaning. But our Rabbis expounded what they expounded.

איש יהודי. בעבור היותו ממלכות יהודה נקרא כן.