Halachaהלכה

Medical Examination and Prohibited Contact

Sources address the balance between restrictions on physical contact between men and women and the overriding principle that medical necessity and life-saving treatment take precedence. The halacha distinguishes between affectionate or suggestive contact and clinical, professional medical examination performed without improper intent.

פִּקּוּחַ נֶפֶשׁ דּוֹחֶה שַׁבָּת

19 sources · 17 verified

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What the sources say

The question of whether a pre-med student may touch male patients raises several distinct halachic issues, including the prohibition of yichud and the laws of negiah.

Yichud

The Gemara rules that two men may seclude themselves with a woman in a city, but on the road at least three are required, lest one step away and leave a single man secluded with a woman forbidden to him (Kiddushin 81a).

The Shulchan Aruch rules that a man is forbidden to be served by a woman at all, lest he come to forbidden thoughts, though one opinion recorded there holds that where most people are present — such as in a bathhouse — certain forms of physical service by a non-Jewish woman are permitted, and the practice follows leniently in such public settings (Shulchan Aruch, Even HaEzer 21:5).

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Negiah

The Rambam rules that one who embraces or kisses an ervah in a manner of desire and derives pleasure from bodily closeness violates a Torah prohibition rooted in the pasuk (Mishneh Torah, Forbidden Intercourse 21:1), and further rules that even gesturing, laughing, or gazing at an ervah for pleasure is forbidden (Mishneh Torah, Forbidden Intercourse 21:2).

The Shulchan Aruch rules that one who embraces or kisses close relatives with whom one would not normally sin — such as an adult sister or paternal aunt — commits a disgraceful and forbidden act, since one does not draw physically close to an ervah at all, with exceptions only for a father with his young daughter and a mother with her young son (Shulchan Aruch, Even HaEzer 21:7).

The Gemara in Berakhot establishes that even transferring coins from one's hand directly into a woman's hand in order to gaze at her — without any affectionate intent — brings a person to gehinnom, reflecting the breadth of the concern for inappropriate physical proximity (Berakhot 61a).

B'Mareh HaBazak rules explicitly that a physician — male or female — is permitted to treat a patient of the opposite sex even when touch is required, even absent any life-threatening emergency, because such touch is not in a manner of desire and practitioners are occupied with their work (B'Mareh HaBazak Volume X 47).

Rav Eliezer Melamed rules that while a physician or physiotherapist is permitted to touch a patient of the opposite sex for actual treatment, and may even view intimate areas of the body for that purpose, practicing such touch on classmates of the opposite sex during training — as distinct from actual patient care — is forbidden, and one may not study in a program that requires it (Rav Eliezer Melamed (Peninei Halakhah, Family 7:22)).

Rav Mordechai Eliyahu rules that a husband who is a physician is prohibited from treating his niddah wife in a way that involves touch, but if no other physician is available and there is danger, he may do so — preferably through a garment — since touch without affection or desire is permitted, and he similarly rules that when a husband is ill and no one else can care for him, his niddah wife may assist him physically but should avoid direct skin contact wherever possible (Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (Darchei Tahara 5:95), Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (Darchei Tahara 5:89)).

Rav Gavriel Zinner (Nitei Gavriel, Nidda vol 1, perek 39) rules that a male physician is permitted to treat his wife, and by analogy a female physician may likewise treat her husband, with reference to the Shulchan Aruch's permission in cases of illness.

The Tzitz Eliezer rules that a physician must obtain the patient's consent before allowing students to gather at the bedside, as exposing the patient without consent implicates the prohibition against shaming, and if the patient objects the physician must prevent the students from being present — a consideration directly relevant to a student's clinical training context (Tzitz Eliezer (Tzitz Eliezer 13:81)).

The principle of pikuach nefesh overrides other prohibitions, as the Gemara in Yoma establishes that one engages in saving a life even on Shabbat and that one who acts swiftly is praiseworthy without needing court permission (Yoma 84b), providing a broader framework within which the medical context — including the training necessary to eventually save lives — is evaluated.

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Source 1 · Chazal
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Kiddushin 81a

קידושין פ״א א — ד"ה אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב

Kiddushin 81a:2

Chachmei Bavel teach that two men may seclude themselves with a woman only in a city, but on a road three men are required lest one depart to urinate, leaving one man alone with a forbidden woman, and Rav illustrates this concern by instructing Rav Yehuda to hurry past a woman walking ahead of them, clarifying that the permissibility applies only to exceptionally righteous individuals like Rabbi Chanina bar Pappi and his colleagues, not to ordinary people.

אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא בָּעִיר, אֲבָל בַּדֶּרֶךְ – עַד שֶׁיִּהְיוּ שְׁלֹשָׁה, שֶׁמָּא יִצְטָרֵךְ אֶחָד מֵהֶם לְהַשְׁתִּין, וְנִמְצָא אֶחָד מִתְיַיחֵד עִם הָעֶרְוָה. נֵימָא מְסַיַּיע לֵיהּ: מוֹסְרִים לוֹ שְׁנֵי תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים שֶׁמָּא יָבֹא עָלֶיהָ בַּדֶּרֶךְ. תְּרֵי וְאִיהוּ, הָא תְּלָתָא! הָתָם כִּי הֵיכִי דְּנִיהְווֹ עֲלֵיהּ סָהֲדִי. רַב וְרַב יְהוּדָה הֲווֹ קָאָזְלִי בְּאוֹרְחָא, הֲוָה קָאָזְלָא הַהִיא אִתְּתָא קַמַּיְיהוּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב לְרַב יְהוּדָה: דַּל כַּרְעָיךְ מִקַּמֵּי גֵיהִנָּם. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְהָא מָר הוּא דְּאָמַר בִּכְשֵׁרִים שַׁפִּיר דָּמֵי! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מִי יֵימַר דְּבִכְשֵׁרִים כְּגוֹן אֲנָא וְאַתְּ? אֶלָּא כְּגוֹן מַאי? כְּגוֹן רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר פַּפֵּי וַחֲבֵירָיו.

Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: The Sages taught that two men may seclude themselves with one woman only in a city, where others are present, but on the road it is not permitted unless there are three. Why are two men insufficient on the road? Perhaps one of them will need to urinate and will walk away, and it will turn out that one person will be secluded with a woman forbidden to him. The Gemara suggests: Shall we say the mishna quoted above supports him: They provide him with two Torah scholars to accompany them lest he engage in sexual intercourse with her along the way? He and two Torah scholars are three, which indicates that there is a requirement for three men when they are traveling. The Gemara answers: That is no proof, as there, in the case of the sota, there is a requirement for an additional two men in order that they should serve as witnesses about him, to testify whether or not he engaged in intercourse with her along the way. The Gemara relates: Rav and Rav Yehuda were walking along the way, and a certain woman was walking ahead of them. Rav said to Rav Yehuda: Raise your feet and walk quickly away from Gehenna so that we do not remain secluded with her. Rav Yehuda said to him: But wasn’t it you, Master, who said that it is permitted in the case of men of fit morals? Rav said to him: Who says that I referred to men of fit morals such as you and me? Rav Yehuda responded: Rather, such as whom? Rav answered: Such as Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappi and his colleagues, who have proven that they can withstand temptation (see 39b). All other people are not trusted in this matter.

Source 2 · Chazal
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Yoma 84b

יומא פ״ד ב — ד"ה תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן

Yoma 84b:7

Develops the principle that medical treatment and danger take precedence over ordinary restrictions. It is relevant where examination or treatment is medically necessary, especially in emergencies.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מְפַקְּחִין פִּקּוּחַ נֶפֶשׁ בְּשַׁבָּת, וְהַזָּרִיז הֲרֵי זֶה מְשׁוּבָּח, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לִיטּוֹל רְשׁוּת מִבֵּית דִּין. הָא כֵּיצַד? רָאָה תִּינוֹק שֶׁנָּפַל לַיָּם — פּוֹרֵשׂ מְצוּדָה וּמַעֲלֵהוּ, וְהַזָּרִיז הֲרֵי זֶה מְשׁוּבָּח, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לִיטּוֹל רְשׁוּת מִבֵּית דִּין. וְאַף עַל גַּב דְּקָא צָיֵיד כְּווֹרֵי. רָאָה תִּינוֹק שֶׁנָּפַל לְבוֹר — עוֹקֵר חוּלְיָא וּמַעֲלֵהוּ, וְהַזָּרִיז הֲרֵי זֶה מְשׁוּבָּח, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לִיטּוֹל רְשׁוּת מִבֵּית דִּין. אַף עַל גַּב דִּמְתַקֵּן דַּרְגָּא. רָאָה שֶׁנִּנְעֲלָה דֶּלֶת בִּפְנֵי תִּינוֹק — שׁוֹבְרָהּ וּמוֹצִיאוֹ, וְהַזָּרִיז הֲרֵי זֶה מְשׁוּבָּח, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לִיטּוֹל רְשׁוּת מִבֵּית דִּין. וְאַף עַל גַּב דְּקָא מִיכַּוֵּין לְמִיתְבַּר בְּשִׁיפֵי. מְכַבִּין וּמַפְסִיקִין מִפְּנֵי הַדְּלֵיקָה בְּשַׁבָּת, וְהַזָּרִיז הֲרֵי זֶה מְשׁוּבָּח, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לִיטּוֹל רְשׁוּת מִבֵּית דִּין. וְאַף עַל גַּב דְּקָא מְמַכֵּיךְ מַכּוֹכֵי.

