Halachaהלכה

Priestly Marriage Laws and Converts

These sources examine the Torah's prohibition against a kohen marrying a convert, analyzing the biblical basis for the restriction and its scope across different halakhic traditions. The sources distinguish the genealogical requirements for priestly marriage from ordinary Jewish marriage law.

בַּת גֵּר זָכָר כְּבַת חָלָל זָכָר

18 sources · 15 verified

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What the sources say

The Torah prohibition against a kohen marrying a zonah, derived from Vayikra 21, is the doctrinal anchor for the entire discussion, and the Ramban (Vayikra 21:6) frames the underlying rationale: priests are commanded to a higher standard of holiness — understood as separateness — that goes beyond what is required of ordinary Israelites, specifically including marriage only to women fit for them in purity and cleanliness.

The Gemara in Yevamot 61a records the foundational machlokes over who qualifies as a zonah: the Rabbis rule that the category includes a female convert, a freed maidservant, and any woman who engaged in licentious intercourse with a man she was forbidden to marry — meaning a female convert falls under the zonah prohibition as a matter of definition, not merely conduct.

The Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Forbidden Intercourse 18:1–3) codifies the Oral Tradition explicitly: the term zonah covers any woman who is not a native-born Jewess, and the Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Forbidden Intercourse 19:10–12) draws the practical consequence directly — a male kohen who is forbidden to marry a zonah is therefore forbidden to marry a female convert or freed maidservant, because they are equivalent to zonot, though the prohibition runs only against male kohanim and not against women of priestly lineage.

The Shulchan Arukh (Even HaEzer 6:8) restates this ruling authoritatively, specifying that a convert falls within the zonah category and is therefore forbidden to a kohen, and the Arukh HaShulchan (Even HaEzer 6:19) elaborates on the Rambam's position, explaining that even a convert who converted as a minor is included in the prohibition.

The Sefer HaChinukh (Sefer HaChinukh 266) adds a further rationale from the structure of kiddushin: because betrothal does not take effect between a Jew and a non-Jew, any union with a non-Jewess is by definition licentiousness — which is precisely why all non-Jewish women, including converts who were not born Jewish, carry the legal status of zonah relative to the priesthood.

A significant limiting principle emerges from Yevamot 60b, where Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai holds that a female convert who converted before the age of three years and one day is permitted to marry into the priesthood, drawing proof from Bamidbar 31:18 and the presence of Pinchas among the warriors — indicating that the disqualification of converts is tied to their having had the legal capacity for prohibited relations, not to their gentile origin as such.

The Gemara in Yevamot 76b–77a and Kiddushin 78a–78b records a further dispute extending the question to the daughters of male converts: Rabbi Yehuda disqualifies the daughter of a male convert from marrying into the priesthood by a kal va-chomer from the daughter of a chalal, reasoning that one born from an unfit seed is certainly unfit, while others derive from the pasuk 'from the seed of the house of Israel' that even partial Israelite lineage suffices — a machlokes over whether the disqualification reaches the next generation.

Yevamot 68a and Yevamot 69a make clear that the convert's disqualifying status is not merely passive: a male convert who has relations with a woman of priestly lineage disqualifies her from the priesthood, and the Gemara's discussion of Rabbi Yosei's principle — that only a man whose offspring are themselves unfit can disqualify — reflects that the convert's status as outside full Israelite lineage is the operative legal fact throughout.

Tosafot (Yevamot 61a) engages the textual tension raised by the ruling that gentiles are not called 'adam' in the context of this prohibition, noting the difficulty this creates with other sources that use the same inclusive language, and working through the resolution — underlining that the category of zonah for a convert rests on a specific halakhic definition, not on a general moral characterization.

Source 1 · Chazal
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Yevamot 61a

יבמות ס״א א — ד"ה מַתְנִי׳ כֹּהֵן הֶדְיוֹט לֹא יִשָּׂא אַיְלוֹנִית

Yevamot 61a:12

The Mishnah states that a male convert and an emancipated slave are disqualified from marrying into the priesthood, while a female convert is discussed within the laws of priestly marriage. This is the central rabbinic source for the convert–kohen restriction.

מַתְנִי׳ כֹּהֵן הֶדְיוֹט לֹא יִשָּׂא אַיְלוֹנִית, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן יֵשׁ לוֹ אִשָּׁה וּבָנִים. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ אִשָּׁה וּבָנִים לֹא יִשָּׂא אַיְלוֹנִית, שֶׁהִיא זוֹנָה הָאֲמוּרָה בַּתּוֹרָה. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: אֵין זוֹנָה אֶלָּא גִּיּוֹרֶת וּמְשׁוּחְרֶרֶת וְשֶׁנִּבְעֲלָה בְּעִילַת זְנוּת.

MISHNA: A common priest may not marry a sexually underdeveloped woman [aylonit], who is incapable of bearing children, unless he already has a wife and children. Rabbi Yehuda says: Even if he has a wife and children, he may not marry a sexually underdeveloped woman, as she is the zona about whom it is stated in the Torah that a priest may not marry her. Intercourse with her is considered a licentious act because she is incapable of bearing children. And the Rabbis say: The only women in the category of zona, who are therefore forbidden to a priest, are a female convert, a freed maidservant, and any woman who engaged in licentious sexual intercourse with a man she is prohibited from marrying.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Kiddushin 78a–78b

קידושין ע״ח

Kiddushin 78a-78b

The Mishnah and Gemara map the categories of genealogical eligibility for marriage into the priesthood, including converts and other groups. The sugya clarifies how priestly lineage rules differ from ordinary Jewish marriage law.

רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: בַּת גֵּר זָכָר כְּבַת חָלָל. תַּנְיָא, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: בַּת גֵּר זָכָר כְּבַת חָלָל זָכָר. וְהַדִּין נוֹתֵן: מָה חָלָל, שֶׁבָּא מִטִּפָּה כְּשֵׁרָה – בִּתּוֹ פְּסוּלָה, גֵּר, שֶׁבָּא מִטִּפָּה פְּסוּלָה – אֵינוֹ דִּין שֶׁבִּתּוֹ פְּסוּלָה? וְכוּלָּן מִקְרָא אֶחָד דָּרְשׁוּ: ״אַלְמָנָה וּגְרוּשָׁה לֹא יִקְחוּ לָהֶם לְנָשִׁים כִּי אִם בְּתוּלֹת מִזֶּרַע בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל״, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה סָבַר: עַד דְּאִית כׇּל זֶרַע מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב סָבַר: ״מִזֶּרַע״, וַאֲפִילּוּ מִקְצָת זֶרַע.

§ The mishna teaches that Rabbi Yehuda says: The daughter of a male convert is like the daughter of a male ḥalal, and is prohibited from marrying into the priesthood. It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yehuda says: The daughter of a male convert is like the daughter of a male ḥalal, and is prohibited from marrying into the priesthood. And logic dictates that this is so: Just as in the case of a ḥalal, who comes from a fit drop of semen, as both his parents are Jewish, his daughter is nevertheless unfit to marry into the priesthood, in the case of a convert, who comes from an unfit drop, as he was born a gentile, is it not logical that his daughter should be unfit to marry into the priesthood? The Gemara comments: And all of the tanna’im who have a dispute with regard to the fitness of the daughter of a convert for marrying into the priesthood expounded a single verse. It states with regard to priests: “Neither shall they take as their wives a widow, nor her that divorced; but they shall take virgins of the seed of the house of Israel” (Ezekiel 44:22). Rabbi Yehuda holds: A priest may marry a woman only if the entire seed is from those born to the Jewish people, but not if one of the parents is a convert. Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov holds: “Of the seed of the house of Israel” indicates that not all of the seed must come from the house of Israel, and even if part of the seed is from the house of Israel, that is sufficient to allow her to marry a priest.

Source 3 · Chazal
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Yevamot 76b–77a

יבמות ע״ו ב-ע״ז א

Yevamot 76b-77a

The Gemara analyzes the source and scope of the prohibition on a convert marrying into the priesthood, including the derivation from the priestly marriage verses and the status of different generations of converts.