§ The Sages taught in a baraita: One engages in saving a life on Shabbat, and one who is vigilant to do so is praiseworthy. And one need not take permission from a court but hurries to act on his own. How so? If one sees a child who fell into the sea, he spreads a fisherman’s net and raises him from the water. And one who is vigilant and acts quickly is praiseworthy, and one need not seek permission from a court, although in doing so he catches fish in the net as well. Similarly, if one sees a child fall into a pit and the child cannot get out, he digs part of the ground out around the edge of the pit to create a makeshift step and raises him out. And one who is vigilant and acts quickly is praiseworthy, and one need not seek permission from a court, although in doing so he fashions a step. Similarly, if one sees that a door is locked before a child and the child is scared and crying, he breaks the door and takes the child out. And one who is vigilant and acts quickly is praiseworthy, and one need not seek permission from a court, although he intends to break it into boards to be used later. Similarly, one may extinguish a fire by placing a barrier of metal or clay vessels filled with water in front of it on Shabbat when life is endangered. And one who is vigilant and acts quickly is praiseworthy, and one need not seek permission from a court, although he leaves the coals, which can be used for cooking after Shabbat.

Source 3 · Chazal
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Berakhot 61a

ברכות ס״א א — ד"ה וּלְמַאן דְּאָמַר ״פַּרְצוּף״

Berakhot 61a:20

Chachmei Bavel prohibit a man from walking behind a woman on a path (even his wife), instruct him to move her to the side if they meet on a bridge, and warn that observing a woman's exposed skin while she crosses water or counting money to her hand in order to look at her results in severe spiritual punishment, with violations compared to grave moral transgressions.

וּלְמַאן דְּאָמַר ״פַּרְצוּף״, הֵי מִינַּיְיהוּ סַגִּי בְּרֵישָׁא? אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: מִסְתַּבְּרָא דְּגַבְרָא סַגִּי בְּרֵישָׁא. דְּתַנְיָא: לֹא יְהַלֵּךְ אָדָם אֲחוֹרֵי אִשָּׁה בַּדֶּרֶךְ, וַאֲפִילּוּ אִשְׁתּוֹ. נִזְדַּמְּנָה לוֹ עַל הַגֶּשֶׁר — יְסַלְּקֶנָּה לִצְדָדִין. וְכׇל הָעוֹבֵר אֲחוֹרֵי אִשָּׁה בַּנָּהָר — אֵין לוֹ חֵלֶק לְעוֹלָם הַבָּא. תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: הַמַּרְצֶה מָעוֹת לְאִשָּׁה מִיָּדוֹ לְיָדָהּ כְּדֵי לְהִסְתַּכֵּל בָּהּ, אֲפִילּוּ יֵשׁ בְּיָדוֹ תּוֹרָה וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים כְּמֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ — לֹא יִנָּקֶה מִדִּינָהּ שֶׁל גֵּיהִנָּם. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״יָד לְיָד לֹא יִנָּקֶה רָּע״ — לֹא יִנָּקֶה מִדִּינָהּ שֶׁל גֵּיהִנָּם. אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: מָנוֹחַ עַם הָאָרֶץ הָיָה, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיֵּלֶךְ מָנוֹחַ אַחֲרֵי אִשְׁתּוֹ״.