אָמַר עוּלָּא אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: בַּת גֵּר עַמּוֹנִי כְּשֵׁרָה לַכְּהוּנָּה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא בַּר עוּלָּא לְעוּלָּא: כְּמַאן? אִי כְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה, הָא אָמַר: בַּת גֵּר זָכָר — כְּבַת חָלָל זָכָר! וְאִי כְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי, פְּשִׁיטָא, הָא אָמַר: אַף גֵּר שֶׁנָּשָׂא גִּיּוֹרֶת — בִּתּוֹ כְּשֵׁרָה לִכְהוּנָּה. וְכִי תֵּימָא, בְּהָנָךְ דִּרְאוּיִן לָבֹא בַּקָּהָל, אֲבָל הַאי דְּאֵין רָאוּי לָבֹא בַּקָּהָל — לָא, מְנָא לֵיהּ? דְּיָלֵיף מִכֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל בְּאַלְמָנָה. מָה לְכֹהֵן גָּדוֹל בְּאַלְמָנָה — שֶׁכֵּן בִּיאָתוֹ בַּעֲבֵירָה.

Ulla said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The daughter of an Ammonite convert is fit not only to marry an ordinary Israelite, but even to marry into the priesthood. Rava bar Ulla said to Ulla: In accordance with whose opinion did you state this halakha? If it is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, didn’t he say that the daughter of a male convert is like the daughter of a male ḥalal, one rendered unfit for the priesthood, which means that the daughter of any convert should be disqualified from the priesthood? And if you spoke in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, it is obvious that this is the case, as he said that even if a male convert marries a female convert, his daughter is fit to marry into the priesthood. And if you would say that Rabbi Yosei spoke only of those converts who are fit to enter into the congregation, but with regard to this one, an Ammonite convert, who is not fit to enter into the congregation, his daughter is not fit to marry a priest, there is a difficulty: From where does he derive this distinction? The Gemara answers: He derives this from the case of a High Priest who married a widow, a woman whom he is prohibited from marrying. Just as his daughter is disqualified from marrying into the priesthood, so too is the daughter of an Ammonite convert disqualified from marrying into the priesthood. However, an objection may be raised: What comparison can be made to a High Priest who married a widow, which is a stringent prohibition, as his intercourse involves a transgression? Can one say the same with regard to the daughter of an Ammonite convert, who could be born from a permitted relationship, e.g., from a male Ammonite convert who married a female Ammonite convert?

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Yevamot 60b

יבמות ס׳ ב — ד"ה תַּנְיָא

Yevamot 60b:6

A female convert who converted before age three years and one day is permitted to marry into the priesthood, as indicated by the verse about women who had not known man and the fact that Pinehas the priest was among them.

תַּנְיָא, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַי אוֹמֵר: גִּיּוֹרֶת פְּחוּתָה מִבַּת שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים וְיוֹם אֶחָד — כְּשֵׁירָה לַכְּהוּנָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְכֹל הַטַּף בַּנָּשִׁים אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָדְעוּ מִשְׁכַּב זָכָר הַחֲיוּ לָכֶם״, וַהֲרֵי פִּנְחָס עִמָּהֶם.

§ The Gemara cites another ruling of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai, also related to the discussion of defining who is considered a virgin. It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai says: A female convert who converted when she was less than three years and one day old is permitted to marry into the priesthood, as it is stated: “But all the women children that have not known man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves” (Numbers 31:18). This verse indicates that these women were fit for all of the warriors, and since Pinehas the priest was with them (see Numbers 31:6), it is clear that young converts are permitted to priests.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Yevamot 68a

יבמות ס״ח א — ד"ה אֶלָּא אָמַר רָבָא

Yevamot 68a:6

A nine-year-and-one-day-old boy who is a convert, an Ammonite or Moabite convert, an Egyptian or Edomite convert, a Samaritan, a Gibeonite, a chalal, or a mamzer disqualifies a priestess, Levite, or Israelite woman from marrying into the priesthood through intercourse, though Rabbi Yosi limits this disqualification to those whose offspring is unfit to enter the assembly of Israel.

אֶלָּא אָמַר רָבָא: בְּבֶן תֵּשַׁע שָׁנִים וְיוֹם אֶחָד דְּהָנָךְ פְּסוּלִים קָתָנֵי, דְּפָסְלִי בְּבִיאָתָן. וְכִדְתַנְיָא: בֶּן תֵּשַׁע שָׁנִים וְיוֹם אֶחָד, גֵּר, עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי, מִצְרִי וַאֲדוֹמִי, כּוּתִי, נָתִין, חָלָל וּמַמְזֵר שֶׁבָּאוּ עַל כֹּהֶנֶת לְוִיָּה וְיִשְׂרְאֵלִית — פְּסָלוּהָ. גּוּפָא: בֶּן תֵּשַׁע שָׁנִים וְיוֹם אֶחָד, גֵּר, עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי, מִצְרִי וַאֲדוֹמִי, כּוּתִי, נָתִין, חָלָל וּמַמְזֵר שֶׁבָּאוּ עַל כֹּהֶנֶת לְוִיָּה וְיִשְׂרְאֵלִית — פְּסָלוּהָ. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: כֹּל שֶׁזַּרְעוֹ פָּסוּל — פּוֹסֵל, כֹּל שֶׁאֵין זַרְעוֹ פָּסוּל — אֵינוֹ פּוֹסֵל. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: כֹּל שֶׁאַתָּה נוֹשֵׂא בִּתּוֹ — אַתָּה נוֹשֵׂא אַלְמְנָתוֹ, וְכֹל שֶׁאֵין אַתָּה נוֹשֵׂא בִּתּוֹ — אִי אַתָּה נוֹשֵׂא אַלְמְנָתוֹ.

Rather, Rava said that the mishna is teaching this halakha with regard to a nine-year-and-one-day-old boy who is one of those unfit males listed in a baraita, who disqualify a woman from marrying a priest by their intercourse, as they are unfit to enter the assembly of Israel through marriage, as it is taught in a baraita: A nine-year-and-one-day-old boy who is an Ammonite or a Moabite convert; or who is an Egyptian or an Edomite convert; or who is either a Samaritan [kuti], a Gibeonite, a ḥalal, or a mamzer, when he engaged in intercourse with a priestess, i.e., the daughter of a priest, a Levite, or an Israelite, he thereby disqualified her from marrying a priest, and, in the case of the daughter of a priest, from partaking of teruma. § The Gemara addresses the matter itself and cites the complete baraita. A nine-year-and-one-day-old boy who is an Ammonite or a Moabite convert; or who is an Egyptian or an Edomite convert; or who is either a Samaritan, a Gibeonite, a ḥalal, or a mamzer, when he engaged in intercourse with a priestess, or a Levite, or an Israelite, he thereby disqualified her from marrying into the priesthood. Rabbi Yosei says: Of the individuals mentioned above, anyone whose offspring is unfit to enter the assembly of Israel, disqualifies a woman with whom he engaged in intercourse from marrying into the priesthood. However, anyone whose offspring is not unfit does not disqualify a woman through intercourse. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: Anyone whose daughter you may marry, you may marry his widow, even if you are a priest. Anyone whose daughter may marry a Jew of unflawed lineage does not disqualify a woman with whom he engaged in intercourse from marrying into the priesthood. And anyone whose daughter you may not marry, you may not marry his widow if you are a priest.

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Yevamot 69a

יבמות ס״ט א — ד"ה מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ אַלְמְנוּת וְגֵירוּשִׁין בָּהּ

Yevamot 69a:1

A man who can have widowhood and divorce with a woman disqualifies her from marrying a kohain if he engages in sexual intercourse with her, while a gentile and slave do not have such status and therefore do not disqualify her; Rabbi Yosei adds that among men unfit to enter the assembly of Israel, only those whose offspring are also unfit disqualify a woman, whereas those whose offspring are fit do not.

מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ אַלְמְנוּת וְגֵירוּשִׁין בָּהּ, יָצְאוּ גּוֹי וְעֶבֶד שֶׁאֵין לוֹ אַלְמְנוּת וְגֵירוּשִׁין. וְרַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: כֹּל שֶׁזַּרְעוֹ פָּסוּל — פּוֹסֵל, וְכֹל שֶׁאֵין זַרְעוֹ פָּסוּל — אֵינוֹ פּוֹסֵל. מַאי אִיכָּא בֵּין תַּנָּא קַמָּא לְרַבִּי יוֹסֵי?

This verse is referring to a man who has potential widowhood and divorce with her, excluding a gentile and a slave, who do not have widowhood and divorce with her, as they cannot marry Jews at all. Therefore, they disqualify a woman from marrying into the priesthood through sexual intercourse, even if she does not have a child with them. § It was taught in the baraita under discussion (68a) that Rabbi Yosei says: Of the men unfit to enter the assembly of Israel, anyone whose offspring are also unfit disqualifies a woman with whom he engaged in intercourse from the priesthood. However, anyone whose offspring are not unfit does not disqualify her. The Gemara asks: What difference is there between the first tanna of the baraita and Rabbi Yosei?

Source 7 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Forbidden Intercourse 18:1–3

משנה תורה, הלכות איסורי ביאה י״ח:א׳-ג׳

Mishneh Torah, Forbidden Intercourse 18:1-3

Maimonides codifies the prohibition against a kohen marrying a convert and explains the related categories of women whom a priest may not marry. He distinguishes the legal status of a convert from that of an ordinary Israelite woman within priestly law.

מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמַדְנוּ שֶׁהַ (ויקרא כא ז יד) "זּוֹנָה" הָאֲמוּרָה בַּתּוֹרָה הִיא כָּל שֶׁאֵינָהּ בַּת יִשְׂרָאֵל. אוֹ בַּת יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁנִּבְעֲלָה לְאָדָם שֶׁהִיא אֲסוּרָה לְהִנָּשֵׂא לוֹ אִסּוּר הַשָּׁוֶה לַכּל. אוֹ שֶׁנִּבְעֲלָה לְחָלָל אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא מֻתֶּרֶת לְהִנָּשֵׂא לוֹ. לְפִיכָךְ הַנִּרְבַּעַת לִבְהֵמָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא בִּסְקִילָה לֹא נַעֲשֵׂית זוֹנָה וְלֹא נִפְסְלָה לִכְהֻנָּה שֶׁהֲרֵי לֹא נִבְעֲלָה לְאָדָם. וְהַבָּא עַל הַנִּדָּה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא בְּכָרֵת לֹא נַעֲשֵׂית זוֹנָה וְלֹא נִפְסְלָה לִכְהֻנָּה שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵינָהּ אֲסוּרָה לְהִנָּשֵׂא לוֹ: וְכֵן הַגִּיֹּרֶת וְהַמְשֻׁחְרֶרֶת אֲפִלּוּ נִתְגַּיְּרָה וְנִשְׁתַּחְרְרָה פְּחוּתָה מִבַּת שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים הוֹאִיל וְאֵינָהּ בַּת יִשְׂרָאֵל הֲרֵי זוֹ זוֹנָה וַאֲסוּרָה לְכֹהֵן. מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ עַכּוּ"ם אוֹ נָתִין אוֹ מַמְזֵר אוֹ גֵּר עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי אוֹ מִצְרִי וֶאֱדוֹמִי רִאשׁוֹן וְשֵׁנִי אוֹ פְּצוּעַ דַּכָּא וּכְרוּת שָׁפְכָה אוֹ חָלָל שֶׁבָּאוּ עַל הַיְּהוּדִית עָשׂוּ אוֹתָהּ זוֹנָה וְנִפְסְלָה לִכְהֻנָּה וְאִם הָיְתָה כֹּהֶנֶת פְּסָלוּהָ מִן הַתְּרוּמָה. וְכֵן יְבָמָה שֶׁבָּא עָלֶיהָ זָר עֲשָׂאָהּ זוֹנָה. וְהָאַיְלוֹנִית מֻתֶּרֶת לְכֹהֵן וְאֵינָהּ זוֹנָה:

Based on the Oral Tradition, we learned that the term zonah used by the Torah refers to one who is not a nativeborn Jewess, a Jewish woman who engaged in relations with a man she was forbidden to marry, violating a prohibition that is universally applicable, or a woman who engaged in relations with a challal even though she is permitted to marry him. Accordingly, a woman who engages in relations with an animal, even though she is liable for execution by stoning is not deemed as a zonah, nor is she disqualified from marrying into the priesthood, for she did not engage in relations with a man. [Similarly, when] a man engages in relations with a woman in the niddah state even though she is liable for kerait, she is not deemed as a zonah, nor is she disqualified from marrying into the priesthood, for she is not forbidden to marry him. Similarly, a female convert or a freed [maid-servant] - even if she was converted or freed when she was less than three years old - since she is not a native-born Jewess, she is deemed a zonah and is forbidden to [marry] a priest. On this basis, [our Sages said: A woman who has relations with] a gentile, a netin, a mamzer, an Ammonite or Moabite convert, a first- or second-generation Egyptian or Edomite convert, a man with maimed testicles or a severed member, or a challal who has relations with a [nativeborn] Jewess causes her to be considered as a zonah and to be forbidden to [marry into] the priesthood. If she was a priest's daughter, she is disqualified from [partaking of] terumah. Similarly, a yevamah who engaged relations with a man other than her yevam becomes a zonah. An aylonit is permitted to [marry] a priest. She is not a zonah.

Source 8 · Rishonim
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recovered from “Ramban on Leviticus 21:7

Ramban on Leviticus

רמב"ן על ויקרא כ״א

Ramban on Leviticus 21:6

Ramban analyzes the verse's categories and the special sanctity demanded of kohanim. His discussion provides conceptual context for why priestly marriage law preserves a stricter genealogical standard than ordinary Jewish marriage law.

קְדֹשִׁים יִהְיוּ לֵאלֹהֵיהֶם הַקְּדֻשָּׁה הִיא הַפְּרִישׁוּת, כַּאֲשֶׁר פֵּרַשְׁתִּי בְּסֵדֶר שֶׁל מַעְלָה (רמב"ן על ויקרא י"ט:ב'), יֹאמַר שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ בַּמֻּתָּר לְיִשְׂרָאֵל יִהְיוּ הַכֹּהֲנִים פְּרוּשִׁים, יִבָּדְלוּ מִטֻּמְאַת הַמֵּתִים וְנִשּׂוּאֵי הַנָּשִׁים שֶׁאֵינָן הֲגוּנוֹת לָהֶם בְּטַהֲרָה וּבִנְקִיּוּת:

THEY SHALL BE HOLY UNTO THEIR G-D. Holiness signifies separateness, as I have explained in the section above. Scripture is thus stating that even in those things which are permissible to Israelites, the priests should exercise self-control, avoiding the impurity of the dead, and marrying of women who are unfit for them in purity and cleanliness.

Source 9 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Forbidden Intercourse 19:10–12

משנה תורה, הלכות איסורי ביאה י״ט:י׳-י״ב

Mishneh Torah, Forbidden Intercourse 19:10-12

Maimonides discusses genealogical disqualifications and the priesthood, including how conversion affects eligibility for priestly marriage and the status of offspring. This provides the broader legal architecture behind the restriction.

כֹּהֵן זָכָר שֶׁהוּא אָסוּר לִשָּׂא זוֹנָה וַחֲלָלָה אָסוּר בְּגִיֹּרֶת וּמְשֻׁחְרֶרֶת שֶׁהִיא כְּזוֹנָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. אֲבָל הַכֹּהֶנֶת מֻתֶּרֶת לְהִנָּשֵׂא לְחָלָל וּלְגֵר וְלִמְשֻׁחְרָר שֶׁלֹּא הֻזְהֲרוּ כְּשֵׁרוֹת לְהִנָּשֵׂא לִפְסוּלִין שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כא א) "בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן" וְלֹא בְּנוֹת אַהֲרֹן. נִמְצָא הַגֵּר מֻתָּר לִשָּׂא מַמְזֶרֶת וְלִשָּׂא כֹּהֶנֶת:

A male priest who is forbidden to marry a zonah and a challalah is forbidden to marry a female convert and freed maid-servant for they are equivalent to zonot as we explained. A woman of the priestly family, however, is permitted to marry a challal, a convert, or a freed servant. For women of acceptable lineage were not forbidden against marrying men of unacceptable lineage. [This is derived from the phrase "the descendants" [- literally, the sons -] of Aaron," i.e., sons and not daughters. Thus a convert is permitted to marry a female mamzer and also, the daughter of a priest.

Source 10 · Rishonim
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Sefer HaChinukh 266

ספר החינוך רס״ו — ד"ה מִדִּינֵי הַמִּצְוָה

Sefer HaChinukh 266:3

The Sefer HaChinukh presents the commandment governing whom a kohen may not marry, based on the Torah's priestly sanctity. Its explanation connects the restriction to preserving the distinct holiness and lineage of the priesthood.

מִדִּינֵי הַמִּצְוָה. מָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (יבמות סא א) שֶׁהַזּוֹנָה הָאֲמוּרָה כָּאן הִיא, כָּל שֶׁאֵינָהּ בַּת יִשְׂרָאֵל, דִּכְלָן בִּכְלַל זוֹנוֹת הֵן, וְעוֹד שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵין קִדּוּשִׁין תּוֹפְסִין בָּהֶן זִמָּה הִיא. וְכֵן תִּקָּרֵא זוֹנָה כָּל בַּת יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁנִּבְעֲלָה לְאָדָם שֶׁהִיא אֲסוּרָה לִנָּשֵׂא לוֹ אִסּוּר הַשָּׁוֶה בְּכֹל, לְאַפּוֹקֵי אַלְמָנָה שֶׁנִּבְעֲלָה לְכֹהֵן גָּדוֹל אוֹ גְּרוּשָׁה לְכֹהֵן הֶדְיוֹט, שֶׁאֵין אִסּוּר זֶה שָׁוֶה בְּכָל אָדָם וְאֵינָהּ נַעֲשֵׂית זוֹנָה בְּכָךְ. וְכֵן נָמֵי תִּקָּרֵא זוֹנָה, כָּל שֶׁנִּבְעֲלָה לְכֹהֵן חָלָל וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא מֻתֶּרֶת לְהִנָּשֵׂא לוֹ, שֶׁאֵין הֱיוֹתָהּ זוֹנָה תָּלוּי בִּבְעִילָה שֶׁל אִסּוּר, אֶלָּא בִּפְגִימָה. וּמִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמַדְנוּ, שֶׁאֵינָהּ פְּגוּמָה אֶלָּא מֵאָדָם הָאָסוּר לָהּ שֶׁתִּנָּשֵׂא לוֹ אוֹ מִכֹּהֵן חָלָל. וְלָמַדְנוּ מֵעַתָּה, שֶׁהַנִּרְבַּעַת לִבְהֵמָה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא בִּסְקִילָה לֹא נַעֲשֵׂית זוֹנָה, דְּדַוְקָא בְּעִילַת אָדָם הוּא שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ זוֹנָה (שם נט ב). וְכֵן אִם נִבְעֲלָה בְּעוֹדָהּ נִדָּה לְמִי שֶׁרְאוּיָה שֶׁתִּנָּשֵׂא לוֹ אֵינָהּ נַעֲשֵׂית זוֹנָה בְּכָךְ, וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא בְּכָרֵת. וְכֵן הַבָּא עַל הַפְּנוּיָה אֲפִלּוּ הָיְתָה קְדֵשָׁה, כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁהִפְקִירָה עַצְמָהּ לַכֹּל, אֵינָהּ נַעֲשֵׂית זוֹנָה כָּל זְמַן שֶׁלֹּא נִבְעֲלָה לְמִי שֶׁאֲסוּרָה לְהִנָּשֵׂא לוֹ, כְּלוֹמַר, שֶׁהִיא עֶרְוָה עָלָיו, וַאֲפִילּוּ מֵחַיָּבֵי לָאוִין אוֹ אֲפִלּוּ מֵחַיָּבֵי עֲשֵׂה, בִּכְלַל אִסּוּר זֶה. וּלְפִיכָךְ אָמְרוּ, שֶׁגּוֹי אוֹ עֶבֶד אוֹ נָתִין אוֹ מַמְזֵר אוֹ גֵּר עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי אוֹ מִצְרִי וַאֲדוֹמִי רִאשׁוֹן וְשֵׁנִי אוֹ פְּצוּעַ דַּכָּא וּכְרוּת שָׁפְכָה, שֶׁבָּא אֶחָד מֵהֶן עַל יְהוּדִית עֲשָׂאָהּ זוֹנָה וְנִפְסֶלֶת לַכְּהֻנָּה. וְאִם הִיא כֹּהֶנֶת נִפְסֶלֶת מִן הַכְּהֻנָּה. וְכֵן הַנִּבְעֶלֶת לְמִי שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ זוֹנָה בֵּין בְּאֹנֶס בֵּין בְּרָצוֹן בֵּין בִּשְׁגָגָה, בֵּין כְּדַרְכָּהּ בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא כְּדַרְכָּהּ, מִשֶּׁהֶעֱרָה בָּהּ נִפְסְלָה מִשּׁוּם זוֹנָה, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁתִּהְיֶה בַּת שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים וְיוֹם אֶחָד וָמַעְלָה, וְיִהְיֶה הַבּוֹעֵל בֶּן תֵּשַׁע שָׁנִים וְיוֹם אֶחָד וָמַעְלָה. וְכֵן מֵעִנְיַן הַמִּצְוָה מָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ (נדרים צ, ב) בְּאֵשֶׁת כֹּהֵן שֶׁאָמְרָה לְבַעְלָהּ נֶאֱנַסְתִּי, וַאֲפִלּוּ עֵד אֶחָד מֵעִיד לוֹ עָלֶיהָ שֶׁכֵּן הוּא כִּדְבָרֶיהָ שֶׁזָּנְתָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ אֲסוּרָה עָלָיו בְּכָךְ, דְּאָמְרִינַן שֶׁמָּא עֵינֶיהָ נָתְנָה בְּאַחֵר. וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם אֲסוּרָה לְכָל כֹּהֵן אַחֲרֵי מוֹת אִישָׁהּ, דְּשַׁוֵּיתַהּ נַפְשָׁהּ חֲתִיכָה דְּאִסּוּרָא, וְאִם הָיְתָה נֶאֱמֶנֶת לוֹ אוֹ הָעֵד נֶאֱמָן לוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה יוֹצִיאֶנָּה עַל כָּל פָּנִים לָצֵאת יְדֵי סָפֵק. וְהוֹרוּנוּ מוֹרֵינוּ (עי' שו"ת הרשב"א סי' אלף רלח), יִשְׁמְרֵם אֵל, דְּדַוְקָא שֶׁבָּאת לוֹמַר כֵּן בֵּין הִיא אוֹ הָעֵד, מִתּוֹךְ שָׁלוֹם שֶׁבֵּינוֹ לְבֵינָהּ, אֲבָל אָמְרָה כֵּן בֵּין הִיא בֵּין עֵד, מִתּוֹךְ קְטָטָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בֵּינוֹ לְבֵינָהּ, יֵשׁ לָדוּן בַּדָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ זָקוּק לְהוֹצִיאָהּ עַל כָּל פָּנִים, שֶׁחֲזָקָה הִיא דְּשַׁקּוֹרֵי מְשַׁקְּרָא, וְאֵין רָאוּי לְהַאֲמִינָהּ בְּדִבּוּרָהּ בְּעֵד אֶחָד אֶלָּא בִּשְׁנֵי עֵדִים כְּשֵׁרִים, אֲבָל מִכָּל מָקוֹם אִם דַּעְתּוֹ סוֹמֶכֶת בִּדְבָרֶיהָ אוֹ בְּדִבְרֵי הָעֵד הַרְבֵּה, רָאוּי לוֹ לָחוּשׁ מִלָּבוֹא עָלֶיהָ. וְיֶתֶר רֻבֵּי פְּרָטֵי הַמִּצְוָה, בִּיבָמוֹת וּבְקִדּוּשִׁין [ה' איסורי ביאה פי"ח].