The Gemara asks: And according to the one who said that Eve was a face or side of Adam, which one of them walked in front? Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: It is reasonable to say that the man walked in front, as it is taught in a baraita: A man should not walk behind a woman on a path, as he will look at her constantly, even if it is his wife. If a woman happens upon him along a bridge, he should walk quickly in order to move her to the sides so that she will not walk in front of him. And anyone who walks behind a woman in a river in order to see her exposed skin when she lifts her clothing as she passes through the water has no portion in the World-to-Come. The Sages taught: One who counts money for a woman from his hand to her hand in order to look upon her, even if he has accumulated Torah and good deeds like Moses our teacher, he will not be absolved from the punishment of Gehenna, as it is stated: “Hand to hand, the evil man shall not go unpunished” (Proverbs 11:21); one who hands money from his hand to her hand, even if he received the Torah from God’s hand to his own, like Moses, he will not be absolved from the punishment of Gehenna, which is called evil. Rav Naḥman said: From the following verse we know that Samson’s father, Manoah, was an ignoramus, as it is written: “And Manoah…went after his wife” (Judges 13:11).

Source 4 · Chazal
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Onkelos Deuteronomy 24:10

תרגום אונקלוס, דברים כד י

Onkelos Deuteronomy 24:10

אֲרֵי תַרְשֵׁי בְחַבְרָךְ רְשׁוּ מִדָּעַם לָא תֵעוּל לְבֵיתֵיהּ לְמִסַּב מַשְׁכּוֹנֵיהּ:

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Targum Jonathan on Deuteronomy 24:10

תרגום יונתן, דברים כד י

Targum Jonathan on Deuteronomy 24:10

אֲרוּם תּוֹזְפוּן בְּחַבְרֵיכוֹן מִיזְפוּ דְמִדַּעַם לָא תֵיעוּל לְבֵיתֵיהּ לְמַשְׁכּוֹנֵי מַשְׁכּוֹנֵיהּ

Source 6 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Forbidden Intercourse 21:1

משנה תורה, איסורי ביאה פרק כא וראה שם עוד

Mishneh Torah, Forbidden Intercourse 21:1

Defines the biblical and rabbinic boundaries of sexualized conduct and contact, including the importance of intention and the character of the act. It is a foundational source for distinguishing ordinary professional contact from affectionate contact.

כָּל הַבָּא עַל עֶרְוָה מִן הָעֲרָיוֹת דֶּרֶךְ אֵיבָרִים אוֹ שֶׁחִבֵּק וְנִשֵּׁק דֶּרֶךְ תַּאֲוָה וְנֶהֱנָה בְּקֵרוּב בָּשָׂר הֲרֵי זֶה לוֹקֶה מִן הַתּוֹרָה. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יח ל) "לְבִלְתִּי עֲשׂוֹת מֵחֻקּוֹת הַתּוֹעֵבֹת" וְגוֹ'. וְנֶאֱמַר (ויקרא יח ו) "לֹא תִקְרְבוּ לְגַלּוֹת עֶרְוָה". כְּלוֹמַר לֹא תִּקְרְבוּ לִדְבָרִים הַמְּבִיאִין לִידֵי גִּלּוּי עֶרְוָה:

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Forbidden Intercourse 21:2

משנה תורה, איסורי ביאה פרק כא וראה שם עוד

Mishneh Torah, Forbidden Intercourse 21:2

Continues Rambam’s discussion of prohibited forms of closeness and conduct. It provides the conceptual background for analyzing whether non-affectionate medical examination is within the prohibition.

הָעוֹשֶׂה דָּבָר מֵחֻקּוֹת אֵלּוּ הֲרֵי הוּא חָשׁוּד עַל הָעֲרָיוֹת. וְאָסוּר לָאָדָם לִקְרֹץ בְּיָדָיו וּבְרַגְלָיו אוֹ לִרְמֹז בְּעֵינָיו לְאַחַת מִן הָעֲרָיוֹת אוֹ לִשְׂחֹק עִמָּהּ אוֹ לְהָקֵל רֹאשׁ. וַאֲפִלּוּ לְהָרִיחַ בְּשָׂמִים שֶׁעָלֶיהָ אוֹ לְהַבִּיט בְּיָפְיָהּ אָסוּר. וּמַכִּין לַמִּתְכַּוֵּן לְדָבָר זֶה מַכַּת מַרְדּוּת. וְהַמִּסְתַּכֵּל אֲפִלּוּ בְּאֶצְבַּע קְטַנָּה שֶׁל אִשָּׁה וְנִתְכַּוֵּן לֵהָנוֹת כְּמִי שֶׁנִּסְתַּכֵּל בִּמְקוֹם הַתֹּרֶף. וַאֲפִלּוּ לִשְׁמֹעַ קוֹל הָעֶרְוָה אוֹ לִרְאוֹת שְׂעָרָהּ אָסוּר:

Source 8 · Rishonim
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Rashi on Jeremiah 23:39

רש"י, דברים כד י

Rashi on Jeremiah 23:39

Rashi explains that the word "venasheet" derives from "gid hanashe" (the sinew that shrank) and from "nashta gevuratam" (their strength was weakened), and denotes something that leaps and moves from place to place.

וְנָשִׁיתִי. לְשׁוֹן ״גִּיד הַנָּשֶׁה״ (בראשית לב:לג), וְלָשׁוֹן ״נָשְׁתָה גְבוּרָתָם״ (ירמיה נא:ל); קוֹפֵץ וּמְטַלְטֵל מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם:

Source 9 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzer 21

שולחן ערוך, אבן העזר כ״א — ד"ה אסור להשתמש באשה כלל בין גדולה

Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzer 21:5

Sets the governing framework for prohibited affectionate or sexually suggestive contact and related practices. Its scope must be applied carefully to clinical contact rather than assumed to prohibit every medically necessary touch.

אסור להשתמש באשה כלל בין גדולה בין קטנה בין שפחה בין משוחררת שמא יבא לידי הרהור עבירה באיזה שמוש אמרו ברחיצת פניו ידיו ורגליו אפי' ליצוק לו מים לרחוץ פניו ידיו ורגליו אפילו אינה נוגעת בו והצעת המטה בפניו ומזיגת הכוס: הגה וי"א דה"ה באכילה עמה בקערה נמי אסור בכל ערוה כמו באשתו נדה (בנימין זאב סימן קמ"ג) ויש מקילין בכל אלו דלא אסרו דברים של חבה אלא באשתו נדה (רשב"א אלף קמ"ח) וי"א דכל זה אינו אסור רק במקום ייחוד אבל במקום שרוב בני אדם מצויים כגון במרחץ מותר לרחוץ מכותית שפחות וכן נוהגים (מרדכי פ' אע"פ בשם הר"ש בר ברוך) וי"א דכל שאינו עושה דרך חבה רק כוונתו לשם שמים מותר לכן נהגו להקל בדברים אלו (תוספות סוף קדושין) י"א דאין לנהוג אפילו עם אשתו בדברים של חבה כגון לעיין ברישיה אם יש לו כנים בפני אחרים (נ"י פרק חזקת הבתים):

It is forbidden to be served by a woman at all, whether she is an adult or a minor, whether a slave or free, lest he come to have forbidden thoughts. What service were they speaking of? Washing his face, hands, and feet, even to pour water so he can wash his face, hands, and feet, even if she does not touch him; or making his bed in front of him; or pouring a drink. Rem"a: Some say that eating with her with a bowl is also forbidden with every erva, as with his menstrually impure wife. There are those who are lenient in all of this, that they only prohibited affectionate things with one's menstrually impure wife. Some say that all this is forbidden only when they are alone, but in a place like a bathhouse where many people are found, one may be washed by an idolatrous slave woman, and this is the custom. And some say that anything not done in a affectionate manner (בדרך חבה), where his intent is only for Heaven's sake, is permitted. Thus the custom is to be lenient in these things. Some say that one should not do affectionate things even with his wife, such as to inspect her head for lice, in front of others.)

See also

Source 10 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzer 21:7

שולחן ערוך, אבן העזר כ״א:ז׳

Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzer 21:7

Joseph Karo states that while a father may embrace and kiss his young daughter and sleep near her in close physical contact, and similarly a mother with her young son, once the children mature—when the daughter's breasts develop and pubic hair grows—they must sleep in their own clothing, and if either child would be embarrassed to stand naked before the parent or if the daughter has become engaged, they may no longer sleep together even clothed.

המחבק או המנשק אחת מהעריות שאין לבו של אדם נוקפו עליהם כגון אחותו הגדולה ואחות אביו וכיוצא בהם אע"פ שאין לו שום הנאה כלל הרי זה מגונה ביותר ודבר איסור הוא ומעשה טפשים שאין קרבים לערוה כלל בין גדולה בין קטנה חוץ מהאב לבתו ומהאם לבנה כיצד מותר האב לחבק בתו ולנשקה ולישן עמה בקירוב בשר וכן האם עם בנה כל זמן שהם קטנים הגדילו ונעשה הבן גדול והבת גדולה עד שיהיו שדים נכונו ושערך צמח זה ישן בכסותו והיא ישנה בכסותה ואם היתה הבת בושה לעמוד לפני אביה ערומה או שנתקדשה וכן אם האם בושה לעמוד בפני בנה ערומה ואע"פ שהם קטנים משהגיע להכלם מהם אין ישנים עמהן אלא בכסותן:

See also

Source 11 · Acharonim
Verified

Mishnah Berurah 329:19

משנה ברורה שכ״ט

Mishnah Berurah 329:19

Israel Meir Kagan holds that one is not obligated to rescue others if doing so poses danger to oneself, and even doubtful danger to oneself takes precedence over certain danger to another, though one must weigh the circumstances carefully and not be overly stringent in assessing whether genuine danger exists.