From the laws of the commandment is that which they, may their memory be blessed, said (Yevamot 61a) that the licentious woman spoken about in the Torah is anyone who is not a daughter of Israel — as they are all in the category of licentious women; and also since marriage to them is not effective, it is licentiousness (by definition). And also called a licentious woman is any daughter of Israel that has had intercourse with a man that it is forbidden for her to marry — the prohibition of which is the same under all circumstances. [The latter is] to exclude a widow that has had intercourse with a high priest or a divorcee with a common priest, as this prohibition is not the same with every man; and [so] she is not [defined as] a licentious woman with it. And likewise also called a licentious woman is all who have had intercourse with a profaned priest (challal) — and even though she is permitted to marry him. As her being [defined as] a licentious woman is not dependent on prohibited intercourse, but rather on her becoming defective. And we learned from the heard tradition that she is only defective from a man that is forbidden for him to marry her or from a profaned priest. And from [this], we learned that one who has mated with a beast does not become a licentious woman, even though she is [punishable] with stoning — as it is specifically the intercourse of a man that makes her a licentious woman (Yevamot 59b). And so [too,] if she had intercourse when she was still a menstruant with someone to whom it is fitting for her to be married; she does not become a licentious woman with that, even though it is [punishable] with excision. And likewise [in a case of] one who has intercourse with a single woman — even if she was a prostitute, meaning she made herself available to all — she does not become a licentious woman so long as she has not had intercourse with someone she is forbidden to marry, meaning that she is a sexual prohibition for him. And even prohibitions of [only] a negative commandment or even [those forbidden by] the obligations of a positive commandment are included in this prohibition. And therefore they said that if one of [the following] — a [gentile], a slave, a natin, a mamzer, an Ammonite or Moavite convert, an Egyptian or Edomite [convert] of the first or second [generation], one whose testes are crushed or whose member is cut off — had intercourse with a Jewish woman, he makes her into a licentious woman and she is disqualified to the priesthood. And if she is a priestess, she is disqualified from the priesthood. And so [a woman] who has had intercourse with someone who makes her a licentious woman is disqualified on account of [being] a licentious woman, from when he inserts himself in her — whether through rape, through consent, through inadvertence, and whether in her [conventional] way or not in her way — and [that is] only when she was three years and a day [old] and above, and the [man] was nine years and a day and above. And also from the matter of the commandment is that which they said (Nedarim 90b) about the wife of a priest who says to her husband, “I was raped,” — and even if a witness testifies to him that it was so, like her words, that she was [made] licentious — that she does not become forbidden to him with this. As we say, maybe she put her eyes on someone else [and is seeking a pretext for divorce]. And nonetheless, she is forbidden to any [other] priest after the death of her husband; as she made herself into a “piece of forbidden matter.” And if she was trusted by him or the witness was trusted, behold this one should [divorce] her in any case to remove the doubt. And our teachers, God should keep them, instructed us (see Teshuvot HaRashba 1268) [that the latter is] specifically when she came to say this — whether she or the witness — from amidst peace between him and her. But if she said this — whether she or the witness — from amidst a spat between him and her, we should determine the matter, [such] that he is not obliged to [divorce] her regardless. As there is [then] an assumption that she was lying, and [hence] it is not fitting to believe her in her words with one witness, but rather [only] with two fit witnesses. But nonetheless, if his opinion is very reliant upon her words or the words of the witness, it is fitting to be concerned [and not] have intercourse with her. And the rest of the many details of the commandment are in Yevamot and in Kiddushin. (See Mishneh Torah, Laws of Forbidden Intercourse 18.)

Source 11 · Rishonim
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Sefer HaMitzvot, Negative Commandments 161

ספר המצוות, מצוות לא תעשה קס״א

Sefer HaMitzvot, Negative Commandments 161

Maimonides enumerates the prohibition against a priest marrying a woman who is forbidden to him because of priestly status, including the relevant category of convert as elaborated in the laws. It frames the rule as a formal Torah prohibition rather than merely a communal custom.

שהזהיר כהן גדול מליקח אלמנה. והוא אמרו אלמנה וגרושה וגו'.

Source 12 · Rishonim
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Tosafot Yevamot 61a, s.v. ein

תוספות על יבמות ס״א א:א׳

Tosafot on Yevamot 61a:1

Tosafot examines the Talmudic classification of a female convert in relation to priestly marriage and addresses how the biblical derivation applies to different conversion circumstances. It is important for understanding why the rule is not simply based on contemporary social status.

ואין העובדי כוכבים קרוים אדם - תימא דבריש מס' ע"ז (ג. ושם) ופ' ד' מיתות (סנהדרין דף נט. ושם) דרשינן דעכו"ם העוסק בתורה הרי הוא ככהן גדול שנאמר אשר יעשה אותם האדם וגו' כהנים לוים וישראלים לא נאמר אלא האדם ופי' בקונטרס בסנהדרין (ג"ז שם ד"ה האדם) דההוא לית ליה הך דר"ש דהכא ויתכן לפי ספרים דגרסי התם רבי ירמיה אבל לספרים דגרסי התם ר' מאיר קשיא דשמעינן ליה לר"מ בפ' קמא דכריתות (דף ו:) דסך שמן המשחה לעכו"ם פטור ומשמע דטעמא משום דכתיב על בשר אדם ואין עובד כוכבים קרוי אדם ומיהו מצי למימר דטעמא דרבי מאיר דפטור הוי מטעם דכל שהוא בסך הרי הוא בלא ייסך וכל שאין בסך אין בלא ייסך ור"ת מפרש דיש חילוק בין אדם להאדם דעובדי כוכבים בכלל האדם נינהו והא דקאמר כהנים לוים וישראלים לא נאמר ה"ק אדם לא נאמר דהוי משמע כהנים לוים וישראלים אלא האדם וכל הני קראי דמייתי כתיב אדם דלא פריך מקראי דכתיב האדם וה"ר משולם היה אומר דגבי פורענות דוקא קאמר אתם קרוין אדם דלא רצה לכתוב ישראל בהדיא גבי פורענות אבל גבי האדם וחי הוה ליה למכתב בהדיא כהנים לוים וישראלים כמו שרגיל בכל מקום והא דפריך מהני קראי אע"ג דעובדי כוכבים נמי קרויין אדם מ"מ פריך כיון דגבי פורענות ישראל קרוין אדם היכא דלא איירי אלא בעובדי כוכבים דוקא לא הוה ליה למיקרינהו אדם והא דכתיב (תהילים קכ״ד:ב׳) בקום עלינו אדם היינו לפי שהזכיר השם וכן ואתה אדם ולא אל גבי חירם (יחזקאל כ״ח:ב׳) והא דכתיב ואתן אדם תחתיך (ישעיהו מ״ג:ד׳) הא דרשינן בברכות (דף סב:) אל תקרי אדם וכו' והא דכתיב והארץ נתן לבני אדם (תהילים קט״ו:ט״ז) ודרשינן מיניה (גיטין מז.) דיש קנין לעובדי כוכבים היינו בני אדם הראשון:

And the gentiles are not called "man" - This is astonishing, as in Avodah Zarah (3a) and Sanhedrin (59a), we expound that a gentile who engages in Torah is like a Kohen Gadol because the verse states: “You shall therefore keep My statutes and My ordinances, which if a man do, and shall live by them” (Leviticus 18:5). It is not stated: Priests, Levites, and Israelites, but rather the general term "man". Rashi explains in Sanhedrin (ibid) that that drashah is unlike R. Shimon here. We can say so according to the texts there that say R. Yirmeyah. However, according to the texts that say R. Meir, this is difficult; We know that R. Meir holds (Keritsut 6b) that one who anoints a gentile with the official anointing oil [that has been consecrated] is exempt; It connotes that this is because it says "on flesh of man", and gentiles are not called man! We can say that R. Meir exempts because the people commanded not to anoint (i.e. Israelites), one may not anoint them. Those not commanded not to anoint, there is no prohibition to anoint them. Rabbeinu Tam explains that "man" and "the man" are different. Gentiles are included in "the man". But surely, it says "it does not say Priests, Levites and Israelites"! (If "man" excludes gentiles, it should have said "it does not say "man""!) This means that it does not say "man", which would connote Priests, Levites and Israelites, rather, "the man". [Support for this is that] in all the verses we ask from, it says "man". We do not ask from verses that say "the man". Rabbeinu Meshulam used to say: Only regarding punishments, we say "[only] you are called "man"." [G-d] did not want to explicitly write Israel regarding punishments; However, regarding "which if a man do, and shall live by them", [if this excluded gentiles], it should have written explicitly Priests, Levites and Israelites, like it normally writes everywhere. Why do we ask from these verses, even though also gentiles are called "man"? Even so, we ask. Since regarding punishments Israelites are called "man", when the verse discusses only gentiles, it should not have called them "man". But surely it says "when a man rose up against us" (Psalms 124:2)! This is because the verse mentions G-d's Name. The same applies to "yet you are a man, and not G-d" (Ezekiel 28:2) regarding Hiram. But surely it says "I will give men in exchange for you" (Isaiah 43:4)! We expound in Berachot (62b) "do not read this "Adam", [rather, Edom]." But surely it says "and He has given the earth to the children of men" (Psalms 115:16) and we expound from this (Gittin 47a) that gentiles can acquire [land in the land of Israell]! [The verse calls them] children of Adam the first [man].

Source 13 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzer 6

שולחן ערוך, אבן העזר ו׳ — ד"ה איזהו היא זונה כל שאינה בת

Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzer 6:8

The Shulchan Arukh rules on whom a kohen may marry, including the prohibition involving a convert. This is the governing practical code for the question, with detailed distinctions regarding different categories and circumstances.

איזהו היא זונה כל שאינה בת ישראל או בת ישראל שנבעלת לאדם שהיא אסורה לינשא לו איסור השוה לכל או שנבעלה לחלל אף על פי שהיא מותרת לינשא לו לפיכך הנרבעת לבהמה אע"פ שהיא בסקילה לא נעשית זונה ולא נפסלה לכהונה שהרי לא נבעלה לאדם הבא על הנדה אע"פ שהיא בכרת לא נעשית זונה ולא נפסלה לכהונה שהרי אינה אסורה לינשא לו וכן הבא על הפנויה אפי' היתה קדשה שהפקירה עצמה שהיא במלקות לא נעשית זונה ולא נפסלה מהכהונה שהרי אינה אסורה לינשא לו אבל הנבעלת לאחד מאיסורי לאוין השוין בכל ואינה מיוחדת בכהנים או מאיסורי עשה וא"צ לומר למי שהיא אסורה לו משום ערוה או לכותי ועבד הואיל והיא אסורה לינשא לו הרי זו זונה וכן הגיורת והמשוחררת אפילו נתגיירה ונשתחררה פחות מבת ג' שנים הואיל ואינה בת ישראל הרי זו זונה ואסורה לכהן וכן יבמה שבא עליה זר עשאה זונה וי"א שהבא על חייבי עשה או על חייבי לאוין אפי' חייבי לאוין דשאר לא עשאה זונה חוץ מהבא על היבמה:

Who is deemed a "zonah" [who is forbidden to a kohen]? Whoever is not a Jewess, or who is a Jewess that had sexual relations with a man to whom she is forbidden to marry in a generally applicable prohibition, or who had sexual relations with a "cholol" (the child of a kohen and a woman who was forbidden to the kohen), even though she is permitted to be married to this man. Accordingly, a woman who committed bestiality, even though she [is punished] with stoning, she does not become a zonah and she does not become invalid to a kohen, because she did not have sexual relations with a human. And a man that has relations with a menstruating woman, even though she is punished with kareth, she does not become a zonah and she does not become invalid to a kohen, because she is not forbidden to him. And similarly a man that has relations with a single woman, even though she is a lewd woman that made herself freely available, which is punishable with lashes, she does not become a zonah and she does not become invalid to a kohen, because she is not forbidden to him. However, a woman who had sexual relations with someone who is forbidden by a Biblical negative commandment, which are generally prohibited and are not uniquely [forbidden] to kohanim, or with someone who is forbidden by a Biblical affirmative commandment—and it need not even be said with someone who is forbidden by virtue of a forbidden incestual relationship—or with a non-Jew or slave, since she is forbidden to this person to marry, she is deemed a zonah. And so with a convert and a freed slave, even if she converted or was freed while she was less than three years old, since she was not a Jewess, she is deemed a zonah and is forbidden to a kohen. And so a woman who is subject to yibum (levirate marriage) with whom an unrelated person had relations, she becomes a zona. Some opinions say that one who has relations with one who is forbidden by a Biblical affirmative commandment or by a Biblical negative commandment—even the other negative commandments—she does not become a zonah except for instance in which one has relations with a woman subject to yibum.

See also

Source 14 · Acharonim
Verified

Arukh HaShulchan, Even HaEzer 6

ערוך השולחן, אבן העזר ו׳ — ד"ה איזהו זונה האמורה בתורה שכהן הבא

Arukh HaShulchan, Even HaEzer 6:19

Arukh HaShulchan explains the practical rules of priestly marriage in the framework of the Talmudic derivations and discusses the convert restriction alongside other kohen disqualifications. It is useful for seeing how the rule is applied and conceptualized in later halakhah.

איזהו זונה האמורה בתורה שכהן הבא עליה לוקה משום זונה? לדעת הרמב"ם פי"ח מא"ב כל שאינה בת ישראל ואפילו נתגיירה או נשתחררה פחותה מבת ג' שגים ויום אחד, וכן בת ישראל שנבעלה לאדם שהיא אסורה להנשא לו איסור השוה בכל, לאפוקי אם אסורה לו מפני איסור כהונה כמו אלמנה לכה"ג וגרושה לכהן הדיוט – אינה נעשית זונה, דמאיסורי כהונה נעשית חללה ולא זונה, אבל באיסור השוה בכל כמו חייבי כריתות, ואפילו חייבי לאוין כמו הנבעלת לממזר ולנתין ולגר עמוני ומואבי, או אפילו חייבי עשה כמו גר מצרי ואדומי – כשנבעלה לו נעשית זונה. וכן הנבעלת לפצוע דכא וכרות שפכה – נעשית זונה ואסורה לכהונה, וכהן הבא עליה לוקה משום זונה, ואם היתה כהנת נפסלה מן התרומה. ונתן הרמב"ם כלל בזה: הנבעלת לאדם שהיא אסורה להנשא לו איסור השוה בכל, לאפוקי איסורי כהונה מפני שאינו שוה בכל כמ"ש, ולאפוקי הנרבעת לבהמה אע"פ שהיא בסקילה – לא נעשית זונה שהרי לא נבעלה לאדם, וכן הבא על הנדה אף שהיא בכרת – לא נעשית זונה שהרי אינה אסורה להנשא לו, וכן הבא על הקדשה אף שלשיטתו חייבים מלקות, מ"מ כיון שאינה אסורה להנשא לו – לא נעשית זונה. ובכל אלו שלא נעשית זונה – לא נפסלה לכהונה, דזה בזה תלי לשיטתו דהנפסלת לכהונה היא זונה או חללה, ורק מאיסורי כהונה נעשית חללה, ומשארי איסורים נעשית זונה. ורק מוצאת מכלל הזה הנבעלת לחלל – אע"פ שמותרת להנשא לו – מ"מ נעשית זונה משום דכתיב "ולא יחלל זרעו בעמיו", ודרשינן – מה הוא פוסל אלמנה בביאתו, אף זרעו נמי שהם חללים פוסלים כל אשה בביאתם מתרומה וכהונה [שם ס"ט.], וכיון שפוסלה מכהונה ממילא היא זונה כמ"ש. ולשיטת הרמב"ם הסכימו כמה מרבותינו: רש"י [שם ס"א ד"ה ושנבעלה], ונמק"י, והרע"ב [שם], והרשב"א [שם ס"ח בד"ה מנה"מ, דתלי איסור כהונה בזונה ע"ש].