(יט) כדי להצילם - ומ"מ אם יש סכנה להמציל אינו מחויב דחייו קודם לחיי חבירו (או"ה) ואפילו ספק סכנה נמי עדיף ספיקו דידיה מודאי דחברו אולם צריך לשקול הדברים היטב אם יש בו ספק סכנה ולא לדקדק ביותר כאותה שאמרו המדקדק עצמו בכך בא לידי כך [פתחי תשובה חו"מ סי' תכ"ו]:

See also

Source 12 · Modern
External

Rav Gavriel Zinner (Nitei Gavriel, Nidda vol 1, perek 39)

נטעי גבריאל, נדה א פרק ל״ט

Nitei Gavriel, Nidda vol 1, perek 39

The passage cites sources indicating that a male physician is permitted to treat his wife, and by analogy the same applies to a female physician treating her husband, with a reference to Shulchan Aruch that permits this in cases of illness.

On this pageThe passage cites sources indicating that a male physician is permitted to treat his wife, and by analogy the same applies to a female physician treating her husband, with a reference to Shulchan Aruch that permits this in cases of illness.

Nitei Gavriel, Nidda vol 1, perek 39 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 332

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Source 13 · Modern
External

Tzitz Eliezer 13:81

ציץ אליעזר, חי״ג סי׳ פ״א

Tzitz Eliezer 13:81

The passage states that a physician should obtain the patient's consent before allowing students to gather around a sick person's bed, as this relates to the prohibition against shaming the patient, and if the patient objects, the physician must prevent the students from doing so.

On this pageThe passage states that a physician should obtain the patient's consent before allowing students to gather around a sick person's bed, as this relates to the prohibition against shaming the patient, and if the patient objects, the physician must prevent the students from doing so.

Tzitz Eliezer 13:81 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 174

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Source 14 · Modern
Verified

B'Mareh HaBazak Volume X 47

שו"ת במראה הבזק חלק עשירי מ״ז — ד"ה תשובה

B'Mareh HaBazak Volume X 47:5

A physician may treat a patient of the opposite sex and touch them even without medical necessity, because such contact is not motivated by desire and physicians are preoccupied with their work.

תשובה: א. מותר לרופא לטפל באישה (או לרופאה לטפל באיש) גם אם צריך לגעת בה, אפילו אם אין בזה משום פיקוח נפש, שנגיעה זו אינה דרך תאווה ובעבודתם טרודים.

Source 15 · Modern
Verified

Rav Eliezer Melamed (Peninei Halakhah, Family 7:22)

פניני הלכה, משפחה ז׳:כ״ב

Peninei Halakhah, Family 7:22

A physiotherapist or doctor may touch patients of the opposite sex when treating an actual patient, but practice massage on the opposite sex for training purposes is forbidden, even though department heads claim such practice is necessary for proper certification; the passage rejects this claim, noting that physiotherapy lacks significant anatomical differences between genders and that women historically studied the field without practicing on men.

שאלה: האם מותר לתלמידי החוג לפיזיותרפיה לתרגל עיסויים בנים על בנות ובנות על בנים? לטענת ראשי החוג, יש הכרח להתאמן על בני המין השני, הואיל ויש שוני בין המינים, ומי שלא יתרגל זאת לא יוכל לקבל הכשרה ראויה כפיזיותרפיסט. תשובה: אסור לתרגל עיסוי של בנים על בנות ובנות על בנים, ובמקום שדורש זאת אסור ללמוד. ואמנם כדי לטפל בחולה מותר לרופא או לפיזיותרפיסט לנגוע בבן המין השני, ולראות מקומות צנועים שבגופו. ומלכתחילה, גם לצורך רפואי, כיוון שהטיפול הפיזיותרפי הוא טיפול ממושך, מוטב שגבר יטפל בגברים, ואשה בנשים. אבל לגבי לימוד אין היתר. ואין לקבל את טענת ראשי החוג, הטוענים שכדי להכשירם כראוי חובה שיתאמנו גם על בני המין השני, מפני שלפי חוות דעת מומחים, לעניין זה אין הבדלים משמעותיים בין גוף הגבר לאשה. לא זו בלבד, אלא שרק לאחרונה החלו גברים להכנס למקצוע זה, ולפני כן רק נשים למדו פיזיותרפיה, ואף אחד לא טען אז שהן חייבות להתאמן על גברים (עפ"י הרב פרופ' אברהם שטיינברג, מחבר אנציקלופדיה הלכתית רפואית).

Source 16 · Modern
Verified

Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (Darchei Tahara 5:95)

דרכי טהרה, ה׳:צ״ה — ד"ה אָסוּר לְבַעַל רוֹפֵא לְטַפֵּל בְּאִשְׁתּוֹ נִדָּה

Darchei Tahara 5:95

A physician-husband is forbidden to treat his niddah wife in matters involving physical touch, but if no other doctors are available and there is danger to her health, he may treat her while minimizing direct contact—touching through a cloth barrier when possible without compromising her safety—and such touching is permitted if it lacks intent of affection or desire; similarly, he may check her pulse according to these same restrictions.

אָסוּר לְבַעַל רוֹפֵא לְטַפֵּל בְּאִשְׁתּוֹ נִדָּה בְּדָבָר הַכָּרוּךְ בִּנְגִיעָה וְכַדּוֹמֶה. אַךְ אִם אֵין רוֹפְאִים אֲחֵרִים וְיֵשׁ סַכָּנָה בְּחָלְיָהּ – מֻתָּר לוֹ לְרַפֹּאתָהּ, אוּלָם יִמָּנַע כְּכָל שֶׁיּוּכַל מִלִּנְגֹּעַ בָּהּ יְשִׁירוֹת, אֶלָּא יִגַּע בָּהּ עַל-יְדֵי הֶפְסֵק בֶּגֶד, אִם אֵין חֲשַׁשׁ סַכָּנָה בְּכָךְ. וְאַף שֶׁיֵּשׁ מְפַקְפְקִים בְּהֶתֵּר זֶה – אִם אֵין בִּנְגִיעוֹת אֵלּוּ מִשּׁוּם חִבָּה וְתַאֲוָה, מֻתָּר. וְכֵן מֻתָּר לוֹ לִבְדֹּק אֶת הַדֹּפֶק שֶׁבְּיָדָהּ עַל-פִּי הַסְּיָגִים דִּלְעֵיל, וְיִשְׁתַּדֵּל לְבָדְקָהּ כְּכָל שֶׁיּוּכַל עַל-יְדֵי הֶפְסֵק בֶּגֶד וְכַדּוֹמֶה.

Source 17 · Modern
Verified

Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (Darchei Tahara 5:89)

דרכי טהרה, ה׳:פ״ט — ד"ה אִם הַבַּעַל חוֹלֶה וְאֵין מִי שֶׁיְּטַפֵּל

Darchei Tahara 5:89

When a wife's husband is ill and no one else is available to care for him, she may assist him with physical tasks such as moving, lying down, or supporting him, provided she avoids direct contact with his flesh and instead uses an intervening barrier like cloth, because even though such contact would be motivated by necessity rather than affection, physical proximity can generate affection and therefore direct touching of his skin should be avoided.

אִם הַבַּעַל חוֹלֶה וְאֵין מִי שֶׁיְּטַפֵּל בּוֹ זוּלָתָהּ, מֻתָּר לָהּ לַעֲזֹר לוֹ – לַהֲקִימוֹ, לְהַשְׁכִּיבוֹ וּלְסָמְכוֹ – אִם צָרִיךְ הוּא לְכָךְ, רַק שֶׁתִּזָּהֵר שֶׁלֹּא לָגַעַת בִּבְשָׂרוֹ אֶלָּא עַל-יְדֵי הֶפְסֵק בֶּגֶד וְכַדּוֹמֶה. וְאַף שֶׁנְּגִיעָה זוֹ אֵין בָּהּ חִבָּה אֶלָּא צֹרֶךְ – כֵּיוָן שֶׁהַקִּרְבָה הַגּוּפָנִית עֲשׂוּיָה לִגְרֹם חִבָּה, יֵשׁ לְהִזָּהֵר מִנְּגִיעָה יְשִׁירָה בַּבָּשָׂר. [הערה 143] עי' ר"פ שם, ולחם שמלה סי' קצ"ה ס"ק כ"ח.