Source 15 · Acharonim
Verified

recovered from “Chelkat Mechokek Even HaEzer 6

Chelkat Mechokek on Even HaEzer 6

חלקת מחוקק ו׳

Chelkat Mechokek 6

Chelkat Mechokek analyzes the restrictions on a kohen marrying a convert and the implications for the couple and their offspring. It is a central nosei kelim for interpreting the Shulchan Arukh's ruling.

כל שאינה בת ישראל. היינו סיפ' דכ' וכן הגיורת והמשוחררת ולא ידעתי לאיזה טעם כפל דבריו וכן הוא בהרמב"ם (פי"ח מהא"ב):

Source 16 · Modern
External

Heichal Yitzchak EH 1:16

היכל יצחק, אה"ע ח"א סי׳ ט״ז

Heichal Yitzchak EH 1:16

A kohain is forbidden to marry a female convert who was born to a Jewish father and a non-Jewish mother, since the mother's non-Jewish status determines the child's lineage regardless of the father's identity.

הגיע לי מכתב בענין השאלת אם מותר לכהן לישא גיורת שנולדה מנישואי תערובות של ישראל ונכרית ונתגיירה בת עשר שנים. הנה כשנשאלתי על זה השבתי לאיסור

On this pageThe author addresses whether a Kohen is permitted to marry a female convert who was born to a Jewish father and a non-Jewish mother. He rules strictly that this is forbidden, explaining that the father's Jewish identity is halachically irrelevant since a child born to a non-Jewish mother does not trace lineage through the father, and he analyzes the language of the Beit Shmuel on this issue.

Heichal Yitzchak EH 1:16 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 110

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Source 17 · Modern
External

כאיסור גיורת לכהונה סתירת דברי הריטב״א בדעת הרמב״ם אם איסורו מן התורה

דברי יציב, אה"ע סי׳ כ״ד

Divrei Yatziv EH 24

Maimonides rules that even a Kohen who is a petzua dacha is permitted to marry a convert or a freed slave, since they are not within his sanctity requirement.

הנה ברמב"ם פט"ז מאיסורי ביאה ה"א, ואפילו כהן שהוא פצוע דכא מותר לישא גיורת ומשוחררת לפי שאינו בקדושתו

On this pageThe author addresses an apparent contradiction in the Ritba regarding Maimonides' view on whether a female convert (giyoret) is forbidden to a Kohen biblically (as a 'zona') or rabbinically. He analyzes Maimonides (Hilchot Issurei Biah 16:1) and commentators regarding why a Kohen who is a 'petzua dacha' is permitted to marry a convert. The author analyzes Maimonides' stance on whether a female convert (giyores) is prohibited to a Kohen by Torah or rabbinic law. He reconciles the opinion of the Ritva, explaining that when the Ritva describes the prohibition of a convert as rabbinic ('mi-divreihem'), he means that it is derived from a Halacha LeMoshe MiSinai, which still carries Torah-level authority.

Divrei Yatziv EH 24 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 64

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Source 18 · Modern
External

Maayan Omer 7:4:42

מעין אומר בשם הרב עובדיה יוסף, ח״ז פ״ד סי׳ מ״ב

Maayan Omer 7:4:42

The author permits a woman who had relations with a man whose mother underwent a Conservative conversion to marry a Kohen, ruling that the conversion may be considered retroactively valid based on the family's observance of certain traditions such as kashrut and Shabbat observance, thereby establishing the son's Jewish status and not disqualifying the woman.

שאלה: בחורה חוזרת בתשובה נפגשה עם כהן למטרת נישואין ואז נזכרה שהייתה עם בחור שאמו גוירה בגיור קונסרבטיבי והם שומרים קצת מסורת. שומרים כשרות, עושים קידוש ומדליקים נרות שבת, האם היא מותרת לכהן? תשובה: מותר.

On this pageThe author rules that a woman who became a ba'alat teshuvah is permitted to marry a Kohen even though she previously had relations with a man whose mother underwent a Conservative conversion. Because the mother's family observed some basic traditions (such as keeping kosher and lighting Shabbat candles), there is halachic ground to consider the conversion valid post-facto, meaning the son is Jewish and relations with him did not disqualify her from marrying a Kohen.

Maayan Omer 7:4:42 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 431

Ma'ayan Omer carries the oral rulings of Rav Ovadia Yosef, recorded in his name by R. Yehuda Naki. Ma'ayan Omer is not freely available in text. This PDF surfaced in our research. Please use the feedback buttons below to help us improve.

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    ...בת משולחת (ישראל שהחזיר גרושתו משנשאת) מה היא לכהן, מי אמרינן קל וחומר, ומה אלמנה לכהן גדול שאין איסורה שוה בכל בנה פגום, זו שאיסורה שוה בכל אינו דין שבנה פגום, או דילמא מה לאלמנה לכהן גדול שהיא עצמה מתחללת, אמר להן היא תועבה ואין בניה תועבין.

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  • גרים ומשוחררים שנשאו אלו מאלו והולידו בת אפילו אחר כמה דורות, הואיל ולא יתערב בהן זרע ישראל הרי אותה בת אסורה לכהן, ואם נישאת לא תצא, הואיל והורתה ולידתה בקדושה.