Source 18 · Modern
Verified

Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (Maamar Mordechai Hilchot Taaniyot U'Vein HaMetzarim 26:12)

מאמר מרדכי הלכות תעניות ובין המצרים, כ״ו:י״ב — ד"ה רופאים ואחיות העובדים עם חולים ב'תשעה

Maamar Mordechai Hilchot Taaniyot U'Vein HaMetzarim 26:12

Doctors and nurses working with patients on Tisha B'Av are permitted to wash their hands to maintain sterility (to prevent infection), and for this reason are also permitted to change medical coats and other garments as needed.

רופאים ואחיות העובדים עם חולים ב'תשעה באב', מותר להם לרחוץ את ידיהם כדי לשמור על סטריליות [לא להדבק ולא להדביק אחרים], ומסיבה זו מותר להם גם להחליף את החלוקים הרפואיים ואת שאר בגדים, לפי הצורך. [הערה 14] – וראה בהרחבה בפרק כ"ב סעי' י'.

Source 19 · Modern
Verified

Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (Darchei Tahara 5:92)

דרכי טהרה, ה׳:צ״ב — ד"ה אִם הָאִשָּׁה חוֹלָה – הָאִסּוּר הוּא

Darchei Tahara 5:92

When a woman is ill, the prohibition against her husband touching her becomes more severe, because a healthy husband risks being overcome by desire and transgressing if he touches his sick wife—a concern absent with a healthy wife or sick husband—and therefore even if no one else is available to help her, it is forbidden for the husband to touch her to assist her, including through a cloth barrier, but he is obligated to help her in all her other needs that do not involve touching, such as bringing her food and drink.

אִם הָאִשָּׁה חוֹלָה – הָאִסּוּר הוּא הַרְבֵּה יוֹתֵר חָמוּר, כִּי כֵּיוָן שֶׁהַבַּעַל בָּרִיא יֵשׁ לַחְשֹׁשׁ שֶׁאִם יִגַּע בְּאִשְׁתּוֹ יִתְגַּבֵּר עָלָיו יִצְרוֹ וְיָבוֹא לִדְבַר עֲבֵרָה, מַה שֶּׁאֵין לָחֹשׁ בְּאִשָּׁה בְּרִיאָה וּבַעַל חוֹלֶה, לָכֵן אַף אִם אֵין מִי שֶׁיַּעֲזֹר לָהּ אָסוּר לַבַּעַל לִגַּע בָּהּ כְּדֵי לַעֲזֹר לָהּ – כְּגוֹן לַהֲקִימָהּ לְהַשְׁכִּיבָהּ וּלְסָמְכָהּ – אֲפִלּוּ עַל-יְדֵי הֶפְסֵק בֶּגֶד. אוּלָם מִצְוָה וְחוֹבָה לַעֲזֹר לָהּ בְּכָל מַה שֶּׁצְּרִיכָה וְאֵינוֹ כָּרוּךְ בִּנְגִיעָה, כַּהֲבָאַת אֹכֶל וּמַשְׁקֶה וְכֹל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה.

Related sources· 8 found, not yet verifiedSign in to verify
  • דפק״נ, ואז הלא יהיה אסור בנגיעת ידה עכ״פ מדרבנן, ואפשר דבנגיעה ע״י בגד, יש להתיר אפילו בחולה שאין בה סכנה, כיון דל״ה נגיעה ממש, והרי בעובדא דידן, הוי כמו דליכא אחר שישמשנה, דמותר, כמו שהעלה רמב מעיז פרק א אומר סימן קסט

  • רבינו כשבעלה עמה. ואמרתי לרבינו שמדובר בבית ספר. וענה מו״ר נר״ו: שיעשו עם דלת פתוחה. שאלה טו\ה אשה שמטפלת בילד בן ארבע-עשרה עם תםמונת-דאון ברמה של ילד בן ארבע. האם מותר לה לשיר לו, וכן לגעת בו לצורך פיזיותרפיה? תשובה:

  • נשני - מן נשש, ואילו היה מגזרת נשיתי טובה, צריך לומר נישני כמו רימני.

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • ונשיתי - שלח רוגזי.

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • Filed under: Medical Ethics

  • Filed under: Medical Ethics

  • Filed under: Medical Ethics

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