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • וְלָמַדְנוּ מֵעַתָּה, שֶׁהַנִּרְבַּעַת לִבְהֵמָה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא בִּסְקִילָה לֹא נַעֲשֵׂית זוֹנָה, דְּדַוְקָא בְּעִילַת אָדָם הוּא שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ זוֹנָה (שם נט ב). וְכֵן אִם נִבְעֲלָה בְּעוֹדָהּ נִדָּה לְמִי שֶׁרְאוּיָה שֶׁתִּנָּשֵׂא לוֹ אֵינָהּ נַעֲשֵׂית זוֹנָה בְּכָךְ, וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא בְּכָרֵת. וְכֵן הַבָּא עַל הַפְּנוּיָה אֲפִלּוּ הָיְתָה קְדֵשָׁה, כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁהִפְקִירָה עַצְמָהּ לַכֹּל, אֵינָהּ נַעֲשֵׂית זוֹנָה כָּל זְמַן שֶׁלֹּא נִבְעֲלָה לְמִי שֶׁאֲסוּרָה לְהִנָּשֵׂא לוֹ, כְּלוֹמַר, שֶׁהִיא עֶרְוָה עָלָיו, וַאֲפִילּוּ מֵחַיָּבֵי לָאוִין אוֹ אֲפִלּוּ מֵחַיָּבֵי עֲשֵׂה, בִּכְלַל אִסּוּר זֶה. וּלְפִיכָךְ אָמְרוּ, שֶׁגּוֹי אוֹ עֶבֶד אוֹ נָתִין אוֹ מַמְזֵר אוֹ גֵּר עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי אוֹ מִצְרִי וַאֲדוֹמִי רִאשׁוֹן וְשֵׁנִי אוֹ פְּצוּעַ דַּכָּא וּכְרוּת שָׁפְכָה, שֶׁבָּא אֶחָד מֵהֶן עַל יְהוּדִית עֲשָׂאָהּ זוֹנָה וְנִפְסֶלֶת לַכְּהֻנָּה. וְאִם הִיא כֹּהֶנֶת נִפְסֶלֶת מִן הַכְּהֻנָּה. וְכֵן הַנִּבְעֶלֶת לְמִי שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ זוֹנָה בֵּין בְּאֹנֶס בֵּין בְּרָצוֹן בֵּין בִּשְׁגָגָה, בֵּין כְּדַרְכָּהּ בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא כְּדַרְכָּהּ, מִשֶּׁהֶעֱרָה בָּהּ נִפְסְלָה מִשּׁוּם זוֹנָה, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁתִּהְיֶה בַּת שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים וְיוֹם אֶחָד וָמַעְלָה, וְיִהְיֶה הַבּוֹעֵל בֶּן תֵּשַׁע שָׁנִים וְיוֹם אֶחָד וָמַעְלָה. וְכֵן מֵעִנְיַן הַמִּצְוָה מָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ (נדרים צ, ב) בְּאֵשֶׁת כֹּהֵן שֶׁאָמְרָה לְבַעְלָהּ נֶאֱנַסְתִּי, וַאֲפִלּוּ עֵד אֶחָד מֵעִיד לוֹ עָלֶיהָ שֶׁכֵּן הוּא כִּדְבָרֶיהָ שֶׁזָּנְתָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ אֲסוּרָה עָלָיו בְּכָךְ, דְּאָמְרִינַן שֶׁמָּא עֵינֶיהָ נָתְנָה בְּאַחֵר. וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם אֲסוּרָה לְכָל כֹּהֵן אַחֲרֵי מוֹת אִישָׁהּ, דְּשַׁוֵּיתַהּ נַפְשָׁהּ חֲתִיכָה דְּאִסּוּרָא, וְאִם הָיְתָה נֶאֱמֶנֶת לוֹ אוֹ הָעֵד נֶאֱמָן לוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה יוֹצִיאֶנָּה עַל כָּל פָּנִים לָצֵאת יְדֵי סָפֵק. וְהוֹרוּנוּ מוֹרֵינוּ (עי' שו"ת הרשב"א סי' אלף רלח), יִשְׁמְרֵם אֵל, דְּדַוְקָא שֶׁבָּאת לוֹמַר כֵּן בֵּין הִיא אוֹ הָעֵד, מִתּוֹךְ שָׁלוֹם שֶׁבֵּינוֹ לְבֵינָהּ, אֲבָל אָמְרָה כֵּן בֵּין הִיא בֵּין עֵד, מִתּוֹךְ קְטָטָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בֵּינוֹ לְבֵינָהּ, יֵשׁ לָדוּן בַּדָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ זָקוּק לְהוֹצִיאָהּ עַל כָּל פָּנִים, שֶׁחֲזָקָה הִיא דְּשַׁקּוֹרֵי מְשַׁקְּרָא, וְאֵין רָאוּי לְהַאֲמִינָהּ בְּדִבּוּרָהּ בְּעֵד אֶחָד אֶלָּא בִּשְׁנֵי עֵדִים כְּשֵׁרִים, אֲבָל מִכָּל מָקוֹם אִם דַּעְתּוֹ סוֹמֶכֶת בִּדְבָרֶיהָ אוֹ בְּדִבְרֵי הָעֵד הַרְבֵּה, רָאוּי לוֹ לָחוּשׁ מִלָּבוֹא עָלֶיהָ. וְיֶתֶר רֻבֵּי פְּרָטֵי הַמִּצְוָה, בִּיבָמוֹת וּבְקִדּוּשִׁין [ה' איסורי ביאה פי"ח]. וְלָמַדְנוּ מֵעַתָּה, שֶׁהַנִּרְבַּעַת לִבְהֵמָה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא בִּסְקִילָה לֹא נַעֲשֵׂית זוֹנָה, דְּדַוְקָא בְּעִילַת אָדָם הוּא שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ זוֹנָה (שם נט ב). וְכֵן אִם נִבְעֲלָה בְּעוֹדָהּ נִדָּה לְמִי שֶׁרְאוּיָה שֶׁתִּנָּשֵׂא לוֹ אֵינָהּ נַעֲשֵׂית זוֹנָה בְּכָךְ, וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא בְּכָרֵת. וְכֵן הַבָּא עַל הַפְּנוּיָה אֲפִלּוּ הָיְתָה קְדֵשָׁה, כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁהִפְקִירָה עַצְמָהּ לַכֹּל, אֵינָהּ נַעֲשֵׂית זוֹנָה כָּל זְמַן שֶׁלֹּא נִבְעֲלָה לְמִי שֶׁאֲסוּרָה לְהִנָּשֵׂא לוֹ, כְּלוֹמַר, שֶׁהִיא עֶרְוָה עָלָיו, וַאֲפִילּוּ מֵחַיָּבֵי לָאוִין אוֹ אֲפִלּוּ מֵחַיָּבֵי עֲשֵׂה, בִּכְלַל אִסּוּר זֶה. וּלְפִיכָךְ אָמְרוּ, שֶׁגּוֹי אוֹ עֶבֶד אוֹ נָתִין אוֹ מַמְזֵר אוֹ גֵּר עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי אוֹ מִצְרִי וַאֲדוֹמִי רִאשׁוֹן וְשֵׁנִי אוֹ פְּצוּעַ דַּכָּא וּכְרוּת שָׁפְכָה, שֶׁבָּא אֶחָד מֵהֶן עַל יְהוּדִית עֲשָׂאָהּ זוֹנָה וְנִפְסֶלֶת לַכְּהֻנָּה. וְאִם הִיא כֹּהֶנֶת נִפְסֶלֶת מִן הַכְּהֻנָּה. וְכֵן הַנִּבְעֶלֶת לְמִי שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ זוֹנָה בֵּין בְּאֹנֶס בֵּין בְּרָצוֹן בֵּין בִּשְׁגָגָה, בֵּין כְּדַרְכָּהּ בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא כְּדַרְכָּהּ, מִשֶּׁהֶעֱרָה בָּהּ נִפְסְלָה מִשּׁוּם זוֹנָה, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁתִּהְיֶה בַּת שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים וְיוֹם אֶחָד וָמַעְלָה, וְיִהְיֶה הַבּוֹעֵל בֶּן תֵּשַׁע שָׁנִים וְיוֹם אֶחָד וָמַעְלָה. וְכֵן מֵעִנְיַן הַמִּצְוָה מָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ (נדרים צ, ב) בְּאֵשֶׁת כֹּהֵן שֶׁאָמְרָה לְבַעְלָהּ נֶאֱנַסְתִּי, וַאֲפִלּוּ עֵד אֶחָד מֵעִיד לוֹ עָלֶיהָ שֶׁכֵּן הוּא כִּדְבָרֶיהָ שֶׁזָּנְתָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ אֲסוּרָה עָלָיו בְּכָךְ, דְּאָמְרִינַן שֶׁמָּא עֵינֶיהָ נָתְנָה בְּאַחֵר. וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם אֲסוּרָה לְכָל כֹּהֵן אַחֲרֵי מוֹת אִישָׁהּ, דְּשַׁוֵּיתַהּ נַפְשָׁהּ חֲתִיכָה דְּאִסּוּרָא, וְאִם הָיְתָה נֶאֱמֶנֶת לוֹ אוֹ הָעֵד נֶאֱמָן לוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה יוֹצִיאֶנָּה עַל כָּל פָּנִים לָצֵאת יְדֵי סָפֵק. וְהוֹרוּנוּ מוֹרֵינוּ (עי' שו"ת הרשב"א סי' אלף רלח), יִשְׁמְרֵם אֵל, דְּדַוְקָא שֶׁבָּאת לוֹמַר כֵּן בֵּין הִיא אוֹ הָעֵד, מִתּוֹךְ שָׁלוֹם שֶׁבֵּינוֹ לְבֵינָהּ, אֲבָל אָמְרָה כֵּן בֵּין הִיא בֵּין עֵד, מִתּוֹךְ קְטָטָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בֵּינוֹ לְבֵינָהּ, יֵשׁ לָדוּן בַּדָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ זָקוּק לְהוֹצִיאָהּ עַל כָּל פָּנִים, שֶׁחֲזָקָה הִיא דְּשַׁקּוֹרֵי מְשַׁקְּרָא, וְאֵין רָאוּי לְהַאֲמִינָהּ בְּדִבּוּרָהּ בְּעֵד אֶחָד אֶלָּא בִּשְׁנֵי עֵדִים כְּשֵׁרִים, אֲבָל מִכָּל מָקוֹם אִם דַּעְתּוֹ סוֹמֶכֶת בִּדְבָרֶיהָ אוֹ בְּדִבְרֵי הָעֵד הַרְבֵּה, רָאוּי לוֹ לָחוּשׁ מִלָּבוֹא עָלֶיהָ. וְיֶתֶר רֻבֵּי פְּרָטֵי הַמִּצְוָה, בִּיבָמוֹת וּבְקִדּוּשִׁין [ה' איסורי ביאה פי"ח].

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • Niddah 13bunverified

    Filed under: Converts

  • Filed under: ברכת כהנים

  • Pesachim 4aunverified

    Filed under: Rav's Lineage

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